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[shell]玩转linux命令行.html
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<span data-v-7c5ab02c>2017 - </span>
2023
</a></span></div></div> <div data-v-5f3f4765><main class="page"><div class="page-title" style="display:none;"><h1>玩转linux命令行</h1> <hr> <div data-v-2c863f0e><i class="iconfont reco-account" data-v-2c863f0e><span data-v-2c863f0e>JyLie</span></i> <i class="iconfont reco-date" data-v-2c863f0e><span data-v-2c863f0e>2021-05-14</span></i> <!----> <i class="iconfont reco-tag tags" data-v-2c863f0e><span class="tag-item" data-v-2c863f0e>linux</span><span class="tag-item" data-v-2c863f0e>shell</span><span class="tag-item" data-v-2c863f0e>bash</span></i></div></div> <div class="theme-reco-content content__default" style="display:none;"><blockquote><p>持续更新...</p></blockquote> <h1 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="header-anchor">#</a> 前言</h1> <p>本文旨在记录在学习工作中所遇见的情况，如有不妥请指正~~</p> <h1 id="命令行形式"><a href="#命令行形式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 命令行形式</h1> <ul><li>命令式
<ul><li>% 命令 [参数 1 参数 2 ...]</li> <li>输出内容</li></ul></li> <li>交互式
<ul><li>% 命令</li> <li><用户输入></li> <li>[输出内容]</li></ul></li></ul> <h1 id="命令权限"><a href="#命令权限" class="header-anchor">#</a> 命令权限</h1> <h2 id=""><a href="#" class="header-anchor">#</a> <code>#</code></h2> <p>root 权限，即当前用户时管理员权限</p> <h2 id="-2"><a href="#-2" class="header-anchor">#</a> <code>$</code></h2> <p>普通用户 权限。</p> <p>普通用户切换到 root 只需要如下操作：</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">su</span> root
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>如果普通用户切换到 root 时出现下面情况</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>su: Authentication failure
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>可能是下面原因引起:</p> <ul><li><p>可能是 root 密码输入错误造成的，再仔细检查一遍是否输入错误</p></li> <li><p>刚安装完，没有设置 root 用户密码导致的，因此可以尝试设置密码</p></li></ul> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">sudo</span> <span class="token function">passwd</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="题外话"><a href="#题外话" class="header-anchor">#</a> 题外话</h2> <p>如果更改了/etc/profile , 或~/.bashrc 等文档，可以用任何符号来代替它们。</p> <p>另外对于 linux 输入命令前的标识 <code>root@locate~</code></p> <ul><li><code>~</code> 代表用户的家目录</li> <li>root 为/root</li> <li>一般 user 为 /home/username</li> <li><code>./</code> 和 <code>.</code> 代表 当前目录</li> <li><code>../</code> 代表 上级目录</li></ul> <h1 id="命令行分类"><a href="#命令行分类" class="header-anchor">#</a> 命令行分类</h1> <h2 id="常用基础"><a href="#常用基础" class="header-anchor">#</a> 常用基础</h2> <h3 id="echo"><a href="#echo" class="header-anchor">#</a> echo</h3> <p>输入啥返回啥，速记“自言自语”。</p> <p>当输入一串字符则输出一串字符串，当 输入系统变量则输出变量值</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> Jylie
Jylie
$ <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token environment constant">$HOME</span>
/c/Users/Administrator
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><h3 id="pwd"><a href="#pwd" class="header-anchor">#</a> pwd</h3> <p>打印工作目录，<em>P</em>rint <em>W</em>orking <em>D</em>irectort 的缩写。速记：我在那？</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token environment constant">$HOME</span>
/c/Users/Administrator
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h3 id="cd"><a href="#cd" class="header-anchor">#</a> cd</h3> <p>更换目录，<em>C</em>hange <em>D</em>irectory 的缩写。速记：换个地方。</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span> <span class="token comment"># 返回上一层</span>
$ <span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">..</span>/path
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h3 id="ls"><a href="#ls" class="header-anchor">#</a> ls</h3> <p>展示当前目录下的文档和目录信息，<em>L</em>i<em>s</em>t Directory Content 的缩写。</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">ls</span>
$ <span class="token function">ls</span> -l <span class="token comment"># list mode</span>
$ <span class="token function">ls</span> -l -a <span class="token comment"># (等于ls -la)。list + all files</span>
$ <span class="token function">ls</span> -lh <span class="token comment"># list + human readable size</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><h2 id="寻求帮助"><a href="#寻求帮助" class="header-anchor">#</a> 寻求帮助</h2> <h3 id="man"><a href="#man" class="header-anchor">#</a> man</h3> <p>用户手册。<em>Man</em>ual 缩写</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">man</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">pwd</span>
$ <span class="token function">man</span> <span class="token function">man</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h3 id="h"><a href="#h" class="header-anchor">#</a> -h</h3> <p>内置帮助命令</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">man</span> -h
$ <span class="token function">grep</span> --help
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h2 id="文件内容"><a href="#文件内容" class="header-anchor">#</a> 文件内容</h2> <h3 id="cat"><a href="#cat" class="header-anchor">#</a> cat</h3> <p>打印文件内容，Con<em>cat</em>enate and print files 的缩写。</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">cat</span> file.txt
$ <span class="token function">cat</span> <span class="token operator"><</span> useruid.ini.bac
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>General<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">useruid</span><span class="token operator">=</span>3c291a336132451791d146d625355387
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><h3 id="head-与-tail"><a href="#head-与-tail" class="header-anchor">#</a> head 与 tail</h3> <p>查看文件的开头/结尾部分的内容</p> <h4 id="内置命令"><a href="#内置命令" class="header-anchor">#</a> 内置命令</h4> <ul><li>不传则显示全部内容</li> <li>-q 隐藏文件名</li> <li>-v 显示文件名</li> <li>-c<数目> 显示的字节数。</li> <li>-n<行数> 显示的行数。</li></ul> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">tail</span> useruid.ini <span class="token comment"># 不传参显示所有内容</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>General<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">useruid</span><span class="token operator">=</span>3c291a336132451791d146d625355387
$ <span class="token function">tail</span> -n <span class="token number">1</span> useruid.ini <span class="token comment"># 从文末开始数显示1行内容</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">useruid</span><span class="token operator">=</span>3c291a336132451791d146d625355387
$ <span class="token function">head</span> -n <span class="token number">1</span> useruid.ini <span class="token comment"># 从开头开始数显示1行内容</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>General<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br></div></div><h3 id="less"><a href="#less" class="header-anchor">#</a> less</h3> <p>可以随意浏览文件，支持翻页和搜索，支持向上翻页和向下翻页。</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">history</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">less</span> <span class="token comment"># 查看命令历史使用记录并通过less分页显示</span>
$ <span class="token function">ps</span> -ef <span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">less</span> <span class="token comment"># ps查看进程信息并通过less分页显示</span>
$ <span class="token function">less</span> log2021.log log2022.log <span class="token comment"># 浏览多个文件</span>
<span class="token comment"># 说明：</span>
<span class="token comment"># 输入 ：n后，切换到 log2014.log</span>
<span class="token comment"># 输入 ：p 后，切换到log2013.log</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><h3 id="more"><a href="#more" class="header-anchor">#</a> more</h3> <p>Linux more 命令类似 cat ，不过会以一页一页的形式显示，更方便使用者逐页阅读，而最基本的指令就是按空白键（space）就往下一页显示，按 b 键就会往回（back）一页显示，而且还有搜寻字串的功能（与 vi 相似），使用中的说明文件，请按 h 。</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">more</span> +20 testfile <span class="token comment"># 从第 20 行开始显示 testfile 之文档内容</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h3 id="wc"><a href="#wc" class="header-anchor">#</a> wc</h3> <p>单词统计，<em>W</em>ord line and byte <em>c</em>ount 的缩写</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 查找单个文件</span>
$ <span class="token function">wc</span> useruid.ini <span class="token comment"># useruid.ini文件的行数为2、单词数2、字节数53</span>
<span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">53</span> useruid.ini
<span class="token comment"># 使用通道统计</span>
$ <span class="token function">cat</span> useruid.ini <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">wc</span>
<span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">53</span>
<span class="token comment"># 查找多个文件</span>
$ <span class="token function">wc</span> nuuid.ini ntuser.ini
<span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">45</span> nuuid.ini
<span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">20</span> ntuser.ini
<span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token number">65</span> total
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br></div></div><hr> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$
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