dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test1.img bs=1G count=1 oflag=dsync
- if: the input file, /dev/zero is a special file in Unix-like operating systems that provides as many null characters (ASCII NUL, 0x00) as are read from it.
- if: the output file.
- bs: the size of the block you want dd to use(make sure your have that space in RAM).
- count: the number of block you want dd to read.
- oflag=dsync: use synchronized I/O for the data copy.(Skip the copying and give you the right answer.)
Run the command:
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 2.32698 s, 461 MB/s
sudo hdparm -Ttv /dev/sda1
run the command and get the result:
/dev/sda1:
SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0d 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
multcount = 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
geometry = 13992/255/63, sectors = 1048576, start = 2048
Timing cached reads: 19038 MB in 1.99 seconds = 9562.72 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 512 MB in 0.67 seconds = 760.66 MB/sec
For meaningful results, this operation should be repeated 2-3 times on an otherwise inactive system (no other active processes) with at least a couple of megabytes of free memory.
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o wlan0 -j MASQUERADE
iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o eth0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o wlan0 -j ACCEPT
then
apt-get install iptables-persistent
then your iptable rules will be persisted.