09_up_and_running_with_tensorflow.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Chapter 9 – Up and running with TensorFlow**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "_This notebook contains all the sample code and solutions to the exercices in chapter 9._"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Setup"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "First, let's make sure this notebook works well in both python 2 and 3, import a few common modules, ensure MatplotLib plots figures inline and prepare a function to save the figures:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# To support both python 2 and python 3\n",
    "from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals\n",
    "\n",
    "# Common imports\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import numpy.random as rnd\n",
    "import os\n",
    "\n",
    "# to make this notebook's output stable across runs\n",
    "rnd.seed(42)\n",
    "\n",
    "# To plot pretty figures\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14\n",
    "plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
    "plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12\n",
    "\n",
    "# Where to save the figures\n",
    "PROJECT_ROOT_DIR = \".\"\n",
    "CHAPTER_ID = \"tensorflow\"\n",
    "\n",
    "def save_fig(fig_id, tight_layout=True):\n",
    "    path = os.path.join(PROJECT_ROOT_DIR, \"images\", CHAPTER_ID, fig_id + \".png\")\n",
    "    print(\"Saving figure\", fig_id)\n",
    "    if tight_layout:\n",
    "        plt.tight_layout()\n",
    "    plt.savefig(path, format='png', dpi=300)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Creating and running a graph"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import tensorflow as tf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<tf.Tensor 'add_1:0' shape=() dtype=int32>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "x = tf.Variable(3, name=\"x\")\n",
    "y = tf.Variable(4, name=\"y\")\n",
    "f = x*x*y + y + 2\n",
    "\n",
    "f"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "42\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sess = tf.Session()\n",
    "sess.run(x.initializer)\n",
    "sess.run(y.initializer)\n",
    "print(sess.run(f))\n",
    "sess.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "42"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    x.initializer.run()\n",
    "    y.initializer.run()\n",
    "    result = f.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "42"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session():\n",
    "    init.run()\n",
    "    result = f.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "42"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "sess = tf.InteractiveSession()\n",
    "init.run()\n",
    "result = f.eval()\n",
    "sess.close()\n",
    "\n",
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Managing graphs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "x1 = tf.Variable(1)\n",
    "x1.graph is tf.get_default_graph()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "graph = tf.Graph()\n",
    "with graph.as_default():\n",
    "    x2 = tf.Variable(2)\n",
    "\n",
    "x2.graph is tf.get_default_graph()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x2.graph is graph"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n",
      "15\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "w = tf.constant(3)\n",
    "x = w + 2\n",
    "y = x + 5\n",
    "z = x * 3\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    print(y.eval())  # 10\n",
    "    print(z.eval())  # 15"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Tensor(\"add_1:0\", shape=(), dtype=int32)\n",
      "Tensor(\"mul:0\", shape=(), dtype=int32)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    y_val, z_val = sess.run([y, z])\n",
    "    print(y)  # 10\n",
    "    print(z)  # 15"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Linear Regression"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Using the Normal Equation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.datasets import fetch_california_housing\n",
    "\n",
    "housing = fetch_california_housing()\n",
    "m, n = housing.data.shape\n",
    "housing_data_plus_bias = np.c_[np.ones((m, 1)), housing.data]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[[ -3.69419202e+01]\n",
      " [  4.36693293e-01]\n",
      " [  9.43577803e-03]\n",
      " [ -1.07322041e-01]\n",
      " [  6.45065694e-01]\n",
      " [ -3.97638942e-06]\n",
      " [ -3.78654265e-03]\n",
      " [ -4.21314378e-01]\n",
      " [ -4.34513755e-01]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.constant(housing_data_plus_bias, dtype=tf.float64, name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.constant(housing.target.reshape(-1, 1), dtype=tf.float64, name=\"y\")\n",
    "XT = tf.transpose(X)\n",
    "theta = tf.matmul(tf.matmul(tf.matrix_inverse(tf.matmul(XT, X)), XT), y)\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    result = theta.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Compare with pure NumPy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[[ -3.69419202e+01]\n",
      " [  4.36693293e-01]\n",
      " [  9.43577803e-03]\n",
      " [ -1.07322041e-01]\n",
      " [  6.45065694e-01]\n",
      " [ -3.97638942e-06]\n",
      " [ -3.78654265e-03]\n",
      " [ -4.21314378e-01]\n",
      " [ -4.34513755e-01]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X = housing_data_plus_bias\n",
    "y = housing.target.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "theta_numpy = np.linalg.inv(X.T.dot(X)).dot(X.T).dot(y)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(theta_numpy)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Compare with Scikit-Learn"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[[ -3.69419202e+01]\n",
      " [  4.36693293e-01]\n",
      " [  9.43577803e-03]\n",
      " [ -1.07322041e-01]\n",
      " [  6.45065694e-01]\n",
      " [ -3.97638942e-06]\n",
      " [ -3.78654265e-03]\n",
      " [ -4.21314378e-01]\n",
      " [ -4.34513755e-01]]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/Users/ageron/dev/py/envs/ml/lib/python3.5/site-packages/scipy/linalg/basic.py:884: RuntimeWarning: internal gelsd driver lwork query error, required iwork dimension not returned. This is likely the result of LAPACK bug 0038, fixed in LAPACK 3.2.2 (released July 21, 2010). Falling back to 'gelss' driver.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(mesg, RuntimeWarning)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression\n",
    "lin_reg = LinearRegression()\n",
    "lin_reg.fit(housing.data, housing.target.reshape(-1, 1))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(np.r_[lin_reg.intercept_.reshape(-1, 1), lin_reg.coef_.T])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Using Batch Gradient Descent"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Gradient Descent requires scaling the feature vectors first. We could do this using TF, but let's just use Scikit-Learn for now."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler\n",
    "scaler = StandardScaler()\n",
    "scaled_housing_data = scaler.fit_transform(housing.data)\n",
    "scaled_housing_data_plus_bias = np.c_[np.ones((m, 1)), scaled_housing_data]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[  1.00000000e+00   6.60969987e-17   5.50808322e-18   6.60969987e-17\n",
      "  -1.06030602e-16  -1.10161664e-17   3.44255201e-18  -1.07958431e-15\n",
      "  -8.52651283e-15]\n",
      "[ 0.38915536  0.36424355  0.5116157  ..., -0.06612179 -0.06360587\n",
      "  0.01359031]\n",
      "0.111111111111\n",
      "(20640, 9)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias.mean(axis=0))\n",
    "print(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias.mean(axis=1))\n",
    "print(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias.mean())\n",
    "print(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias.shape)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Manually computing the gradients"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Epoch 0 MSE = 2.75443\n",
      "Epoch 100 MSE = 0.632222\n",
      "Epoch 200 MSE = 0.57278\n",
      "Epoch 300 MSE = 0.558501\n",
      "Epoch 400 MSE = 0.549069\n",
      "Epoch 500 MSE = 0.542288\n",
      "Epoch 600 MSE = 0.537379\n",
      "Epoch 700 MSE = 0.533822\n",
      "Epoch 800 MSE = 0.531243\n",
      "Epoch 900 MSE = 0.52937\n",
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[  2.06855226e+00]\n",
      " [  7.74078071e-01]\n",
      " [  1.31192386e-01]\n",
      " [ -1.17845073e-01]\n",
      " [  1.64778158e-01]\n",
      " [  7.44080578e-04]\n",
      " [ -3.91945168e-02]\n",
      " [ -8.61356676e-01]\n",
      " [ -8.23479772e-01]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.constant(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias, dtype=tf.float32, name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.constant(housing.target.reshape(-1, 1), dtype=tf.float32, name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "error = y_pred - y\n",
    "mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "gradients = 2/m * tf.matmul(tf.transpose(X), error)\n",
    "training_op = tf.assign(theta, theta - learning_rate * gradients)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        if epoch % 100 == 0:\n",
    "            print(\"Epoch\", epoch, \"MSE =\", mse.eval())\n",
    "        sess.run(training_op)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Using autodiff\n",
    "Same as above except for the `gradients = ...` line."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Epoch 0 MSE = 2.75443\n",
      "Epoch 100 MSE = 0.632222\n",
      "Epoch 200 MSE = 0.57278\n",
      "Epoch 300 MSE = 0.558501\n",
      "Epoch 400 MSE = 0.549069\n",
      "Epoch 500 MSE = 0.542288\n",
      "Epoch 600 MSE = 0.537379\n",
      "Epoch 700 MSE = 0.533822\n",
      "Epoch 800 MSE = 0.531243\n",
      "Epoch 900 MSE = 0.529371\n",
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[  2.06855249e+00]\n",
      " [  7.74078071e-01]\n",
      " [  1.31192431e-01]\n",
      " [ -1.17845111e-01]\n",
      " [  1.64778188e-01]\n",
      " [  7.44095247e-04]\n",
      " [ -3.91945131e-02]\n",
      " [ -8.61356497e-01]\n",
      " [ -8.23479652e-01]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.constant(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias, dtype=tf.float32, name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.constant(housing.target.reshape(-1, 1), dtype=tf.float32, name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "error = y_pred - y\n",
    "mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "gradients = tf.gradients(mse, [theta])[0]\n",
    "training_op = tf.assign(theta, theta - learning_rate * gradients)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        if epoch % 100 == 0:\n",
    "            print(\"Epoch\", epoch, \"MSE =\", mse.eval())\n",
    "        sess.run(training_op)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Using a `GradientDescentOptimizer`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Epoch 0 MSE = 2.75443\n",
      "Epoch 100 MSE = 0.632222\n",
      "Epoch 200 MSE = 0.57278\n",
      "Epoch 300 MSE = 0.558501\n",
      "Epoch 400 MSE = 0.549069\n",
      "Epoch 500 MSE = 0.542288\n",
      "Epoch 600 MSE = 0.537379\n",
      "Epoch 700 MSE = 0.533822\n",
      "Epoch 800 MSE = 0.531243\n",
      "Epoch 900 MSE = 0.529371\n",
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[  2.06855249e+00]\n",
      " [  7.74078071e-01]\n",
      " [  1.31192431e-01]\n",
      " [ -1.17845111e-01]\n",
      " [  1.64778188e-01]\n",
      " [  7.44095247e-04]\n",
      " [ -3.91945131e-02]\n",
      " [ -8.61356497e-01]\n",
      " [ -8.23479652e-01]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.constant(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias, dtype=tf.float32, name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.constant(housing.target.reshape(-1, 1), dtype=tf.float32, name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "error = y_pred - y\n",
    "mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate)\n",
    "training_op = optimizer.minimize(mse)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        if epoch % 100 == 0:\n",
    "            print(\"Epoch\", epoch, \"MSE =\", mse.eval())\n",
    "        sess.run(training_op)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Using a momentum optimizer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.constant(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias, dtype=tf.float32, name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.constant(housing.target.reshape(-1, 1), dtype=tf.float32, name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "error = y_pred - y\n",
    "mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "optimizer = tf.train.MomentumOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate, momentum=0.25)\n",
    "training_op = optimizer.minimize(mse)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[  2.06855392e+00]\n",
      " [  7.94067979e-01]\n",
      " [  1.25333667e-01]\n",
      " [ -1.73580617e-01]\n",
      " [  2.18767941e-01]\n",
      " [ -1.64708309e-03]\n",
      " [ -3.91250402e-02]\n",
      " [ -8.85288954e-01]\n",
      " [ -8.50607932e-01]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        sess.run(training_op)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Feeding data to the training algorithm"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Placeholder nodes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[[ 6.  7.  8.]]\n",
      "[[  9.  10.  11.]\n",
      " [ 12.  13.  14.]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    ">>> tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    ">>> A = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, 3))\n",
    ">>> B = A + 5\n",
    ">>> with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "...     B_val_1 = B.eval(feed_dict={A: [[1, 2, 3]]})\n",
    "...     B_val_2 = B.eval(feed_dict={A: [[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]})\n",
    "...\n",
    ">>> print(B_val_1)\n",
    ">>> print(B_val_2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Mini-batch Gradient Descent"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n + 1), name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, 1), name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "error = y_pred - y\n",
    "mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate)\n",
    "training_op = optimizer.minimize(mse)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[ 2.07001591]\n",
      " [ 0.82045603]\n",
      " [ 0.11731729]\n",
      " [-0.22739051]\n",
      " [ 0.31134024]\n",
      " [ 0.00353193]\n",
      " [-0.01126994]\n",
      " [-0.91643947]\n",
      " [-0.87950093]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def fetch_batch(epoch, batch_index, batch_size):\n",
    "    rnd.seed(epoch * n_batches + batch_index)\n",
    "    indices = rnd.randint(m, size=batch_size)\n",
    "    X_batch = scaled_housing_data_plus_bias[indices]\n",
    "    y_batch = housing.target.reshape(-1, 1)[indices]\n",
    "    return X_batch, y_batch\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 10\n",
    "batch_size = 100\n",
    "n_batches = int(np.ceil(m / batch_size))\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        for batch_index in range(n_batches):\n",
    "            X_batch, y_batch = fetch_batch(epoch, batch_index, batch_size)\n",
    "            sess.run(training_op, feed_dict={X: X_batch, y: y_batch})\n",
    "\n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Saving and restoring a model"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.constant(scaled_housing_data_plus_bias, dtype=tf.float32, name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.constant(housing.target.reshape(-1, 1), dtype=tf.float32, name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "error = y_pred - y\n",
    "mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate)\n",
    "training_op = optimizer.minimize(mse)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "saver = tf.train.Saver()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Epoch 0 MSE = 2.75443\n",
      "Epoch 100 MSE = 0.632222\n",
      "Epoch 200 MSE = 0.57278\n",
      "Epoch 300 MSE = 0.558501\n",
      "Epoch 400 MSE = 0.549069\n",
      "Epoch 500 MSE = 0.542288\n",
      "Epoch 600 MSE = 0.537379\n",
      "Epoch 700 MSE = 0.533822\n",
      "Epoch 800 MSE = 0.531243\n",
      "Epoch 900 MSE = 0.529371\n",
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[  2.06855249e+00]\n",
      " [  7.74078071e-01]\n",
      " [  1.31192431e-01]\n",
      " [ -1.17845111e-01]\n",
      " [  1.64778188e-01]\n",
      " [  7.44095247e-04]\n",
      " [ -3.91945131e-02]\n",
      " [ -8.61356497e-01]\n",
      " [ -8.23479652e-01]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        if epoch % 100 == 0:\n",
    "            print(\"Epoch\", epoch, \"MSE =\", mse.eval())\n",
    "            save_path = saver.save(sess, \"/tmp/my_model.ckpt\")\n",
    "        sess.run(training_op)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "    save_path = saver.save(sess, \"my_model_final.ckpt\")\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Visualizing the graph\n",
    "## inside Jupyter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.display import clear_output, Image, display, HTML\n",
    "\n",
    "def strip_consts(graph_def, max_const_size=32):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Strip large constant values from graph_def.\"\"\"\n",
    "    strip_def = tf.GraphDef()\n",
    "    for n0 in graph_def.node:\n",
    "        n = strip_def.node.add() \n",
    "        n.MergeFrom(n0)\n",
    "        if n.op == 'Const':\n",
    "            tensor = n.attr['value'].tensor\n",
    "            size = len(tensor.tensor_content)\n",
    "            if size > max_const_size:\n",
    "                tensor.tensor_content = b\"<stripped %d bytes>\"%size\n",
    "    return strip_def\n",
    "\n",
    "def show_graph(graph_def, max_const_size=32):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Visualize TensorFlow graph.\"\"\"\n",
    "    if hasattr(graph_def, 'as_graph_def'):\n",
    "        graph_def = graph_def.as_graph_def()\n",
    "    strip_def = strip_consts(graph_def, max_const_size=max_const_size)\n",
    "    code = \"\"\"\n",
    "        <script>\n",
    "          function load() {{\n",
    "            document.getElementById(\"{id}\").pbtxt = {data};\n",
    "          }}\n",
    "        </script>\n",
    "        <link rel=\"import\" href=\"https://tensorboard.appspot.com/tf-graph-basic.build.html\" onload=load()>\n",
    "        <div style=\"height:600px\">\n",
    "          <tf-graph-basic id=\"{id}\"></tf-graph-basic>\n",
    "        </div>\n",
    "    \"\"\".format(data=repr(str(strip_def)), id='graph'+str(np.random.rand()))\n",
    "\n",
    "    iframe = \"\"\"\n",
    "        <iframe seamless style=\"width:1200px;height:620px;border:0\" srcdoc=\"{}\"></iframe>\n",
    "    \"\"\".format(code.replace('\"', '&quot;'))\n",
    "    display(HTML(iframe))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "        <iframe seamless style=\"width:1200px;height:620px;border:0\" srcdoc=\"\n",
       "        <script>\n",
       "          function load() {\n",
       "            document.getElementById(&quot;graph0.1784179106002547&quot;).pbtxt = 'node {\\n  name: &quot;X&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;value&quot;\\n    value {\\n      tensor {\\n        dtype: DT_FLOAT\\n        tensor_shape {\\n          dim {\\n            size: 20640\\n          }\\n          dim {\\n            size: 9\\n          }\\n        }\\n        tensor_content: &quot;<stripped 743040 bytes>&quot;\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;y&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;value&quot;\\n    value {\\n      tensor {\\n        dtype: DT_FLOAT\\n        tensor_shape {\\n          dim {\\n            size: 20640\\n          }\\n          dim {\\n            size: 1\\n          }\\n        }\\n        tensor_content: &quot;<stripped 82560 bytes>&quot;\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;random_uniform/shape&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_INT32\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;value&quot;\\n    value {\\n      tensor {\\n        dtype: DT_INT32\\n        tensor_shape {\\n          dim {\\n            size: 2\\n          }\\n        }\\n        tensor_content: &quot;\\\\t\\\\000\\\\000\\\\000\\\\001\\\\000\\\\000\\\\000&quot;\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;random_uniform/min&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;value&quot;\\n    value {\\n      tensor {\\n        dtype: DT_FLOAT\\n        tensor_shape {\\n        }\\n        float_val: -1.0\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;random_uniform/max&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;value&quot;\\n    value {\\n      tensor {\\n        dtype: DT_FLOAT\\n        tensor_shape {\\n        }\\n        float_val: 1.0\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;random_uniform/RandomUniform&quot;\\n  op: &quot;RandomUniform&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform/shape&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_INT32\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;seed&quot;\\n    value {\\n      i: 87654321\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;seed2&quot;\\n    value {\\n      i: 42\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;random_uniform/sub&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Sub&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform/max&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform/min&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;random_uniform/mul&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Mul&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform/RandomUniform&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform/sub&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;random_uniform&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Add&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform/mul&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform/min&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;theta&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Variable&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;container&quot;\\n    value {\\n      s: &quot;&quot;\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;shape&quot;\\n    value {\\n      shape {\\n        dim {\\n          size: 9\\n        }\\n        dim {\\n          size: 1\\n        }\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;shared_name&quot;\\n    value {\\n      s: &quot;&quot;\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;theta/Assign&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Assign&quot;\\n  input: &quot;theta&quot;\\n  input: &quot;random_uniform&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;_class&quot;\\n    value {\\n      list {\\n        s: &quot;loc:@theta&quot;\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;use_locking&quot;\\n    value {\\n      b: true\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;validate_shape&quot;\\n    value {\\n      b: true\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;theta/read&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Identity&quot;\\n  input: &quot;theta&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;_class&quot;\\n    value {\\n      list {\\n        s: &quot;loc:@theta&quot;\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;predictions&quot;\\n  op: &quot;MatMul&quot;\\n  input: &quot;X&quot;\\n  input: &quot;theta/read&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;transpose_a&quot;\\n    value {\\n      b: false\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;transpose_b&quot;\\n    value {\\n      b: false\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;sub&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Sub&quot;\\n  input: &quot;predictions&quot;\\n  input: &quot;y&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;Square&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Square&quot;\\n  input: &quot;sub&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_INT32\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;value&quot;\\n    value {\\n      tensor {\\n        dtype: DT_INT32\\n        tensor_shape {\\n          dim {\\n            size: 2\\n          }\\n        }\\n        tensor_content: &quot;\\\\000\\\\000\\\\000\\\\000\\\\001\\\\000\\\\000\\\\000&quot;\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;mse&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Mean&quot;\\n  input: &quot;Square&quot;\\n  input: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;T&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_FLOAT\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;Tidx&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_INT32\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;keep_dims&quot;\\n    value {\\n      b: false\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;gradients/Shape&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;dtype&quot;\\n    value {\\n      type: DT_INT32\\n    }\\n  }\\n  attr {\\n    key: &quot;value&quot;\\n    value {\\n      tensor {\\n        dtype: DT_INT32\\n        tensor_shape {\\n          dim {\\n          }\\n        }\\n      }\\n    }\\n  }\\n}\\nnode {\\n  name: &quot;gradients/Const&quot;\\n  op: &quot;Const&quot;\\n 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       "          }\n",
       "        </script>\n",
       "        <link rel=&quot;import&quot; href=&quot;https://tensorboard.appspot.com/tf-graph-basic.build.html&quot; onload=load()>\n",
       "        <div style=&quot;height:600px&quot;>\n",
       "          <tf-graph-basic id=&quot;graph0.1784179106002547&quot;></tf-graph-basic>\n",
       "        </div>\n",
       "    \"></iframe>\n",
       "    "
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "show_graph(tf.get_default_graph())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Using TensorBoard"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "from datetime import datetime\n",
    "\n",
    "now = datetime.utcnow().strftime(\"%Y%m%d%H%M%S\")\n",
    "root_logdir = \"tf_logs\"\n",
    "logdir = \"{}/run-{}/\".format(root_logdir, now)\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n + 1), name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, 1), name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "error = y_pred - y\n",
    "mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate)\n",
    "training_op = optimizer.minimize(mse)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "mse_summary = tf.scalar_summary('MSE', mse)\n",
    "summary_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(logdir, tf.get_default_graph())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[ 2.07001591]\n",
      " [ 0.82045603]\n",
      " [ 0.11731729]\n",
      " [-0.22739051]\n",
      " [ 0.31134024]\n",
      " [ 0.00353193]\n",
      " [-0.01126994]\n",
      " [-0.91643947]\n",
      " [-0.87950093]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n_epochs = 10\n",
    "batch_size = 100\n",
    "n_batches = int(np.ceil(m / batch_size))\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        for batch_index in range(n_batches):\n",
    "            X_batch, y_batch = fetch_batch(epoch, batch_index, batch_size)\n",
    "            if batch_index % 10 == 0:\n",
    "                summary_str = mse_summary.eval(feed_dict={X: X_batch, y: y_batch})\n",
    "                step = epoch * n_batches + batch_index\n",
    "                summary_writer.add_summary(summary_str, step)\n",
    "            sess.run(training_op, feed_dict={X: X_batch, y: y_batch})\n",
    "\n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "summary_writer.flush()\n",
    "summary_writer.close()\n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Name scopes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "now = datetime.utcnow().strftime(\"%Y%m%d%H%M%S\")\n",
    "root_logdir = \"tf_logs\"\n",
    "logdir = \"{}/run-{}/\".format(root_logdir, now)\n",
    "\n",
    "n_epochs = 1000\n",
    "learning_rate = 0.01\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n + 1), name=\"X\")\n",
    "y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, 1), name=\"y\")\n",
    "theta = tf.Variable(tf.random_uniform([n + 1, 1], -1.0, 1.0, seed=42), name=\"theta\")\n",
    "y_pred = tf.matmul(X, theta, name=\"predictions\")\n",
    "with tf.name_scope('loss') as scope:\n",
    "    error = y_pred - y\n",
    "    mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(error), name=\"mse\")\n",
    "optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate)\n",
    "training_op = optimizer.minimize(mse)\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "mse_summary = tf.scalar_summary('MSE', mse)\n",
    "summary_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(logdir, tf.get_default_graph())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Best theta:\n",
      "[[ 2.07001591]\n",
      " [ 0.82045603]\n",
      " [ 0.11731729]\n",
      " [-0.22739051]\n",
      " [ 0.31134024]\n",
      " [ 0.00353193]\n",
      " [-0.01126994]\n",
      " [-0.91643947]\n",
      " [-0.87950093]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n_epochs = 10\n",
    "batch_size = 100\n",
    "n_batches = int(np.ceil(m / batch_size))\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    sess.run(init)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for epoch in range(n_epochs):\n",
    "        for batch_index in range(n_batches):\n",
    "            X_batch, y_batch = fetch_batch(epoch, batch_index, batch_size)\n",
    "            if batch_index % 10 == 0:\n",
    "                summary_str = mse_summary.eval(feed_dict={X: X_batch, y: y_batch})\n",
    "                step = epoch * n_batches + batch_index\n",
    "                summary_writer.add_summary(summary_str, step)\n",
    "            sess.run(training_op, feed_dict={X: X_batch, y: y_batch})\n",
    "\n",
    "    best_theta = theta.eval()\n",
    "\n",
    "summary_writer.flush()\n",
    "summary_writer.close()\n",
    "print(\"Best theta:\")\n",
    "print(best_theta)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "loss/sub\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(error.op.name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "loss/mse\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(mse.op.name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "a\n",
      "a_1\n",
      "param/a\n",
      "param_1/a\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "a1 = tf.Variable(0, name=\"a\")      # name == \"a\"\n",
    "a2 = tf.Variable(0, name=\"a\")      # name == \"a_1\"\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.name_scope(\"param\"):       # name == \"param\"\n",
    "    a3 = tf.Variable(0, name=\"a\")  # name == \"param/a\"\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.name_scope(\"param\"):       # name == \"param_1\"\n",
    "    a4 = tf.Variable(0, name=\"a\")  # name == \"param_1/a\"\n",
    "\n",
    "for node in (a1, a2, a3, a4):\n",
    "    print(node.op.name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Modularity"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "An ugly flat code:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "n_features = 3\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_features), name=\"X\")\n",
    "\n",
    "w1 = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal((n_features, 1)), name=\"weights1\")\n",
    "w2 = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal((n_features, 1)), name=\"weights2\")\n",
    "b1 = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias1\")\n",
    "b2 = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias2\")\n",
    "\n",
    "linear1 = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w1), b1, name=\"linear1\")\n",
    "linear2 = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w2), b2, name=\"linear2\")\n",
    "\n",
    "relu1 = tf.maximum(linear1, 0, name=\"relu1\")\n",
    "relu2 = tf.maximum(linear1, 0, name=\"relu2\")  # Oops, cut&paste error! Did you spot it?\n",
    "\n",
    "output = tf.add_n([relu1, relu2], name=\"output\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Much better, using a function to build the ReLUs:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "def relu(X):\n",
    "    w_shape = int(X.get_shape()[1]), 1\n",
    "    w = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(w_shape), name=\"weights\")\n",
    "    b = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias\")\n",
    "    linear = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w), b, name=\"linear\")\n",
    "    return tf.maximum(linear, 0, name=\"relu\")\n",
    "\n",
    "n_features = 3\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_features), name=\"X\")\n",
    "relus = [relu(X) for i in range(5)]\n",
    "output = tf.add_n(relus, name=\"output\")\n",
    "summary_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(\"logs/relu1\", tf.get_default_graph())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Even better using name scopes:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "def relu(X):\n",
    "    with tf.name_scope(\"relu\"):\n",
    "        w_shape = int(X.get_shape()[1]), 1\n",
    "        w = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(w_shape), name=\"weights\")\n",
    "        b = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias\")\n",
    "        linear = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w), b, name=\"linear\")\n",
    "        return tf.maximum(linear, 0, name=\"max\")\n",
    "\n",
    "n_features = 3\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_features), name=\"X\")\n",
    "relus = [relu(X) for i in range(5)]\n",
    "output = tf.add_n(relus, name=\"output\")\n",
    "\n",
    "summary_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(\"logs/relu2\", tf.get_default_graph())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "summary_writer.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sharing a `threshold` variable the classic way, by defining it outside of the `relu()` function then passing it as a parameter:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "def relu(X, threshold):\n",
    "    with tf.name_scope(\"relu\"):\n",
    "        w_shape = int(X.get_shape()[1]), 1\n",
    "        w = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(w_shape), name=\"weights\")\n",
    "        b = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias\")\n",
    "        linear = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w), b, name=\"linear\")\n",
    "        return tf.maximum(linear, threshold, name=\"max\")\n",
    "\n",
    "threshold = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"threshold\")\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_features), name=\"X\")\n",
    "relus = [relu(X, threshold) for i in range(5)]\n",
    "output = tf.add_n(relus, name=\"output\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "def relu(X):\n",
    "    with tf.name_scope(\"relu\"):\n",
    "        if not hasattr(relu, \"threshold\"):\n",
    "            relu.threshold = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"threshold\")\n",
    "        w_shape = int(X.get_shape()[1]), 1\n",
    "        w = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(w_shape), name=\"weights\")\n",
    "        b = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias\")\n",
    "        linear = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w), b, name=\"linear\")\n",
    "        return tf.maximum(linear, relu.threshold, name=\"max\")\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_features), name=\"X\")\n",
    "relus = [relu(X) for i in range(5)]\n",
    "output = tf.add_n(relus, name=\"output\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "def relu(X):\n",
    "    with tf.variable_scope(\"relu\", reuse=True):\n",
    "        threshold = tf.get_variable(\"threshold\", shape=(), initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))\n",
    "        w_shape = int(X.get_shape()[1]), 1\n",
    "        w = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(w_shape), name=\"weights\")\n",
    "        b = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias\")\n",
    "        linear = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w), b, name=\"linear\")\n",
    "        return tf.maximum(linear, threshold, name=\"max\")\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_features), name=\"X\")\n",
    "with tf.variable_scope(\"relu\"):\n",
    "    threshold = tf.get_variable(\"threshold\", shape=(), initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))\n",
    "relus = [relu(X) for i in range(5)]\n",
    "output = tf.add_n(relus, name=\"output\")\n",
    "\n",
    "summary_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(\"logs/relu6\", tf.get_default_graph())\n",
    "summary_writer.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "def relu(X):\n",
    "    with tf.variable_scope(\"relu\"):\n",
    "        threshold = tf.get_variable(\"threshold\", shape=(), initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))\n",
    "        w_shape = int(X.get_shape()[1]), 1\n",
    "        w = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(w_shape), name=\"weights\")\n",
    "        b = tf.Variable(0.0, name=\"bias\")\n",
    "        linear = tf.add(tf.matmul(X, w), b, name=\"linear\")\n",
    "        return tf.maximum(linear, threshold, name=\"max\")\n",
    "\n",
    "X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=(None, n_features), name=\"X\")\n",
    "with tf.variable_scope(\"\", default_name=\"\") as scope:\n",
    "    first_relu = relu(X)     # create the shared variable\n",
    "    scope.reuse_variables()  # then reuse it\n",
    "    relus = [first_relu] + [relu(X) for i in range(4)]\n",
    "output = tf.add_n(relus, name=\"output\")\n",
    "\n",
    "summary_writer = tf.train.SummaryWriter(\"logs/relu8\", tf.get_default_graph())\n",
    "summary_writer.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n",
      "param/x\n",
      "param/x\n",
      "param/x\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.variable_scope(\"param\"):\n",
    "    x = tf.get_variable(\"x\", shape=(), initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.))\n",
    "    #x = tf.Variable(0., name=\"x\")\n",
    "with tf.variable_scope(\"param\", reuse=True):\n",
    "    y = tf.get_variable(\"x\")\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.variable_scope(\"\", default_name=\"\", reuse=True):\n",
    "    z = tf.get_variable(\"param/x\", shape=(), initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(x is y)\n",
    "print(x.op.name)\n",
    "print(y.op.name)\n",
    "print(z.op.name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Extra material"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[b'Do' b'you' b'want' b'some' b'caf\\xc3\\xa9?']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "text = np.array(\"Do you want some café?\".split())\n",
    "text_tensor = tf.constant(text)\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    print(text_tensor.eval())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Distributed TensorFlow"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "server = tf.train.Server.create_local_server()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = tf.constant(2) + tf.constant(3)\n",
    "with tf.Session(server.target) as sess:\n",
    "    print(sess.run(x))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "b'grpc://localhost:56908'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "server.target"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "f(x,y) = ((x) * (x)) * (y) + y + 2\n",
      "f(3,4) = 42\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Const(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, value):\n",
    "        self.value = value\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        return self.value\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return str(self.value)\n",
    "\n",
    "class Var(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        return variables[self.name]\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return self.name\n",
    "\n",
    "class BinaryOperator(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, a, b):\n",
    "        self.a = a\n",
    "        self.b = b\n",
    "\n",
    "class Add(BinaryOperator):\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        return self.a.evaluate(**variables) + self.b.evaluate(**variables)\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return \"{} + {}\".format(self.a, self.b)\n",
    "\n",
    "class Mul(BinaryOperator):\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        return self.a.evaluate(**variables) * self.b.evaluate(**variables)\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return \"({}) * ({})\".format(self.a, self.b)\n",
    "\n",
    "x = Var(\"x\")\n",
    "y = Var(\"y\")\n",
    "f = Add(Mul(Mul(x, x), y), Add(y, Const(2))) # f(x,y) = x²y + y + 2\n",
    "print(\"f(x,y) =\", f)\n",
    "print(\"f(3,4) =\", f.evaluate(x=3, y=4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Computing gradients\n",
    "### Mathematical differentiation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "df/dx(3,4) = 24\n",
      "df/dy(3,4) = 10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_dx = Mul(Const(2), Mul(Var(\"x\"), Var(\"y\")))  # df/dx = 2xy\n",
    "df_dy = Add(Mul(Var(\"x\"), Var(\"x\")), Const(1))  # df/dy = x² + 1\n",
    "print(\"df/dx(3,4) =\", df_dx.evaluate(x=3, y=4))\n",
    "print(\"df/dy(3,4) =\", df_dy.evaluate(x=3, y=4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Numerical differentiation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "df/dx(3,4) = 24.000400000048216\n",
      "df/dy(3,4) = 10.000000000047748\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def derivative(f, x, y, x_eps, y_eps):\n",
    "    return (f.evaluate(x = x + x_eps, y = y + y_eps) - f.evaluate(x = x, y = y)) / (x_eps + y_eps)\n",
    "\n",
    "df_dx_34 = derivative(f, x=3, y=4, x_eps=0.0001, y_eps=0)\n",
    "df_dy_34 = derivative(f, x=3, y=4, x_eps=0, y_eps=0.0001)\n",
    "print(\"df/dx(3,4) =\", df_dx_34)\n",
    "print(\"df/dy(3,4) =\", df_dy_34)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def f(x, y):\n",
    "    return x**2*y + y + 2\n",
    "\n",
    "def derivative(f, x, y, x_eps, y_eps):\n",
    "    return (f(x + x_eps, y + y_eps) - f(x, y)) / (x_eps + y_eps)\n",
    "\n",
    "df_dx = derivative(f, 3, 4, 0.00001, 0)\n",
    "df_dy = derivative(f, 3, 4, 0, 0.00001)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "24.000039999805264\n",
      "10.000000000331966\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(df_dx)\n",
    "print(df_dy)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Symbolic differentiation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "df/dx(3,4) = 24\n",
      "df/dy(3,4) = 10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Const.derive = lambda self, var: Const(0)\n",
    "Var.derive = lambda self, var: Const(1) if self.name==var else Const(0)\n",
    "Add.derive = lambda self, var: Add(self.a.derive(var), self.b.derive(var))\n",
    "Mul.derive = lambda self, var: Add(Mul(self.a, self.b.derive(var)), Mul(self.a.derive(var), self.b))\n",
    "\n",
    "x = Var(\"x\")\n",
    "y = Var(\"y\")\n",
    "f = Add(Mul(Mul(x, x), y), Add(y, Const(2))) # f(x,y) = x²y + y + 2\n",
    "\n",
    "df_dx = f.derive(\"x\")  # 2xy\n",
    "df_dy = f.derive(\"y\")  # x² + 1\n",
    "print(\"df/dx(3,4) =\", df_dx.evaluate(x=3, y=4))\n",
    "print(\"df/dy(3,4) =\", df_dy.evaluate(x=3, y=4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Automatic differentiation (autodiff) – forward mode"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "f(3,4) = 42\n",
      "df/dx(3,4) = 24\n",
      "df/dy(3,4) = 10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Const(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, value):\n",
    "        self.value = value\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, derive, **variables):\n",
    "        return self.value, 0\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return str(self.value)\n",
    "\n",
    "class Var(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, derive, **variables):\n",
    "        return variables[self.name], (1 if derive == self.name else 0)\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return self.name\n",
    "\n",
    "class BinaryOperator(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, a, b):\n",
    "        self.a = a\n",
    "        self.b = b\n",
    "\n",
    "class Add(BinaryOperator):\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, derive, **variables):\n",
    "        a, da = self.a.evaluate(derive, **variables)\n",
    "        b, db = self.b.evaluate(derive, **variables)\n",
    "        return a + b, da + db\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return \"{} + {}\".format(self.a, self.b)\n",
    "\n",
    "class Mul(BinaryOperator):\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, derive, **variables):\n",
    "        a, da = self.a.evaluate(derive, **variables)\n",
    "        b, db = self.b.evaluate(derive, **variables)\n",
    "        return a * b, a * db + da * b\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return \"({}) * ({})\".format(self.a, self.b)\n",
    "\n",
    "x = Var(\"x\")\n",
    "y = Var(\"y\")\n",
    "f = Add(Mul(Mul(x, x), y), Add(y, Const(2))) # f(x,y) = x²y + y + 2\n",
    "f34, df_dx_34 = f.evaluate(x=3, y=4, derive=\"x\")\n",
    "f34, df_dy_34 = f.evaluate(x=3, y=4, derive=\"y\")\n",
    "print(\"f(3,4) =\", f34)\n",
    "print(\"df/dx(3,4) =\", df_dx_34)\n",
    "print(\"df/dy(3,4) =\", df_dy_34)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Autodiff – Reverse mode"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Const(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, value):\n",
    "        self.derivative = 0\n",
    "        self.value = value\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        return self.value\n",
    "    def backpropagate(self, derivative):\n",
    "        pass\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return str(self.value)\n",
    "\n",
    "class Var(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        self.derivative = 0\n",
    "        self.value = variables[self.name]\n",
    "        return self.value\n",
    "    def backpropagate(self, derivative):\n",
    "        self.derivative += derivative\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return self.name\n",
    "\n",
    "class BinaryOperator(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, a, b):\n",
    "        self.a = a\n",
    "        self.b = b\n",
    "\n",
    "class Add(BinaryOperator):\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        self.derivative = 0\n",
    "        self.value = self.a.evaluate(**variables) + self.b.evaluate(**variables)\n",
    "        return self.value\n",
    "    def backpropagate(self, derivative):\n",
    "        self.derivative += derivative\n",
    "        self.a.backpropagate(derivative)\n",
    "        self.b.backpropagate(derivative)\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return \"{} + {}\".format(self.a, self.b)\n",
    "\n",
    "class Mul(BinaryOperator):\n",
    "    def evaluate(self, **variables):\n",
    "        self.derivative = 0\n",
    "        self.value = self.a.evaluate(**variables) * self.b.evaluate(**variables)\n",
    "        return self.value\n",
    "    def backpropagate(self, derivative):\n",
    "        self.derivative += derivative\n",
    "        self.a.backpropagate(derivative * self.b.value)\n",
    "        self.b.backpropagate(derivative * self.a.value)\n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return \"({}) * ({})\".format(self.a, self.b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "f(3,4) = 42\n",
      "df/dx(3,4) = 24\n",
      "df/dy(3,4) = 10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = Var(\"x\")\n",
    "y = Var(\"y\")\n",
    "f = Add(Mul(Mul(x, x), y), Add(y, Const(2))) # f(x,y) = x²y + y + 2\n",
    "f34 = f.evaluate(x=3, y=4)\n",
    "f.backpropagate(1)\n",
    "print(\"f(3,4) =\", f34)\n",
    "print(\"df/dx(3,4) =\", x.derivative)\n",
    "print(\"df/dy(3,4) =\", y.derivative)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Autodiff – reverse mode (using TensorFlow)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(42.0, [24.0, 10.0])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tf.reset_default_graph()\n",
    "\n",
    "x = tf.Variable(3., name=\"x\")\n",
    "y = tf.Variable(4., name=\"x\")\n",
    "f = x*x*y + y + 2\n",
    "\n",
    "gradients = tf.gradients(f, [x, y])\n",
    "\n",
    "init = tf.initialize_all_variables()\n",
    "\n",
    "with tf.Session() as sess:\n",
    "    init.run()\n",
    "    f_val, gradients_val = sess.run([f, gradients])\n",
    "\n",
    "f_val, gradients_val"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Exercise solutions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Coming soon**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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