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samples/04_gis_analysts_data_scientists/snow_avalanche_hazard_mapping_for_lake_tahoe.ipynb

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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"According to the National Avalanche Center, every year 25 to 30 people die due to snow avalanches in USA, interestingly termed as \"White Death\". Record shows that snow avalanches have killed more people in forests than any other natural disaster, while they were participating in recreational activities.\n",
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"According to the [National Avalanche Center](https://avalanche.org/national-avalanche-center/), every year 25 to 30 people die due to snow avalanches in USA, interestingly termed as \"White Death\". Record shows that snow avalanches have killed more people in forests than any other natural disaster, while they were participating in recreational activities.\n",
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"\n",
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"Recently on Jan 17, 2020, a snow avalanche caused several people missing at the Alpine Meadows ski area and near lake Tahoe. Other than human casualty, it also creates blockage on roads and railway tracks and can even destroy power supply lines. Avalanches could be triggered by various reasons such as heavy snowfall, deforestation, vibrations, change in wind direction & speed, etc.\n",
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"In view of this desctructive power of avalanches a study is undertaken near the Lake Tahoe area, California to identify vulnerable locations that could be hit by snow avalanches. Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method based on combined GIS and Remote Sensing techniques is used in the sample to create a potential hazard map for avalanches. It consists of three steps:\n",
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"In view of this destructive power of avalanches a study is undertaken near the Lake Tahoe area, California to identify vulnerable locations that could be hit by snow avalanches. Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method based on combined GIS and Remote Sensing techniques is used in the sample to create a potential hazard map for avalanches. It consists of three steps:\n",
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"• Reclassify all the datasets in the same range\n",
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"source": [
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"Avalanche is a dynamic hazard or in other words has a fast onset and offset period, with favorable conditions imapacted by land use-landcover, elevation, slope, curvature, variations in weather. Accordingly in this study, USA NLCD Land Cover data is used for land cover, and ASTER DEM is used for elevation, slope and curvature to create a potential snow avalanche hazard map for the Lake Tahoe area."
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"Avalanche is a dynamic hazard or in other words has a fast onset and offset period, with favorable conditions impacted by land use-landcover, elevation, slope, curvature, variations in weather. In this study, USA NLCD Land Cover data is used for land cover, and ASTER DEM is used for elevation, slope and curvature to create a potential snow avalanche hazard map for the Lake Tahoe area."
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"Once the data sets are ready an Weighted Linear Combination WLC) is carried out. Here all the datasets were reclassified and scores were given to them so that all are in the same number scale. The score ranges between 0 to 5, with high score implying extremely vulnerable area and low score indicating less vulnerable or safe areas. "
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"Once the datasets are ready Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) is carried out. Here all the datasets were reclassified and scores were given to them so that all are in the same number scale. The score ranges between 0 to 5, with high score implying extremely vulnerable area and low score indicating less vulnerable or safe areas."
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"Curvature is also an important parameter for avalanche hazard prediction mapping. Snowpack over a convex surfaces are more unstable than that on top of concave surfaces which usually can hold large amount of snow compared to convex surface.\n",
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"Curvature is also an important parameter for avalanche hazard prediction mapping. Snowpack over convex surfaces are more unstable than that on top of concave surfaces which usually can hold large amount of snow compared to convex surface.\n",
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"Suitably, curvature raster was reclassified into 3 classes and convex slope was assigned the highest score of 5 as it was more vulnerable to avalanche, and 1 was assigned to concave surface as it was less vulnerable."
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"The final output potential avalanche hazard map have values from 1 to 5 with vulnerability increasing from 1 to 5. To make the numerical categories more meaningful the classes are labelled with suitable text description (done in ArcGIS Pro using `Raster Symbology`)."
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"The final output potential avalanche hazard map has values from 1 to 5 with vulnerability increasing from 1 to 5. To make the numerical categories more meaningful the classes are labelled with suitable text description (done in ArcGIS Pro using `Raster Symbology`)."
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