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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Introduction | Practical Data Science</title>
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<li class='before'><a href="./">Practical Data Science</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#part-1-information-processing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Part 1: Information Processing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#part-2-programming-basics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Part 2: Programming Basics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#part-3-modeling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Part 3: Modeling</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#part-4-visualization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Part 4: Visualization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#part-5-presentation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Part 5: Presentation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#workshops"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Workshops</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#other"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Other</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#python-notebooks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python notebooks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#other-r-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Other R packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#history"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>History</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#current-efforts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Current Efforts</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>Part I: Information Processing</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Data Structures</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Vectors</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#character-strings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Character strings</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Factors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#logicals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Logicals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#numeric-and-integer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Numeric and integer</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#dates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Dates</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#matrices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Matrices</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#creating-a-matrix"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Creating a matrix</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#lists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#data-frames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Data Frames</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#creating-a-data-frame"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Creating a data frame</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#data-structure-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Data Structure Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#exercise-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#exercise-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#thinking-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Thinking Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_structures.html"><a href="data_structures.html#python-data-structures-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Data Structures Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Input/Output</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#better-faster-approaches"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Better & Faster Approaches</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#r-specific-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>R-specific Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#r-datasets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>R Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#other-types-of-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Other Types of Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#on-the-horizon"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>On the Horizon</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#big-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Big Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#io-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>I/O Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#exercise-1-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#thinking-exercises-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Thinking Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="io.html"><a href="io.html#python-io-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python I/O Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Indexing</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#slicing-vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Slicing Vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#slicing-matricesdata.frames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Slicing Matrices/data.frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#label-based-indexing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Label-based Indexing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#position-based-indexing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Position-based Indexing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#mixed-indexing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Mixed Indexing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#non-contiguous"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Non-contiguous</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#boolean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Boolean</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#listdata.frame-extraction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>List/data.frame Extraction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#indexing-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Indexing Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#exercise-1-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#exercise-2-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#exercise-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="indexing.html"><a href="indexing.html#python-indexing-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Indexing Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="pipes.html"><a href="pipes.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Pipes</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="pipes.html"><a href="pipes.html#using-variables-as-they-are-created"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Using Variables as They are Created</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="pipes.html"><a href="pipes.html#pipes-for-visualization-more-later"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Pipes for Visualization (more later)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="pipes.html"><a href="pipes.html#the-dot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>The Dot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="pipes.html"><a href="pipes.html#flexibility"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Flexibility</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="pipes.html"><a href="pipes.html#pipes-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Pipes Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Tidyverse</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#what-is-the-tidyverse"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>What is the Tidyverse?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#what-is-tidy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>What is Tidy?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>dplyr</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#an-example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>An example</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#running-example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Running Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#selecting-columns"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Selecting Columns</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#helper-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Helper functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#filtering-rows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Filtering Rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#generating-new-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Generating New Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#grouping-and-summarizing-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Grouping and Summarizing Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#renaming-columns"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Renaming Columns</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#merging-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Merging Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#pivoting-axes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Pivoting axes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#more-tidyverse"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>More Tidyverse</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#personal-opinion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Personal Opinion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#tidyverse-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Tidyverse Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#exercise-0"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 0</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#exercise-1-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#exercise-2-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#exercise-3-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#exercise-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 4</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="tidyverse.html"><a href="tidyverse.html#python-pandas-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Pandas Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>data.table</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#data.table-basics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>data.table Basics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#grouped-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Grouped Operations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#faster"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Faster!</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#joins"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Joins</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#group-by"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Group by</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#string-matching"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>String matching</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#reading-files"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Reading files</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#more-speed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>More speed</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#pipe-with-data.table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Pipe with data.table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#data.table-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>data.table Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#faster-dplyr-alternatives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Faster dplyr Alternatives</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#data.table-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>data.table Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#exercise-0-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 0</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#exercise-1-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="data_table.html"><a href="data_table.html#exercise-2-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>Part II: Programming</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Programming Basics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#r-objects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>R Objects</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#object-inspection-exploration"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Object Inspection & Exploration</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#s4-classes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>S4 classes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#others"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Others</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#inspecting-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Inspecting Functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#documentation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Documentation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="programming.html"><a href="programming.html#objects-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Objects Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Iterative Programming</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#for-loops"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>For Loops</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#a-slight-speed-gain"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>A slight speed gain</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#while-alternative"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>While alternative</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#loops-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Loops summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#implicit-loops"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Implicit Loops</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#apply-family"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>apply family</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#apply-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Apply functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#purrr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>purrr</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#looping-with-lists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Looping with Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#iterative-programming-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Iterative Programming Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#exercise-1-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#exercise-2-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="iterative.html"><a href="iterative.html#exercise-3-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Writing Functions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#a-starting-point"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>A Starting Point</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#dry"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>DRY</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#conditionals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Conditionals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#anonymous-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Anonymous functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#writing-functions-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Writing Functions Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#excercise-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Excercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#excercise-1b"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Excercise 1b</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="functions.html"><a href="functions.html#exercise-2-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>More Programming</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#code-style"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Code Style</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#why-does-your-code-exist"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Why does your code exist?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#assignment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Assignment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#code-length"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Code length</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#spacing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Spacing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#naming-things"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Naming things</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#other-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Other</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#vectorization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Vectorization</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#boolean-indexing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Boolean indexing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#vectorized-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Vectorized operations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#regular-expressions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Regular Expressions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#typical-uses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Typical uses</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#code-style-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Code Style Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#exercise-1-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#exercise-2-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#vectorization-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Vectorization Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#exercise-1-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#exercise-2-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#regex-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Regex Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="more.html"><a href="more.html#exercise-1-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>Part III: Modeling</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Exploration</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#model-taxonomy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Taxonomy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#linear-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Linear models</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#estimation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Estimation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#minimizing-and-maximizing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Minimizing and maximizing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#optimization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Optimization</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#fitting-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Fitting Models</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#using-matrices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Using matrices</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#summarizing-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summarizing Models</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#variable-transformations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Variable Transformations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#numeric-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Numeric variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#categorical-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Categorical variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#scales-indices-and-dimension-reduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Scales, indices, and dimension reduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#dont-discretize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Don’t discretize</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#variable-importance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Variable Importance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#extracting-output"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Extracting Output</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#package-support"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Package support</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#visualization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Visualization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#extensions-to-the-standard-linear-model"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Extensions to the Standard Linear Model</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#different-types-of-targets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Different types of targets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#correlated-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Correlated data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#other-extensions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Other extensions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#model-exploration-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Exploration Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#model-exploration-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Exploration Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#exercise-1-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#exercise-2-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#exercise-3-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="models.html"><a href="models.html#python-model-exploration-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Model Exploration Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Criticism</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#model-fit"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Fit</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#standard-linear-model"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Standard linear model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#beyond-ols"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Beyond OLS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#classification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Classification</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#model-assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#predictive-performance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Predictive Performance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#model-comparison"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Comparison</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#example-additional-covariates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Example: Additional covariates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#example-interactions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Example: Interactions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#example-additive-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Example: Additive models</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#model-averaging"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Averaging</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#model-criticism-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Criticism Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#model-criticism-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Model Criticism Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#exercise-0-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 0</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#exercise-1-10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#exercise-2-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="model_criticism.html"><a href="model_criticism.html#python-model-criticism-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Model Criticism Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Machine Learning</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#concepts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Concepts</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#loss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Loss</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#bias-variance-tradeoff"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Bias-variance tradeoff</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#regularization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Regularization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#cross-validation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Cross-validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#optimization-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Optimization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#tuning-parameters"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Tuning parameters</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#techniques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#regularized-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Regularized regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#random-forests"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Random forests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#neural-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Neural networks</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#interpreting-the-black-box"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Interpreting the Black Box</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#machine-learning-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Machine Learning Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#machine-learning-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Machine Learning Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#exercise-1-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#exercise-2-10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ml.html"><a href="ml.html#python-machine-learning-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Machine Learning Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>Part IV: Visualization</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>ggplot2</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#layers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Layers</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#piping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Piping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#aesthetics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Aesthetics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#geoms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Geoms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#examples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Examples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#stats"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Stats</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#scales"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Scales</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#facets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Facets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#multiple-plots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Multiple plots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#fine-control"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Fine control</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#themes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Themes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#extensions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Extensions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#ggplot2-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>ggplot2 Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#ggplot2-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>ggplot2 Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#exercise-0-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 0</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#exercise-1-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#exercise-2-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="ggplot2.html"><a href="ggplot2.html#python-plotnine-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Plotnine Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Interactive Visualization</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#piping-for-visualization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Piping for Visualization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#htmlwidgets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>htmlwidgets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#plotly"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Plotly</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#modes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Modes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#ggplotly"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>ggplotly</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#highcharter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Highcharter</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#graph-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Graph networks</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#visnetwork"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>visNetwork</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#sigmajs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>sigmajs</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#plotly-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Plotly</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#leaflet"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>leaflet</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#dt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>DT</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#shiny"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Shiny</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#dash"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Dash</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#interactive-and-visual-data-exploration"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Interactive and Visual Data Exploration</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#interactive-visualization-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Interactive Visualization Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#exercise-0-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 0</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#exercise-1-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#exercise-2-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#exercise-3-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="interactive.html"><a href="interactive.html#python-interactive-visualization-notebook"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Python Interactive Visualization Notebook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Thinking Visually</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#information"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Information</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#your-audience-isnt-dumb"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Your audience isn’t dumb</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#clarity-is-key"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Clarity is key</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#avoid-clutter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Avoid clutter</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#color-isnt-optional"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Color isn’t optional</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#think-interactively"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Think interactively</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#color"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Color</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#viridis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Viridis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#scientific-colors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Scientific colors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#rcolorbrewer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>RColorBrewer</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#contrast"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Contrast</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#scaling-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Scaling Size</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#transparency"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Transparency</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#accessibility"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Accessibility</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#file-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>File Types</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#summary-of-thinking-visually"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary of Thinking Visually</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#a-casual-list-of-things-to-avoid"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>A casual list of things to avoid</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#pie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Pie</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#histograms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Histograms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#using-3d-without-adding-any-communicative-value"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Using 3D without adding any communicative value</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#using-too-many-colors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Using too many colors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#using-valenced-colors-when-data-isnt-applicable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Using valenced colors when data isn’t applicable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#showing-maps-that-just-display-population"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Showing maps that just display population</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#biplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Biplots</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#thinking-visually-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Thinking Visually Exercises</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#exercise-1-14"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#exercise-2-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="thinking_vis.html"><a href="thinking_vis.html#thinking-exercises-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Thinking exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>Part V: Presentation</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Building Better Data-Driven Products</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#rep-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Rep* Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#repeatable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Repeatable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#reproducible"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Reproducible</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#replicable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Replicable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#summary-of-rep-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Summary of rep* analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
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<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">Practical Data Science</a>
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<section class="normal" id="section-">
<div id="introduction" class="section level1 unnumbered">
<h1>Introduction</h1>
<p>This document provides some tools, demonstrations, and more to make data processing, programming, modeling, visualization, and presentation easier. The goal here is to instill a foundation for sound data science, and also to provide some of the <em>why</em> behind the approaches demonstrated, so that one can better implement them. Focus is given to tools and methods that are generalizable, replicable, and efficient.</p>
<div id="intended-audience" class="section level2">
<h2>Intended Audience</h2>
<p>If you are a budding data scientist in academia, industry, or elsewhere, the content in this document should provide enough knowledge for you to do better work under a variety of circumstances, and from data creation to presentation of results. You probably have already tried to analyze data in some form before this, but may be struggling to do so in an efficient way. Hopefully this will allow one to extend what they know, fill in gaps, and otherwise try some new tricks.</p>
</div>
<div id="programming-language" class="section level2">
<h2>Programming Language</h2>
<p>While the programming language focus is on R, where applicable (which is most of the time), <a href="https://github.com/m-clark/data-processing-and-visualization/tree/master/jupyter_notebooks">Python notebooks are also available</a>, and they include the same exercises. Furthermore, much of the actual content and concepts discussed would apply to any programming language used for data science, and the concepts for programming, modeling, visualization, reproducibility and more are applicable for anyone engaged in data science.</p>
<p>To use R effectively enough for the content here you need to also install RStudio (which is not R itself), and know how to install and load packages.</p>
</div>
<div id="additional-practice" class="section level2">
<h2>Additional Practice</h2>
<p>Exercises are provided to get more practice with the things learned. In addition, references are available to dive into even more extensions of the things demonstrated here.</p>
</div>
<div id="outline" class="section level2">
<h2>Outline</h2>
<p>The content is divided into five sections. While parts assume at least the information in Part 1, they are otherwise fairly independent and can be explored on their own.</p>
<div id="part-1-information-processing" class="section level3">
<h3>Part 1: Information Processing</h3>
<ul>
<li>Understanding Basic R Approaches to Gathering and Processing Data
<ul>
<li>Overview of Data Structures</li>
<li>Getting data in and out</li>
<li>Indexing</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Getting Acquainted with Other Approaches to Data Processing
<ul>
<li>Pipes, and how to use them</li>
<li>tidyverse</li>
<li>data.table</li>
<li>Misc.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="part-2-programming-basics" class="section level3">
<h3>Part 2: Programming Basics</h3>
<ul>
<li>Using R more fully
<ul>
<li>Dealing with objects</li>
<li>Iterative programming</li>
<li>Writing functions</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Going further
<ul>
<li>Code style</li>
<li>Vectorization</li>
<li>Regular expressions</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="part-3-modeling" class="section level3">
<h3>Part 3: Modeling</h3>
<ul>
<li>Model Exploration
<ul>
<li>Key concepts</li>
<li>Understanding and fitting models</li>
<li>Overview of extensions</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Model Criticism
<ul>
<li>Model Assessment</li>
<li>Model Comparison</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Machine Learning
<ul>
<li>Concepts</li>
<li>Demonstration of techniques</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="part-4-visualization" class="section level3">
<h3>Part 4: Visualization</h3>
<ul>
<li>Thinking Visually
<ul>
<li>Visualizing Information</li>
<li>Color</li>
<li>Contrast</li>
<li>and more…</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Using ggplot2
<ul>
<li>Aesthetics</li>
<li>Layers</li>
<li>Themes</li>
<li>and more…</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Adding Interactivity
<ul>
<li>Package demos</li>
<li>Shiny</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="part-5-presentation" class="section level3">
<h3>Part 5: Presentation</h3>
<ul>
<li>Building Better Data-Driven Products
<ul>
<li>Reproducibility concepts</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Starting out with R markdown
<ul>
<li>Standard documents</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Customization and more
<ul>
<li>Themes, CSS, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="workshops" class="section level2">
<h2>Workshops</h2>
<p>This document also serves as a basis for several workshops. To follow along with the examples, clone/download the related section repos. Downloading any one of them will have an R project and associated data, such that the code from any section should run.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/m-clark/R-I-Basics">R I: Information Processing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/m-clark/R-II-Programming">R II: Programming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/m-clark/R-III-Modeling">R III: Modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/m-clark/R-IV-Visualization">R IV: Visualization</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/m-clark/R-V-Presentation">R V: Presentation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="other" class="section level2">
<h2>Other</h2>
<p>Color coding in text:</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="emph">emphasis</span></li>
<li><span class="pack">package</span></li>
<li><span class="func">function</span></li>
<li><span class="objclass">object/class</span></li>
<li><a href="">link</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Some key packages used in the following demonstrations and exercises:</p>
<p><span class="pack">tidyverse</span> (several packages), <span class="pack">data.table</span>, <span class="pack">tidymodels</span>, <span class="pack">rmarkdown</span></p>
<div id="python-notebooks" class="section level3">
<h3>Python notebooks</h3>
<p>The related Python notebooks may be found <a href="https://github.com/m-clark/data-processing-and-visualization/tree/master/jupyter_notebooks">here</a>. The primary modules used and demonstrated are <span class="pack" style="">numpy</span> and <span class="pack" style="">pandas</span> for the first two parts, and throughout the rest. Besides that, <span class="pack" style="">statsmodels</span>, <span class="pack" style="">scikit-learn</span>, <span class="pack" style="">plotnine</span>, <span class="pack" style="">plotly</span>, and others are employed.</p>
</div>
<div id="other-r-packages" class="section level3">
<h3>Other R packages</h3>
<p>Many other packages are also used for data or minor demonstration, so feel free to install as we come across them. Here are a few.</p>
<p><span class="pack">ggplot2movies</span>, <span class="pack">nycflights13</span>, <span class="pack">DT</span>, <span class="pack">highcharter</span>, <span class="pack">magrittr</span>, <span class="pack">maps</span>, <span class="pack">mgcv</span> (already comes with base R), <span class="pack">plotly</span>, <span class="pack">quantmod</span>, <span class="pack">readr</span>, <span class="pack">visNetwork</span>, <span class="pack">emmeans</span>, <span class="pack">ggeffects</span></p>
</div>
<div id="history" class="section level3">
<h3>History</h3>
<p>This was initially a document that only contained the information processing and visualization chapters, and it filled a need specifically for workshops. Over time, it has increased to include other things I think are generally missing from those who simply learn how to get to the end results. The content is born out of the gaps I see in those I consult with, and also just ‘I wish I’d known that’ type of experience. In the interim, textbooks have come out, authored by some who develop the packages being used here, that could be used as a next step, as they offer more detail. They are listed in the <a href="references.html#references">references</a> section.</p>
</div>
<div id="current-efforts" class="section level3">
<h3>Current Efforts</h3>
<p>At present most of the content is more or less as I want it, though I’m filling it out with some minor additions here and there over time. Currently I’m improving the Python documents as well.</p>
</div>
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