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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/standard/modernize-with-azure-and-containers/modernize-existing-apps-to-cloud-optimized/what-about-cloud-native-applications.md
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# What about Cloud-Native applications?
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Although [Cloud-Native](https://www.gartner.com/doc/3738117/comparing-leading-cloudnative-application-platforms) applications are not the main focus of this guide, it's helpful to have an understanding of this modernization maturity level, and to distinguish it from Cloud-Optimized applications.
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Although [Cloud-Native](https://azure.microsoft.com/overview/cloudnative/) applications are not the main focus of this guide, it's helpful to have an understanding of this modernization maturity level, and to distinguish it from Cloud-Optimized applications.
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Figure 4-3 positions Cloud-Native apps in the application modernization maturity levels:
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The Cloud-Native modernization maturity level usually requires new development investments. Moving to the Cloud- Native level typically is driven by business need to modernize applications as much as possible to drastically improve scale in large applications by creating autonomous subsystems (microservices) that can be deployed and scale independently from other areas of the application while lowering costs in the long term and increase evolution agility of those autonomous app’s parts that provide significant compete advantages.
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The main pillars of [Cloud-Native](https://www.gartner.com/doc/3181919/architect-design-cloudnative-applications) applications are based on microservices architecture approaches, which can evolve with agility and scale to limits that would be difficult to achieve in a monolithic architecture deployed to either on-premises or cloud environment.
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The main pillars of Cloud-Native applications are based on microservices architecture approaches, which can evolve with agility and scale to limits that would be difficult to achieve in a monolithic architecture, deployed to either on-premises or cloud environment.
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Figure 4-4 shows the main characteristics of the Cloud-Native model.
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In addition, you can extend basic modern web apps and cloud-native apps by adding other services, like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and IoT. You might use any of these services to extend any of the possible Cloud-Optimized approaches.
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The fundamental difference in applications at the Cloud-Native level is in the application architecture. [Cloud-native](https://www.gartner.com/doc/3738117/comparing-leading-cloudnative-application-platforms) applications are, by definition, apps that are based on microservices. Cloud-native apps require special architectures, technologies, and platforms, compared to a monolithic web application or traditional N-Tier application.
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The fundamental difference in applications at the Cloud-Native level is in the application architecture. Cloud-native applications are, by definition, apps that are based on microservices. Cloud-native apps require special architectures, technologies, and platforms, compared to a monolithic web application or traditional N-Tier application.
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## Cloud-native applications details
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[Cloud-Native](https://www.gartner.com/doc/3181919/architect-design-cloudnative-applications) is a more advanced or mature state for large and mission-critical applications. Cloud-Native applications usually require architecture and design that are created from scratch instead of by modernizing existing applications. The key difference between a Cloud-Native application and a simpler Cloud-Optimized web app is the recommendation to use microservices architectures in a cloud-native approach. Cloud-Optimized apps can also be monolithic web apps or N-Tier apps.
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Cloud-Native is a more advanced or mature state for large and mission-critical applications. Cloud-Native applications usually require architecture and design that are created from scratch instead of by modernizing existing applications. The key difference between a Cloud-Native application and a simpler Cloud-Optimized web app is the recommendation to use microservices architectures in a cloud-native approach. Cloud-Optimized apps can also be monolithic web apps or N-Tier apps.
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The [Twelve-Factor App](https://12factor.net/) (a collection of patterns that are closely related to microservices approaches) is also considered a requirement for [cloud-native](https://www.gartner.com/doc/3738117/comparing-leading-cloudnative-application-platforms) application architectures.
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The [Twelve-Factor App](https://12factor.net/) (a collection of patterns that are closely related to microservices approaches) is also considered a requirement for cloud-native application architectures.
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The [Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)](https://www.cncf.io/) is a primary promoter of cloud-native principles. Microsoft is a [member of the CNCF](https://azure.microsoft.com/blog/announcing-cncf/).
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For a sample definition and for more information about the characteristics of cloud-native applications, see the Gartner article [How to architect and design cloud-native applications](https://www.gartner.com/doc/3181919/architect-design-cloudnative-applications). For specific guidance from Microsoft about how to implement a cloud-native application, see [.NET microservices: Architecture for containerized .NET applications](https://aka.ms/microservicesebook).
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The most important factor to consider if you migrate a full application to the [cloud-native](https://www.gartner.com/doc/3738117/comparing-leading-cloudnative-application-platforms) model is that you must rearchitect to a microservices-based architecture. This clearly requires a significant investment in development because of the large refactoring process involved. This option usually is chosen for mission-critical applications that need new levels of scalability and long-term agility. But, you could start moving toward cloud-native by adding microservices for just a few new scenarios, and eventually refactor the application fully as microservices. This is an incremental approach that is the best option for some scenarios.
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The most important factor to consider if you migrate a full application to the cloud-native model is that you must rearchitect to a microservices-based architecture. This clearly requires a significant investment in development because of the large refactoring process involved. This option usually is chosen for mission-critical applications that need new levels of scalability and long-term agility. But, you could start moving toward cloud-native by adding microservices for just a few new scenarios, and eventually refactor the application fully as microservices. This is an incremental approach that is the best option for some scenarios.
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## What about microservices?
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