ch.json

{"code":"ch","name":"China","region":"East & Southeast Asia","background":"For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. China since the early 1990s has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations.","geo":{"Location":"Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam","Geographic coordinates":{"N":{"deg":35,"min":0},"E":{"deg":105,"min":0}},"Map references":{},"Area":{"total":{"quantity":9596,"unit":"sq km"},"country comparison to the world":"","land":{"quantity":9569,"unit":"sq km"},"water":{"quantity":27060,"unit":"sq km"}},"Area - comparative":"slightly smaller than the US","Land boundaries":{"total":{"quantity":22117,"unit":"km"},"border countries":"Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km","regional borders":"Hong Kong 30 km, Macau 0.34 km"},"Coastline":{"quantity":14500,"unit":"km"},"Maritime claims":{"territorial sea":{"quantity":12,"unit":"nm"},"contiguous zone":{"quantity":24,"unit":"nm"},"exclusive economic zone":{"quantity":200,"unit":"nm"},"continental shelf":"200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"},"Terrain":"mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east","Elevation extremes":{"lowest point":"Turpan Pendi -154 m","highest point":"Mount Everest 8,850 m"},"Land use":{"arable land":{"quantity":14.86,"unit":"%"},"permanent crops":{"quantity":1.27,"unit":"%"},"other":{"quantity":83.87,"unit":"%"}},"Irrigated land":{"quantity":641410,"unit":"sq km"},"Total renewable water resources":{"quantity":2829.6,"unit":"cu km"},"Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)":{"total":{"quantity":549.76,"unit":"cu km/yr"},"per capita":{"quantity":415,"unit":"cu m/yr"}},"Natural hazards":{"Natural hazards":"frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence","volcanism":"China contains some historically active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries"},"internationalEnvironmentAgreements":{"signed, but not ratified":"none of the selected agreements","partyTo":["Antarctic-Environmental Protocol","Antarctic Treaty","Biodiversity","Climate Change","Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol","Desertification","Endangered Species","Environmental Modification","Hazardous Wastes","Law of the Sea","Marine Dumping","Ozone Layer Protection","Ship Pollution","Tropical Timber 83","Tropical Timber 94","Wetlands","Whaling"]},"naturalResources":["coal","iron ore","petroleum","natural gas","mercury","tin","tungsten","antimony","manganese","molybdenum","vanadium","magnetite","aluminum","lead","zinc","rare earth elements","uranium","hydropower potential (world's largest)"],"environmentalIssues":["air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain","water shortages, particularly in the north","water pollution from untreated wastes","deforestation","estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development","desertification","trade in endangered species"],"climate":["extremely diverse","tropical in south to subarctic in north"],"geographyNote":["world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US)","Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak"]},"people":{"Population":1336,"Age structure":{"0-14 years":{"quantity":17.6,"unit":"%"},"15-64 years":{"quantity":73.6,"unit":"%"},"65 years and over":"8.9% (male 56,823,028/female 61,517,001) (2011 est.)"},"Median age":{"total":{"quantity":35.5,"unit":"years"},"male":{"quantity":34.9,"unit":"years"},"female":{"quantity":36.2,"unit":"years"}},"Population growth rate":{"quantity":0.493,"unit":"%"},"Birth rate":{"quantity":12.29,"unit":"births/1,000 population"},"Death rate":{"quantity":7.03,"unit":"deaths/1,000 population"},"Net migration rate":"-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)","Urbanization":{"urban population":{"quantity":47,"unit":"% of total population"},"rate of urbanization":{"quantity":2.3,"unit":"% annual rate of change"}},"Major cities - population":"Shanghai 16.575 million; BEIJING (capital) 12.214 million; Chongqing 9.401 million; Shenzhen 9.005 million; Guangzhou 8.884 million (2009)","Sex ratio":{"at birth":{"quantity":1.133,"unit":"male(s)/female"},"under 15 years":{"quantity":1.17,"unit":"male(s)/female"},"15-64 years":{"quantity":1.06,"unit":"male(s)/female"},"65 years and over":{"quantity":0.93,"unit":"male(s)/female"},"total population":{"quantity":1.06,"unit":"male(s)/female"}},"Infant mortality rate":{"total":{"quantity":16.06,"unit":"deaths/1,000 live births"},"country comparison to the world":"","male":{"quantity":15.61,"unit":"deaths/1,000 live births"},"female":{"quantity":16.57,"unit":"deaths/1,000 live births"}},"Life expectancy at birth":{"total population":{"quantity":74.68,"unit":"years"},"country comparison to the world":"","male":{"quantity":72.68,"unit":"years"},"female":{"quantity":76.94,"unit":"years"}},"Total fertility rate":{"quantity":1.54,"unit":"children born/woman"},"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate":{"quantity":0.1,"unit":"%"},"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS":740000,"HIV/AIDS - deaths":26000,"Drinking water source":{},"Sanitation facility access":{},"Nationality":{"noun":"Chinese (singular and plural)","adjective":"Chinese"},"Religions":{"Religions":"Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%, Muslim 1%-2%"},"Languages":{"Languages":"Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)"},"Literacy":{"definition":"age 15 and over can read and write","total population":{"quantity":92.2,"unit":"%"},"male":{"quantity":96,"unit":"%"},"female":{"quantity":88.5,"unit":"%"}},"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)":{"total":{"quantity":12,"unit":"years"},"male":{"quantity":11,"unit":"years"},"female":{"quantity":12,"unit":"years"}},"Education expenditures":"NA","majorInfectiousDiseases":{"degree of risk":"intermediate","food or waterborne diseases":"bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever","vectorborne diseases":"Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever","soil contact disease":"hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)","animal contact disease":"rabies"},"ethnicGroups":["Han Chinese 91.5%","Zhuang","Manchu","Hui","Miao","Uighur","Tujia","Yi","Mongol","Tibetan","Buyi","Dong","Yao","Korean","and other nationalities 8.5% (2000 census)"]},"government":{"Country name":{"conventional long form":"People's Republic of China","conventional short form":"China","local long form":"Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo","local short form":"Zhongguo","abbreviation":"PRC"},"Government type":"Communist state","Capital":{"name":"Beijing","geographic coordinates":{"N":{"deg":39,"min":55},"E":{"deg":116,"min":23}},"time difference":"UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"},"Administrative divisions":{"Administrative divisions":"23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural)","provinces":"Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)","autonomous regions":"Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur, Xizang (Tibet)","municipalities":"Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin"},"Independence":"1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 BC (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)","National holiday":"Anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, 1 October (1949)","Legal system":"civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislation","International law organization participation":"has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt","Suffrage":"18 years of age; universal","Executive branch":{"chief of state":"President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003); Vice President XI Jinping (since 15 March 2008)","head of government":"Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003); Executive Vice Premier LI Keqiang (17 March 2008), Vice Premier HUI Liangyu (since 17 March 2003), Vice Premier ZHANG Dejiang (since 17 March 2008), and Vice Premier WANG Qishan (since 17 March 2008)","cabinet":"State Council appointed by National People's Congress","elections":"president and vice president elected by National People's Congress for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 15-17 March 2008 (next to be held in mid-March 2013); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress","election results":"HU Jintao elected president by National People's Congress with a total of 2,963 votes; XI Jinping elected vice president with a total of 2,919 votes"},"Legislative branch":{"Legislative branch":"unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,987 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses, and People's Liberation Army to serve five-year terms)","elections":"last held in December 2007-February 2008 (date of next election to be held in late 2012 to early 2013)","election results":"percent of vote - NA; seats - 2,987"},"Judicial branch":"Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National People's Congress); Local People's Courts (comprise higher, intermediate, and basic courts); Special People's Courts (primarily military, maritime, railway transportation, and forestry courts)","Political parties and leaders":"Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP","Political pressure groups and leaders":"no substantial political opposition groups exist","Diplomatic representation in the US":{"chief of mission":"Ambassador ZHANG Yesui","chancery":"3505 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008","telephone":"[1] (202) 495-2266","FAX":"[1] (202) 495-2190","consulate(s) general":"Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco"},"Diplomatic representation from the US":{"chief of mission":"Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert S. WONG","embassy":"55 An Jia Lou Lu, 100600 Beijing","mailing address":"PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002","telephone":"[86] (10) 8531-3000","FAX":"[86] (10) 8531-3300"},"Flag description":"red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China","National anthem":{"name":"\"Yiyongjun Jinxingqu\" (The March of the Volunteers)","lyrics/music":"TIAN Han/NIE Er"},"internationalOrganizations":["ADB","AfDB (nonregional member)","APEC","ARF","ASEAN (dialogue partner)","BIS","CDB","CICA","EAS","FAO","FATF","G-20","G-24 (observer)","G-77","IADB","IAEA","IBRD","ICAO","ICC","ICRM","IDA","IFAD","IFC","IFRCS","IHO","ILO","IMF","IMO","IMSO","Interpol","IOC","IOM (observer)","IPU","ISO","ITSO","ITU","LAIA (observer)","MIGA","MINURSO","MONUSCO","NAM (observer)","NSG","OAS (observer)","OPCW","PCA","PIF (partner)","SAARC (observer)","SCO","SICA (observer)","UN","UN Security Council","UNAMID","UNCTAD","UNESCO","UNHCR","UNIDO","UNIFIL","UNITAR","UNMIL","UNMIS","UNMIT","UNOCI","UNTSO","UNWTO","UPU","WCO","WHO","WIPO","WMO","WTO","ZC"]},"economy":{"Economy - overview":"Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role - in 2010 China became the world's largest exporter. Reforms began with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, creation of a diversified banking system, development of stock markets, rapid growth of the private sector, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors it considers important to \"economic security,\" explicitly looking to foster globally competitive national champions. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, in July 2005 China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid 2005 to late 2008 cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar was more than 20%, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing allowed resumption of a gradual appreciation. The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2010 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, having surpassed Japan in 2001. The dollar values of China's agricultural and industrial output each exceed those of the US; China is second to the US in the value of services it produces. Still, per capita income is below the world average. The Chinese government faces numerous economic challenges, including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic demand; (b) sustaining adequate job growth for tens of millions of migrants and new entrants to the work force; (c) reducing corruption and other economic crimes; and (d) containing environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid transformation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and approximately 200 million rural laborers and their dependents have relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of the \"one child\" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. The Chinese government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on nuclear and alternative energy development. In 2009, the global economic downturn reduced foreign demand for Chinese exports for the first time in many years, but China rebounded quickly, outperforming all other major economies in 2010 with GDP growth around 10%. The economy appears set to remain on a strong growth trajectory in 2011, lending credibility to the stimulus policies the regime rolled out during the global financial crisis. The government vows, in the 12th Five-Year Plan adopted in March 2011, to continue reforming the economy and emphasizes the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy less dependent on exports for GDP growth in the future. However, China likely will make only marginal progress toward these rebalancing goals in 2011. Two economic problems China currently faces are inflation - which, late in 2010, surpassed the government's target of 3% - and local government debt, which swelled as a result of stimulus policies, and is largely off-the-books and potentially low-quality.","GDP (purchasing power parity)":{"GDP (purchasing power parity)":{"usd":10090000000000},"country comparison to the world":""},"GDP (official exchange rate)":{"GDP (official exchange rate)":{"usd":5878000000000}},"GDP - real growth rate":{"quantity":10.3,"unit":"%"},"GDP - per capita (PPP)":{"GDP - per capita (PPP)":{"usd":null},"country comparison to the world":""},"GDP - composition by sector":{"agriculture":{"quantity":9.6,"unit":"%"},"industry":{"quantity":46.8,"unit":"%"},"services":{"quantity":43.6,"unit":"%"}},"Labor force":780000000,"Labor force - by occupation":{"agriculture":{"quantity":38.1,"unit":"%"},"industry":{"quantity":27.8,"unit":"%"},"services":{"quantity":34.1,"unit":"%"}},"Unemployment rate":{"Unemployment rate":{"quantity":4.3,"unit":"%"},"country comparison to the world":""},"Population below poverty line":{"Population below poverty line":{"quantity":2.8,"unit":"%"}},"Household income or consumption by percentage share":{"lowest 10%":{"quantity":3.5,"unit":"%"},"highest 10%":{"quantity":15,"unit":"%"}},"Distribution of family income - Gini index":41.5,"Investment (gross fixed)":{"quantity":47.8,"unit":"% of GDP"},"Budget":{"revenues":{"usd":1149000000000},"expenditures":{"usd":1270000000000}},"Public debt":{"quantity":17.5,"unit":"% of GDP"},"Inflation rate (consumer prices)":{"quantity":5,"unit":"%"},"Central bank discount rate":{"quantity":2.79,"unit":"%"},"Commercial bank prime lending rate":{"quantity":5.81,"unit":"%"},"Stock of narrow money":{"usd":3838000000000},"Stock of broad money":{"usd":10080000000000},"Stock of domestic credit":{"usd":8156000000000.001},"Market value of publicly traded shares":{"usd":5008000000000},"Industrial production growth rate":{"quantity":11,"unit":"%"},"Electricity - production":{"quantity":3451000000000,"unit":"kWh"},"Electricity - consumption":{"quantity":3438000000000,"unit":"kWh"},"Electricity - exports":{"quantity":16640000000,"unit":"kWh"},"Electricity - imports":{"quantity":3842000000,"unit":"kWh"},"Oil - production":{"quantity":3991000,"unit":"bbl/day"},"Oil - consumption":{"quantity":8199999.999999999,"unit":"bbl/day"},"Oil - exports":{"quantity":388000,"unit":"bbl/day"},"Oil - imports":{"quantity":4393000,"unit":"bbl/day"},"Oil - proved reserves":{"quantity":20350000000,"unit":"bbl"},"Natural gas - production":{"quantity":82940000000,"unit":"cu m"},"Natural gas - consumption":{"quantity":87080000000,"unit":"cu m"},"Natural gas - exports":{"quantity":3320000000,"unit":"cu m"},"Natural gas - imports":{"quantity":7462000000,"unit":"cu m"},"Natural gas - proved reserves":{"quantity":3030000000000,"unit":"cu m"},"Current account balance":{"usd":272500000000},"Exports":{"usd":1506000000000},"Imports":{"usd":1307000000000},"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold":{"usd":2622000000000},"Debt - external":{"usd":406600000000},"Stock of direct foreign investment - at home":{"usd":574300000000},"Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad":{"usd":278900000000},"Exchange rates":"Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar -","industries":["world leader in gross value of industrial output","mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal","machine building","armaments","textiles and apparel","petroleum","cement","chemicals","fertilizers","consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics","food processing","transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft","telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites"],"agricultureProducts":["world leader in gross value of agricultural output","rice","wheat","potatoes","corn","peanuts","tea","millet","barley","apples","cotton","oilseed","pork","fish"],"exportCommodities":["electrical and other machinery","including data processing equipment","apparel","textiles","iron and steel","optical and medical equipment"],"exportPartners":["US 20.03%","Hong Kong 12.03%","Japan 8.32%","South Korea 4.55%","Germany 4.27%"],"importCommodities":["electrical and other machinery","oil and mineral fuels","optical and medical equipment","metal ores","plastics","organic chemicals"],"importPartners":["Japan 12.27%","Hong Kong 10.06%","South Korea 9.04%","US 7.66%","Taiwan 6.84%","Germany 5.54%"]},"communications":{"Telephones - main lines in use":313680000,"Telephones - mobile cellular":747000000,"Telephone system":{"general assessment":"domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns; China continues to develop its telecommunications infrastructure, and is partnering with foreign providers to expand its global reach; China in the summer of 2008 began a major restructuring of its telecommunications industry, resulting in the consolidation of its six telecom service operators to three, China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom, each providing both fixed-line and mobile services","domestic":"interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of Internet users exceeded 250 million by summer 2008; a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place","international":"country code - 86; a number of submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean; 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region; and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian Ocean regions) (2008)"},"Broadcast media":"all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately-owned television or radio stations with state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offering more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department lists subjects that are off limits to domestic broadcast media with the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast (2008)","Internet country code":".cn","Internet hosts":15251000,"Internet users":389000000},"transport":{"Airports":502,"Airports - with paved runways":{"total":442,"over 3,047 m":63,"2,438 to 3,047 m":137,"1,524 to 2,437 m":132,"914 to 1,523 m":27},"Airports - with unpaved runways":{"total":60,"over 3,047 m":4,"2,438 to 3,047 m":7,"1,524 to 2,437 m":9,"914 to 1,523 m":13},"Heliports":48,"Pipelines":"gas 38,566 km; oil 23,470 km; refined products 13,706 km (2010)","Railways":{"total":{"quantity":86000,"unit":"km"},"country comparison to the world":"","standard gauge":"86,000 km 1.435-m gauge (36,000 km electrified) (2009)"},"Roadways":{"total":{"quantity":3860,"unit":"km"},"country comparison to the world":"","paved":{"quantity":3056,"unit":"km"},"unpaved":{"quantity":804500,"unit":"km"}},"Waterways":"110,000 km (navigable waterways) (2010)","Merchant marine":{"total":2010,"country comparison to the world":"","by type":"barge carrier 6, bulk carrier 571, cargo 639, carrier 5, chemical tanker 98, container 204, liquefied gas 55, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 83, petroleum tanker 271, refrigerated cargo 35, roll on/roll off 9, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 24","foreign-owned":18,"registered in other countries":"1,623 (Bahamas 4, Bangladesh 1, Belize 64, Bermuda 13, Cambodia 203, Comoros 1, Cyprus 6, France 5, Georgia 11, Germany 2, Honduras 2, Hong Kong 432, India 1, Indonesia 1, Kiribati 28, Liberia 10, Malta 11, Marshall Islands 16, North Korea 1, Norway 25, Panama 574, Philippines 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 82, Sierra Leone 12, Singapore 26, South Korea 9, Thailand 1, Togo 2, Tuvalu 9, UK 7, unknown 59) (2010)"},"Ports and terminals":"Dalian, Guangzhou, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin"},"military":{"Military branches":"People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Kongjun, PLAAF; includes Airborne Forces), and Second Artillery Corps (strategic missile force); People's Armed Police (PAP); PLA Reserve Force (2010)","Military service age and obligation":"18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with 24-month service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs; in 2010, a decision was made to allow women in combat roles (2010)","Manpower available for military service":{"males age 16-49":385821,"females age 16-49":363789},"Manpower fit for military service":{"males age 16-49":318265,"females age 16-49":300323},"Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually":{"male":10406,"female":9131},"Military expenditures":{"quantity":4.3,"unit":"% of GDP"}},"issues":{"Refugees and internally displaced persons":{"refugees (country of origin)":"300,897 (Vietnam); estimated 30,000-50,000 (North Korea)","IDPs":90000},"Trafficking in persons":{"current situation":"China is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; the majority of trafficking in China occurs within the country's borders, but there is also considerable international trafficking of Chinese citizens to Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and North America; Chinese women are lured abroad through false promises of legitimate employment, only to be forced into commercial sexual exploitation, largely in Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan; women and children are trafficked to China from Mongolia, Burma, North Korea, Russia, and Vietnam for forced labor, marriage, and prostitution; some North Korean women and children seeking to leave their country voluntarily cross the border into China and are then sold into prostitution, marriage, or forced labor","tier rating":"Tier 2 Watch List - China is on the Tier 2 Watch List for the fourth consecutive year for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking, particularly in terms of punishment of trafficking crimes and the protection of Chinese and foreign victims of trafficking; victims are sometimes punished for unlawful acts that were committed as a direct result of their being trafficked, such as violations of prostitution or immigration/emigration controls; the Chinese Government continued to treat North Korean victims of trafficking solely as economic migrants, routinely deporting them back to horrendous conditions in North Korea; additional challenges facing the Chinese Government include the enormous size of its trafficking problem and the significant level of corruption and complicity in trafficking by some local government officials (2008)"},"Illicit drugs":"major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry\r\n (2008)","internationalDisputes":["continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas)","India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964","China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters","China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas","lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient","Bhutan protests Chinese road construction and other activities on Bhutanese soil","Chinese border soldiers frequently intrude deep into Bhutanese territory","Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China","Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration","China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei","the 2002 \"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea\" eased tensions in the Spratly's but is not the legally binding \"code of conduct\" sought by some parties","Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly's and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands","China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan","China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation","certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea","North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China","China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement","China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002","the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009","citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests","Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop","Hong Kong developing plans to reduce 2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010"]}}