uri

© 2017-2023 Alice Bevan-McGregor and contributors.

https://github.com/marrow/uri

Installation

Installing uri is easy, just execute the following in a terminal:

pip install uri

Note: We strongly recommend always using a container, virtualization, or sandboxing environment of some kind when developing using Python; installing things system-wide is yucky (for a variety of reasons) nine times out of ten. We prefer light-weight virtualenv, others prefer solutions as robust as Vagrant.

If you add uri to the install_requires argument of the call to setup() in your application's setup.py file, uri will be automatically installed and made available when your own application or library is installed. We recommend using "less than" version numbers to ensure there are no unintentional side-effects when updating. Use uri<2.1 to get all bug fixes for the current release, and uri<3.0 to get bug fixes and feature updates while ensuring that large breaking changes are not installed.

While uri does not have any hard dependencies on any other package, it is strongly recommended that applications using uri in web-based applications also install the MarkupSafe package to provide more efficient string escaping and some additional functionality.

Development Version

Development takes place on GitHub in the uri project. Issue tracking, documentation, downloads, and test automation are provided there.

Installing the current development version requires Git, a distributed source code management system. If you have Git you can run the following to download and link the development version into your Python runtime:

git clone https://github.com/marrow/uri.git
(cd uri; python setup.py develop)

You can then upgrade to the latest version at any time:

(cd uri; git pull; python setup.py develop)

If you would like to make changes and contribute them back to the project, fork the GitHub project, make your changes, and submit a pull request. This process is beyond the scope of this documentation; for more information see GitHub's documentation.

Getting Started

URI

An abstract string-like (and mapping-like, and iterator-like...) identifier for a resource with the regular form defined by RFC 3986:

scheme:[//[user[:password]@]host[:port]][/path][?query][#fragment]

For details on these components, please refer to Wikipedia. Each of these components is represented by an appropriate rich datatype:

• The scheme of a URI represents an extensible API of string-like plugins.
• Any IPv6 host is automatically wrapped and unwrapped in square braces.
• The path is represented by a PurePosixPath.
• The query is a rich ordered multi-value bucketed mutable mapping called QSO. (Ouch, but that's what it is!)

Instantiate a new URI by passing in a string or string-castable object, pathlib.Path compatible object, or object exposing a __link__ method or attribute:

home = URI("https://github.com/marrow/")

The scalar attributes are combined into several compound groups for convenience:

• The credentials are a colon (:) separated combination of: user + password — also accessible via the shorter auth or the longer authentication attributes. May be assigned using array/mapping notation. Accessing uri[user:pass] will return a mutated instance with credentials included.
• The authority part is the combination of: credentials + host + port
• The heirarchical part is the combination of: authority part + path

Other aliases are provided for the scalar components, typically for compliance with external APIs, such as interoperability with pathlib.Path or urlsplit objects:

• username is the long form of user.
• hostname is the long form of host.
• authentication is the long form of auth.

In addition, several string views are provided for convenience, but ultimately all just call str() against the instance or one of the compound groups described above:

• uri represents the entire URI as a string.
• safe_uri represents the entire URI, sans any password that may be present.
• base is the combination of scheme and the heirarchical part.
• summary is a useful shortcut for web presentation containing only the host and port of the URI.
• qs is just the query string, as a plain string instead of QSO instance.

URI values may be absolute identifiers or relative references. Absolute URIs are what most people see every day:

• https://example.com/about/us
• ftp://example.com/thing.txt
• mailto:user@example.com
• uri:ISSN:1535-3613

Indirect references require the context of an absolute identifier in order to resolve them. Examples include:

• //example.com/protocol/relative — protocol implied from context, frequently used in HTML when referencing resources hosted on content delivery networks.
• /host/relative — all elements up to the path are preserved from context, also frequently used in HTML when referencing resources on the same server. This is not equivalent to file:///host/relative, as the protocol is unknown.
• relative/path — the resulting path is relative to the "current working directory" of the context.
• ../parent/relative/path — references may ascend into parents of the context.
• resource#fragment — referencing a specific fragment of a sibling resource.
• #fragment — a same-document reference to a specific fragment of the context.

Two primary methods are provided to combine a base URI with another URI, absolute or relative. The first, utilizing the uri.resolve(uri, **parts) method, allows you to both resolve a target URL as well as provide explicit overrides for any of the above scalar attributes, such as query string. The second, which is recommended for general use, is to use the division and floor division operators:

base = URI("https://example.com/about/us")
cdn = base // "cdn.example.com"
js = cdn / "script.js"
css = cdn / "script.css"

Please note that once a URI has an "authority" part (basically, the parts prior to the path such as host) then any path directly assigned must be "rooted", or contain a leading slash.

Schemes

Each URI has a scheme that should be registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and specifies the mechanics of the URI fields. Examples include: http, https, ftp, mailto, file, data, etc.

The declaration of which schemes are URL-like (featuring a :// double-slashed separator) is based on Python's entry_points plugin registry mapping scheme names to the Scheme objects used to handle them. If a scheme renders URI-like when your application requires URL-like, you can utilize package metadata to register additional mappings.

For an example, and to see the core set handled this way, examine the setup.py and setup.cfg files within this project. If you wish to imperatively define schemes, you can do so with code such as the following. It is strongly recommended to not implement this as an import time side effect. To mutate the plugin registry directly:

from uri.scheme import URLScheme
from uri.part.scheme import SchemePart

SchemePart.registry['amqp'] = URLScheme('amqp')
SchemePart.registry['amqps'] = URLScheme('amqps')

Subsequent attempts to resolve entry_points by these names will now resolve to the objects you have specified.

WSGI

A WSGI request environment contains all of the details required to reconstruct the requested URI. The simplest example of why one might do this is to form a "base URI" for relative resolution. WSGI environment-wrapping objects such as WebOb's Request class instances may be used as long as the object passed in exposes the original WSGI environment using an attribute named environ.

To perform this task, use the URI.from_wsgi factory method:

from webob import Request

request = Request.blank('https://example.com/foo/bar?baz=27')
uri = URI.from_wsgi(request)
assert str(uri) == 'https://example.com/foo/bar?baz=27'

Migrating

A vast majority of other URI parsers emit plain dictionaries or provide as_dict methods. URI objects can be transformed into such using a fairly basic "dictionary comprehension":

uri = URI('http://www.example.com/3.0/dd/ff/')
{i: getattr(uri, i) for i in dir(uri) if i[0] != '_' and not callable(getattr(uri, i))}

The above will produce a dictionary of all URI attributes that are not "private" (prefixed by an underscore) or executable methods.

From furl

https://github.com/gruns/furl

• A majority of the object attributes have parity: scheme, username, password, host, even origin.

• furl.args -> URI.query

• furl.add(), furl.set(), furl.remove() -> inline, chained manipulation is not supported.

• furl.url -> str(uri) or URI.uri

• furl.netloc -> URI.authority

• Fragments do not have path and query attributes; under URI the fragment is a pure string.

• furl.path -> URI.path where furl implements its own, URI.path are PurePosixPath instances.

• furl.join is accomplished via division operators under URI, or for more complete relative resolution, use the URI.resolve method.

• The URI class does not currently infer protocol-specific default port numbers.

• Manipulation via division operators preserves query string parameters under furl, however the URI package assumes relative URL resolution, which updates the path and clears parameters and fragment. To extend the path while preserving these:

  uri = URI('http://www.google.com/base?one=1&two=2')
  uri.path /= 'path'
  assert str(uri) == 'http://www.google.com/base/path?one=1&two=2'
  

From dj-mongohq-url

https://github.com/ferrix/dj-mongohq-url

Where your settings.py file's DATABASES declaration used dj_mongohq_url.config, instead use:

from uri.parse.db import parse_dburi

DATABASES = {'default': parse_dburi('mongodb://...')}

From django-url-tools

https://bitbucket.org/monwara/django-url-tools

The majority of the UrlHelper attributes are directly applicable to URI instances, occasionally with minor differences, typically of naming. The differences are documented here, and "template tags" and "filters" are not provided for.

• Where UrlHelper.path are plain strings, URI.path attributes are PurePosixPath <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pathlib.html#pure-paths>_ instances which support typecasting to a string if needed.
• UrlHelper.query_dict and UrlHelper.query are replaced with the dict-like URI.query attribute.
• UrlHelper.query_string is shortened to URI.qs, additionally, the object retrieved when accessing query may be cast to a string as per the rich path representation.
• UrlHelper.get_full_path -- equivalent to the URI.resource compound, combining path, query string, and fragment identifier.
• UrlHelper.get_full_quoted_path -- alternative currently not provided.
• There are no direct equivalents provided for:
  • UrlHelper.hash -- not provided due to FIPS-unsafe dependence on MD5.
  • UrlHelper.get_query_string -- encoding is handled automatically.
  • UrlHelper.get_query_data -- this helper for subclass inheritance is not provided.
  • UrlHelper.update_query_data -- manipulate the query directly using URI.query.update.
  • UrlHelper.overload_params -- can be accomplished using modern dictionary merge literal syntax.
  • UrlHelper.toggle_params -- this seems an unusual use case, and can be resolved similarly to the last.
  • UrlHelper.get_path -- unnecessary, access URI.path directly.
  • UrlHelper.del_param and UrlHelper.del_params -- just utilize the del keyword (or pop method) on/of the URI.query attribute.

From url2vapi

https://github.com/Drachenfels/url2vapi

Where url2vapi provides a dictionary of parsed URL components, with some pattern-based extraction of API metadata, URI provides a rich object with descriptor attributes. Version parsing can be accomplished by extracting the relevant path element and parsing it:

from pkg_resources import parse_version
from uri import URI

url = 'http://www.example.com/3.0/dd/ff/'
uri = URI(url)
version = parse_version(uri.path.parts[1])

The ApiUrl class otherwise offers no functionality. The minimal "data model" provided only accounts for:

• protocol -> scheme

• port is common, though URI port numbers are stored as integers, not strings.

• domain -> host

• remainder does not have an equivalent; there are several compound getters which may provide similar results.

• kwargs also has no particular equivalent. URI instances are not "arbitrarily extensible".

• Parsing of URL "parameters" incorrectly assume these are exclusive to the referenced resource, as per query string arguments, when each path element may have its own distinct parameters. The difference between:

  https://example.com/foo/bar/baz?prop=27
  https://example.com/foo/bar/baz;prop=27
  

  And:

  https://example.com/foo;prop=27/bar/baz;prop=27
  https://example.com/foo/bar;prop=27/baz
  https://example.com/foo/bar/baz;prop=27
  

From url-parser

https://github.com/AdaptedAS/url_parser

• protocol -> scheme
• www has no equivalent; check for URI.host.startswith('www.') instead.
• sub_domain has no equivalent; parse/split URI.host instead.
• domain -> host
• top_domain has no equivalent; as per sub_domain.
• dir -> path
• file -> path
• fragment is unchanged.
• query -> qs for the string form, query for a rich QSO instance interface.

From p.url

https://github.com/ultrabluewolf/p.url/

There may be a noticeable trend arising from several sections of "migrating from". Many seem to have accessor or manipulation methods to mutate the object, rather than utilizing native data type interactions, this one does not buck the trend. Additionally, many of the "attributes" of Purl are provided as invokable getter/setter methods, not as static attributes nor automatic properties. In this comparison, attributes trailed by parenthesis are actually methods, if [value] may be passed, the method is also the setter. Lastly, it provides its own InvalidUrlError which does not subclass ValueError.

The result is a bit of a hodgepodge API that feels more at home in Java.

• Purl.query is a plain dictionary attribute, not a getter method. Now a rich dict-like QSO object.
• Purl.querystring() -> URI.qs -- pure getter method in Purl.
• Purl.add_query() and Purl.delete_query() -- just manipulate URI.query as a dictionary.
• An alternative to param for manipulation of path parameters is not provided, as these are protocol-defined.
• Purl.protocol([value]) -> URI.scheme
• Purl.hostname([value]) -> URI.host
• Purl.port([value]) -> URI.port
• Purl.path([value]) -> URI.path
• "Parameter expansion" (which is unrelated to actual URI path element parameters) is not currently supported; recommended to simply use f-strings or str.format as appropriate. As curly braces have no special meaning to URI, you may populate these within one for later str(uri).format(...) interpolation.

From url

https://github.com/seomoz/url-py

The url package bundles Cython auto-generated C++ extensions. I do not understand why.

It's nearly 16,000 lines of code.

Sixteen thousand.

A number of attributes are common such as scheme, host, hostname, port, etc.

• URL.pld and URL.tld are left as an exercise for the reader.
• URL.params is not currently implemented.
• URL.query -> URI.qs with URI.query providing a rich dict-like interface.
• URL.unicode and URL.utf8 are unimplemented. Native URI storage is Unicode, it's up to you to encode.
• URL.strip() is unnecessary under URI; empty query strings, fragments, etc., naturally will not have dividers. What many might consider to be an "invalid" query string often are not; an encoding for HTTP key-value pairs is suggested for the HTTP scheme, however everything after the ? is just a single string, up to server- side interpretation. ?????a=1 is "perfectly fine".
• Re-ordering of query string parameters is not implemented; the need is dubious at this level.
• URL.deparam() may be implemented by using del to remove known query string arguments, or using the pop() method to safely remove arguments that may only be conditionally present, while avoiding exceptions.
• URL.abspath() is not currently implemented; to be implemented within URI.resolve().
• URL.unescape() is not currently implemented.
• URL.relative() may be implemented more succinctly using division operators, e.g. base / target. This also supports HTTP reference protocol-relative resolution using the floor division operator, e.g. base // target.
• URL.punycode() and URL.unpunycode() are not implemented, as the goal is for Unicode to be natively/naturally supported with Punycode encoding automatic at instantiation and serialization to string time, reference #18.

Version History

Version 3.0.0

• Improved documentation, notably, incorporated the imperative registration of schemes example from #14.
• Inclusion of adaption utilities and tests obviating the need for other utility packages, and documented migration from several other URI or URL implementations.
• Removed legacy Python 2 support adaptions.
• Removed Python 3 support less than Python 3.8 due to type annotation functionality and syntax changes.
• Broad adoption of type hinting annotations across virtually all methods and instance attributes.
• Updated ABC import path references to correct Python 3.9 warnings.
• Added syntax sugar for assignment of URI authentication credentials by returning a mutated instance when sliced. #10
• Additional __slots__ declarations to improve memory efficiency.
• Added RFC example relative resolutions as tests; we are a compatible resolver, not a strict one.
• Added ability to construct a URI from a populated WSGI request environment to reconstruct the requested URI. WebOb added as a testing dependency to cover this feature. #13
• Migrated from Travis-CI to GitHub Actions for test runner automation.
• Added a significant number of additional pre-registered URL-like (://) schemes, based on Wikipedia references.
• Automatically utilize Punycode / IDNA encoding of internationalized domain names, ones containing non-ASCII. #18

Version 2.0.1

• Added non-standard resource compound view.
• Removed Python 3.3 support, added 3.7, removed deprecated testing dependency.
• Scheme objects hash as per their string representation. #5
• Dead code clean-up.
• Additional tests covering previously uncovered edge cases, such as assignment to a compound view property.
• Restrict assignment of rootless paths (no leading /) if an authority part is already present. #8

• Enable handling of the following schemes as per URL (colon + double slash):

  • sftp
  • mysql
  • redis
  • mongodb

Version 2.0

• Extraction of the URIString object from Marrow Mongo.

Version 1.0

• Original package by Jacob Kaplan-Moss. Copyright 2008 and released under the BSD License.

License

The URI package has been released under the MIT Open Source license.

The MIT License

Copyright © 2017-2023 Alice Bevan-McGregor and contributors.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.