Table of Content

• Overview
  • Measurements
• Test Cases
  • Brainfuck
    • bench.b
    • mandel.b
  • Base64
  • Json
  • Matmul
  • Primes
• Tests Execution
  • Environment
  • Using Docker
  • Manual Execution
    • Prerequisites
• Contribution
  • Makefile guide
    • Binary executables
    • Compiled artifacts
    • Scripting language
  • README update
  • Docker image update

Overview

The benchmarks follow the criteria:

• They are written as the average software developer would write them, i.e.

  • The algorithms are implemented as cited in public sources;
  • The libraries are used as described in the tutorials, documentation and examples;
  • The used data structures are idiomatic.

• The used algorithms are similar between the languages (as the reference implementations), variants are acceptable if the reference implementation exists.

• All final binaries are releases (optimized for performance if possible) as debug performance may vary too much depending on the compiler.

My other benchmarks: jit-benchmarks, crystal-benchmarks-game

Measurements

The measured values are:

• time spent for the benchmark execution (loading required data and code self-testing are not measured);
• memory consumption of the benchmark process, reported as base + increase, where base is the RSS before the benchmark and increase is the peak increase of the RSS during the benchmark;
• energy consumption of the CPU package during the benchmark: PP0 (cores) + PP1 (uncores like GPU) + DRAM. Currently, only Intel CPU are supported via the powercap interface.

All values are presented as: median_{±median absolute deviation}.

UPDATE: 2025-08-17

Test Cases

Brainfuck

Testing brainfuck implementations using two code samples (bench.b and mandel.b). Supports two mode:

• Verbose (default). Prints the output immediately.
• Quiet (if QUIET environment variable is set). Accumulates the output using Fletcher-16 checksum, and prints it out after the benchmark.

Brainfuck

bench.b

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
Scala (Staged)	0.409±0.011	229.62±03.27 + 7.00±01.44	26.31±00.71
Racket (Staged)	0.885±0.000	101.37±01.65 + 0.06±00.06	34.39±00.17
V/gcc	0.985±0.001	2.12±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	41.65±00.28
Rust	1.008±0.000	1.88±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	42.93±00.33
D/ldc2	1.078±0.001	3.12±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	45.78±00.24
C++/g++	1.097±0.002	3.38±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	46.21±00.59
C/gcc	1.112±0.001	1.38±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	47.10±00.09
D/gdc	1.116±0.001	6.75±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	48.89±00.28
C/clang	1.136±0.000	1.44±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	48.52±00.33
C++/clang++	1.167±0.002	2.88±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	48.87±00.76
Nim/gcc	1.171±0.001	2.00±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	48.80±00.70
Java	1.191±0.000	41.74±00.09 + 1.00±00.00	49.32±00.60
Vala/gcc	1.202±0.001	5.25±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	50.70±00.44
Kotlin/JVM	1.224±0.002	44.48±00.07 + 1.31±00.25	51.60±00.64
Vala/clang	1.235±0.000	5.19±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	52.40±00.39
Go	1.256±0.000	3.75±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	52.69±00.80
C#/.NET Core	1.283±0.001	34.56±00.07 + 0.12±00.12	55.31±00.24
Go/gccgo	1.287±0.000	23.50±00.38 + 0.00±00.00	54.23±00.16
Zig	1.327±0.000	1.38±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	55.13±00.40
F#/.NET Core	1.507±0.003	39.33±00.10 + 0.19±00.06	65.29±00.40
Crystal	1.545±0.001	3.25±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	65.69±00.40
Julia	1.564±0.003	244.00±00.12 + 0.38±00.00	67.80±00.43
Nim/clang	1.579±0.000	2.25±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	65.59±00.57
OCaml	1.607±0.002	3.25±00.00 + 2.62±00.00	75.45±00.78
MLton	1.737±0.006	1.62±00.00 + 0.38±00.00	74.87±00.28
Chez Scheme	1.758±0.005	25.88±00.29 + 3.25±00.00	74.43±00.21
Racket	1.761±0.013	112.86±00.03 + 0.50±00.38	72.49±02.28
V/clang	1.846±0.009	2.06±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	80.00±00.53
Scala	2.379±0.003	66.03±00.14 + 196.44±00.12	108.88±00.92
Node.js	2.954±0.060	49.57±00.06 + 5.78±00.12	126.35±03.17
D/dmd	3.010±0.001	3.50±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	113.43±01.11
Haskell (MArray)	3.497±0.001	4.00±00.00 + 4.00±00.00	144.74±00.32
Haskell (FP)	3.819±0.008	4.12±00.06 + 4.06±00.06	163.47±01.56
Ruby/truffleruby (JVM)	4.645±0.070	354.81±05.59 + 478.37±54.20	221.41±05.66
Ruby/truffleruby	5.169±0.461	197.19±00.69 + 693.00±117.12	252.03±23.51
Swift	5.497±0.001	17.00±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	205.09±04.14
Lua/luajit	5.686±0.024	2.50±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	235.32±01.30
Python/pypy	9.398±0.038	60.19±00.19 + 30.10±00.05	419.65±03.72
Idris	15.088±0.032	21.55±00.26 + 8.00±00.00	677.49±01.79
Elixir	20.456±0.025	90.88±00.30 + 0.00±00.00	814.83±07.69
Ruby (--jit)	30.807±0.033	21.88±00.13 + 4.62±00.00	1275.90±04.28
PHP	34.055±0.041	17.61±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	1447.00±15.80
Lua	37.051±0.168	2.62±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	1528.23±05.85
Ruby/jruby	38.543±0.745	255.48±00.77 + 70.31±00.25	1732.28±34.61
Python	61.009±0.870	11.38±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	2601.10±34.54
Ruby	74.107±0.332	12.12±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	3209.85±28.74
Tcl (FP)	189.615±0.465	4.62±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	8409.77±69.18
Perl	225.517±1.873	7.06±00.06 + 0.12±00.00	9777.03±135.29
Tcl (OOP)	373.095±1.341	4.62±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	16604.13±190.89

mandel.b

Mandel in Brainfuck

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
Scala (Staged)	7.118±0.079	228.10±04.74 + 71.23±06.06	356.09±07.48
C++/g++	10.143±0.051	3.50±00.00 + 0.62±00.00	434.41±04.03
C/gcc	12.544±0.019	1.62±00.00 + 0.25±00.00	509.37±03.30
Vala/gcc	12.718±0.010	5.25±00.06 + 0.50±00.00	511.94±00.90
C#/.NET Core	12.742±0.028	34.69±00.06 + 1.25±00.06	494.75±01.32
C++/clang++	12.803±0.022	3.00±00.00 + 0.62±00.00	545.25±01.09
Zig	13.030±0.017	1.50±00.00 + 1.00±00.00	556.10±03.71
Java	13.041±0.020	41.77±00.15 + 1.94±00.06	537.41±01.88
F#/.NET Core	13.104±0.049	39.32±00.12 + 2.00±00.00	527.94±02.27
C/clang	13.120±0.021	1.50±00.06 + 0.25±00.00	579.20±04.21
Kotlin/JVM	13.463±0.052	44.46±00.06 + 2.56±00.06	571.73±03.08
D/ldc2	14.340±0.012	3.06±00.06 + 0.75±00.00	591.01±03.53
Rust	14.460±0.021	1.94±00.06 + 0.25±00.00	577.37±02.52
Go	14.540±0.007	3.75±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	584.48±01.83
Vala/clang	14.802±0.012	5.12±00.00 + 0.50±00.00	595.99±01.53
Crystal	14.891±0.054	3.38±00.06 + 0.38±00.00	631.17±02.60
D/gdc	15.174±0.010	6.62±00.00 + 0.88±00.00	640.85±03.66
Racket (Staged)	15.722±0.085	99.73±00.12 + 71.69±01.06	613.58±05.37
Nim/gcc	15.766±0.016	2.00±00.06 + 1.50±00.00	635.49±04.84
Scala	15.785±0.067	65.94±00.09 + 145.00±00.19	692.62±02.98
Nim/clang	17.648±0.035	2.25±00.06 + 1.50±00.00	726.43±04.78
V/gcc	17.865±0.016	2.19±00.06 + 1.00±00.00	675.21±02.51
Swift	18.083±0.085	16.94±00.25 + 0.12±00.00	742.88±01.58
V/clang	18.691±0.126	2.25±00.00 + 1.00±00.00	813.69±05.16
Go/gccgo	19.206±0.179	23.38±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	796.93±09.15
OCaml	24.557±0.006	4.38±00.00 + 3.14±00.00	1195.26±09.14
Julia	30.315±0.060	244.06±00.07 + 0.25±00.00	1274.74±02.15
Chez Scheme	30.884±0.151	26.14±00.17 + 3.00±00.00	1367.28±07.09
Lua/luajit	31.804±0.026	2.50±00.00 + 0.25±00.00	1312.84±01.18
Node.js	34.692±0.097	49.51±00.00 + 8.19±00.06	1413.09±11.38
Racket	35.373±0.400	112.90±00.09 + 2.75±00.44	1573.97±10.34
MLton	35.680±0.051	1.62±00.00 + 4.28±00.00	1623.52±10.03
Haskell (MArray)	36.789±0.009	4.12±00.06 + 5.00±00.00	1522.12±01.36
D/dmd	38.105±0.005	3.50±00.00 + 0.75±00.00	1391.62±02.04
Python/pypy	41.153±0.229	60.12±00.19 + 31.00±00.09	1825.02±12.90
Ruby/truffleruby	48.381±0.372	196.62±01.12 + 582.69±01.75	2346.69±17.27
Ruby/truffleruby (JVM)	50.429±0.473	355.72±06.70 + 431.93±35.08	2253.46±91.61
Idris	64.504±0.237	21.73±00.14 + 9.88±00.00	2857.66±12.12
Haskell (FP)	79.505±0.192	4.00±00.00 + 74.81±00.06	3368.24±08.74

Base64

Testing base64 encoding/decoding of the large blob into the newly allocated buffers.

Base64

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
PHP	0.065±0.001	18.04±00.18 + 0.00±00.00	3.27±00.03
C/clang (aklomp)	0.095±0.000	2.12±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	4.57±00.10
C/gcc (aklomp)	0.097±0.000	2.12±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	4.65±00.04
Go (base64x)	0.283±0.009	5.00±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	14.12±00.33
Node.js	0.635±0.005	47.63±00.06 + 81.13±00.95	29.16±00.53
Zig	0.703±0.000	1.81±00.06 + 0.12±00.00	26.42±00.09
Rust	0.842±0.000	2.31±00.06 + 0.12±00.00	34.91±00.90
C/clang	0.918±0.000	2.00±00.00 + 0.12±00.00	34.47±00.55
Nim/clang	0.945±0.000	2.75±00.00 + 5.00±00.00	38.18±01.09
Crystal	1.061±0.017	3.75±00.00 + 1.00±00.00	43.27±00.84
C/gcc	1.117±0.002	1.88±00.00 + 0.12±00.00	41.76±00.87
Nim/gcc	1.348±0.002	2.62±00.00 + 4.62±00.00	54.45±00.73
D/ldc2	1.352±0.002	3.75±00.00 + 3.38±00.00	55.63±00.63
Java	1.435±0.004	43.04±00.06 + 248.75±00.12	60.04±01.08
Kotlin/JVM	1.561±0.021	45.70±00.10 + 252.06±00.31	68.06±02.36
Go	1.592±0.007	4.31±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	66.55±01.37
Scala	1.594±0.050	63.26±00.10 + 315.25±04.19	68.76±01.29
V/gcc	1.641±0.003	2.75±00.00 + 2383.00±01.44	62.77±03.08
Vala/clang	1.646±0.003	5.62±00.00 + 0.12±00.00	64.21±01.67
Vala/gcc	1.647±0.002	5.75±00.00 + 0.12±00.00	65.43±02.11
Ruby	1.861±0.005	12.38±00.00 + 43.13±00.49	73.89±01.16
Perl (MIME::Base64)	1.997±0.008	14.88±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	81.05±01.87
Ruby (--jit)	2.033±0.005	46.26±00.04 + 64.14±00.04	79.75±00.49
C#/.NET Core	2.372±0.021	35.25±00.06 + 5.34±00.06	97.09±01.95
F#/.NET Core	2.445±0.076	39.86±00.06 + 20.22±00.94	98.47±03.45
Tcl	2.749±0.003	5.25±00.00 + 0.12±00.00	115.56±01.50
Go/gccgo	3.037±0.007	24.56±00.19 + 0.00±00.00	144.41±01.00
Julia	3.085±0.019	258.12±00.02 + 28.20±00.07	126.59±02.11
Python	3.099±0.002	11.25±00.00 + 0.10±00.00	126.46±01.27
V/clang	3.258±0.003	2.62±00.00 + 2388.00±01.12	121.78±02.22
Ruby/truffleruby (JVM)	3.505±0.036	350.81±05.12 + 256.81±12.70	182.88±06.01
Python/pypy	3.534±0.003	59.50±00.12 + 30.36±00.08	158.06±01.43
C++/clang++ (libcrypto)	3.664±0.007	6.38±00.00 + 0.25±00.00	152.34±02.81
C++/g++ (libcrypto)	3.664±0.003	7.00±00.00 + 0.25±00.00	153.36±02.88
D/dmd	3.760±0.003	3.62±00.00 + 3.38±00.00	158.04±01.48
Racket	3.886±0.007	95.64±00.10 + 21.81±00.19	156.59±01.21
D/gdc	3.976±0.003	7.00±00.06 + 3.62±00.00	166.06±02.47
Ruby/jruby	4.129±0.009	240.66±00.49 + 78.50±00.12	184.97±01.57
Ruby/truffleruby	8.789±0.034	196.12±01.06 + 544.31±06.06	422.24±01.81
Perl (MIME::Base64::Perl)	10.391±0.080	16.25±00.12 + 0.19±00.01	462.87±10.60

Json

Testing parsing and simple calculating of values from a big JSON file.

Few notes:

• gason mutates input strings;
• simdjson requires input strings with batch of trailing zeros: a special zero padding for SIMD instructions;
• DAW JSON Link "NoCheck" skips some JSON structure correctness checks;
• DAW JSON Link, gason, default (not "Precise") RapidJSON, and D implementations except Mir-based have some inaccuracies in number parsing:
  • DAW JSON Link's number parsing issue
  • gason's number parsing issue
  • D stdlib number parsing issue

Json

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
C++/g++ (simdjson On-Demand)	0.060±0.000	113.38±00.00 + 59.75±00.00	2.55±00.02
C++/clang++ (simdjson On-Demand)	0.062±0.000	113.00±00.00 + 59.75±00.00	2.59±00.03
C++/clang++ (DAW JSON Link NoCheck)	0.070±0.000	112.82±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	2.94±00.04
C++/clang++ (DAW JSON Link)	0.085±0.000	112.76±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	3.61±00.05
C++/g++ (DAW JSON Link NoCheck)	0.087±0.000	113.21±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	3.54±00.05
C++/g++ (DAW JSON Link)	0.089±0.000	113.21±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	3.66±00.02
Rust (Serde Custom)	0.103±0.000	111.62±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	4.43±00.03
C++/clang++ (simdjson DOM)	0.103±0.001	112.88±00.00 + 175.06±00.69	4.72±00.08
C++/g++ (simdjson DOM)	0.107±0.002	113.44±00.06 + 175.86±00.89	4.89±00.06
Rust (Serde Typed)	0.110±0.000	111.75±00.00 + 11.12±00.00	4.70±00.02
C++/g++ (gason)	0.127±0.000	113.21±00.00 + 96.75±00.00	5.16±00.06
C++/clang++ (gason)	0.133±0.001	112.70±00.00 + 96.75±00.00	5.35±00.04
D/ldc2 (Mir Asdf DOM)	0.133±0.001	112.81±00.06 + 61.25±00.00	5.56±00.07
Scala (jsoniter-scala)	0.147±0.001	283.94±00.09 + 25.62±00.19	7.89±00.03
C++/g++ (RapidJSON)	0.154±0.001	113.21±00.00 + 123.44±00.88	6.61±00.07
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON)	0.194±0.001	112.95±00.00 + 128.62±00.00	8.25±00.16
Go (rjson custom)	0.199±0.000	114.00±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	7.68±00.01
Go (Sonic)	0.209±0.001	121.88±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	9.14±00.05
C++/g++ (RapidJSON Precise)	0.212±0.001	113.21±00.00 + 128.75±00.00	9.15±00.11
D/ldc2 (Mir Amazon's Ion DOM)	0.220±0.001	113.00±00.00 + 80.75±00.00	9.29±00.05
Go (rjson)	0.224±0.000	114.00±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	8.65±00.03
Zig	0.239±0.001	111.12±00.00 + 36.44±00.06	10.29±00.04
Go (goccy/go-json)	0.252±0.000	114.50±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	9.99±00.08
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON Precise)	0.262±0.001	112.83±00.00 + 128.75±00.00	11.08±00.14
C/gcc (yajl)	0.362±0.000	111.25±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	15.71±00.12
C/clang (yajl)	0.364±0.000	111.25±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	15.65±00.08
C++/g++ (RapidJSON SAX)	0.366±0.001	113.33±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	15.95±00.12
C++/g++ (Boost.JSON)	0.374±0.002	113.47±00.00 + 307.75±00.00	15.97±00.15
Node.js	0.374±0.001	158.06±00.06 + 283.88±03.00	18.22±00.13
C++/clang++ (Boost.JSON)	0.377±0.002	113.00±00.07 + 307.75±00.00	16.12±00.12
Nim/clang (jsony)	0.386±0.001	112.12±00.00 + 159.75±01.94	16.19±00.20
Nim/gcc (jsony)	0.418±0.001	111.75±00.00 + 155.62±01.50	17.56±00.10
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON SAX)	0.423±0.001	195.20±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	17.99±00.12
C++/g++ (RapidJSON SAX Precise)	0.433±0.000	113.34±00.00 + 0.12±00.00	19.54±00.20
Go (jsoniter)	0.482±0.001	114.50±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	19.93±00.04
Crystal (Pull)	0.484±0.002	113.44±00.06 + 18.00±00.00	21.76±00.28
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON SAX Precise)	0.500±0.001	195.20±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	22.35±00.40
C#/.NET Core (System.Text.Json)	0.500±0.001	481.12±00.00 + 119.63±00.08	24.55±00.12
Crystal (Schema)	0.510±0.001	113.38±00.00 + 48.31±00.06	22.61±00.39
Rust (Serde Untyped)	0.557±0.002	111.88±00.12 + 839.75±00.00	23.75±00.42
Java (DSL-JSON)	0.571±0.020	277.81±00.14 + 163.69±00.38	29.34±01.43
Python/pypy	0.606±0.001	280.66±00.07 + 125.44±00.01	26.55±00.11
V/clang	0.635±0.001	112.12±00.00 + 496.00±00.00	27.08±00.57
V/gcc	0.639±0.005	111.88±00.00 + 496.00±00.00	27.16±00.35
Nim/clang (Packedjson)	0.664±0.002	112.38±00.00 + 294.25±00.00	28.59±00.36
Nim/gcc (Packedjson)	0.674±0.004	112.12±00.00 + 294.12±00.00	28.60±00.31
Julia (JSON3)	0.700±0.001	631.76±00.04 + 332.81±01.00	29.33±00.22
CPython (UltraJSON)	0.700±0.002	123.35±00.12 + 478.56±01.81	28.00±00.40
Perl (Cpanel::JSON::XS)	0.767±0.011	125.38±00.00 + 402.88±00.00	32.13±00.63
Crystal	0.795±0.007	113.44±00.06 + 392.12±00.00	34.30±00.39
Go	0.834±0.001	114.00±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	34.46±00.07
PHP	0.836±0.001	127.36±00.12 + 517.82±00.00	36.28±00.23
Python	0.936±0.003	121.30±00.06 + 325.88±00.00	39.40±00.44
Ruby (--jit)	1.014±0.001	126.75±00.02 + 210.64±00.03	42.62±00.35
Ruby	1.031±0.002	122.00±00.12 + 212.08±00.20	43.59±00.44
Nim/gcc	1.036±0.005	112.12±00.00 + 1000.88±00.38	43.26±00.27
Nim/clang	1.092±0.004	112.38±00.00 + 999.00±00.00	45.82±00.27
Clojure	1.128±0.017	476.94±02.22 + 405.56±14.12	59.15±01.15
C#/.NET Core	1.169±0.005	488.06±00.06 + 41.46±00.17	57.40±00.51
C++/clang++ (Nlohmann)	1.182±0.002	112.95±00.00 + 359.88±00.00	50.72±00.62
C++/clang++ (json-c)	1.185±0.002	112.96±00.00 + 1215.88±00.00	49.83±00.62
C++/g++ (json-c)	1.187±0.004	113.35±00.00 + 1215.88±00.00	49.45±00.40
Go/gccgo	1.256±0.003	139.25±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	51.58±00.27
C++/g++ (Nlohmann)	1.266±0.003	113.33±00.00 + 447.88±00.00	53.77±00.41
F#/.NET Core (System.Text.Json)	1.494±0.003	490.33±00.11 + 133.64±00.43	70.35±00.46
Ruby (YAJL)	1.565±0.019	121.69±00.06 + 233.88±00.00	68.39±01.94
D/ldc2	1.633±0.002	113.12±00.06 + 638.62±00.00	70.66±00.51
C3	1.959±0.003	111.88±00.00 + 795.88±00.00	82.11±00.61
Haskell	2.019±0.013	115.75±00.12 + 723.44±00.12	86.17±00.72
C++/clang++ (Boost.PropertyTree)	2.589±0.004	195.33±00.00 + 1232.50±00.00	111.50±00.48
Rust (jq)	2.637±0.006	113.50±00.00 + 905.97±02.12	110.08±00.97
D/dmd	2.778±0.003	113.50±00.00 + 626.00±00.00	121.50±00.76
Ruby/jruby	2.838±0.016	555.29±00.73 + 572.50±77.88	152.07±00.83
C++/g++ (Boost.PropertyTree)	2.907±0.010	113.46±00.00 + 1439.88±00.00	124.59±00.96
Vala/gcc	2.980±0.017	115.25±00.00 + 980.00±00.00	127.79±01.75
Vala/clang	2.983±0.012	115.25±00.00 + 980.00±00.00	127.36±00.59
Odin	3.026±0.007	111.38±00.00 + 20.00±00.00	126.12±01.22
D/gdc	3.459±0.007	116.75±00.00 + 708.88±00.06	148.15±01.48
Racket	3.861±0.015	223.42±00.33 + 288.29±04.07	163.00±01.74
Perl (JSON::Tiny)	9.034±0.089	126.00±00.00 + 528.56±00.00	401.98±06.07
Ruby/truffleruby (JVM)	10.618±0.148	482.80±07.29 + 2212.51±207.00	678.79±08.84
Ruby/truffleruby	11.341±0.066	402.19±11.19 + 1941.56±30.56	665.04±03.89

Matmul

Testing allocating and multiplying matrices.

Matmul

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
D/ldc2 (lubeck)	0.042±0.001	16.38±01.31 + 47.88±01.38	4.27±00.05
Python (NumPy)	0.066±0.001	32.78±02.50 + 52.17±02.29	5.62±00.07
Nim/gcc (Arraymancer)	0.073±0.005	5.62±00.12 + 58.06±00.19	5.88±00.23
C++/g++ (Eigen)	0.081±0.000	10.06±01.62 + 79.75±01.75	5.68±00.02
C++/clang++ (Eigen)	0.081±0.000	12.88±00.50 + 77.46±00.56	6.41±00.04
Java (ND4J)	0.082±0.001	122.16±01.44 + 92.56±00.19	6.51±00.11
Rust (ndarray)	0.091±0.001	2.62±00.00 + 68.36±00.00	6.20±00.10
Nim/clang (Arraymancer)	0.114±0.045	18.81±00.44 + 45.62±00.50	8.31±02.57
Julia (threads: 2)	0.120±0.000	259.86±00.08 + 56.95±00.02	6.69±00.05
Julia (threads: 1)	0.170±0.000	259.82±00.17 + 56.36±00.04	8.09±00.03
V/clang (VSL)	0.224±0.002	10.62±00.12 + 51.60±00.03	18.12±00.11
V/clang (VSL + CBLAS)	0.227±0.001	10.62±00.12 + 51.47±00.09	18.15±00.23
V/gcc (VSL + CBLAS)	0.423±0.003	2.50±00.00 + 51.38±00.00	32.87±00.19
V/gcc (VSL)	0.441±0.002	2.50±00.00 + 51.38±00.00	30.29±00.18
Julia (no BLAS)	1.113±0.017	256.38±00.00 + 51.50±00.00	49.41±00.63
D/gdc	1.505±0.001	7.12±00.00 + 4.00±00.00	58.37±00.11
D/ldc2	1.722±0.001	3.62±00.00 + 70.38±00.00	64.31±00.15
D/dmd	1.880±0.002	3.56±00.06 + 70.38±00.00	72.70±00.56
C/gcc	3.034±0.001	2.00±00.00 + 68.38±00.00	113.24±00.33
V/gcc	3.036±0.000	2.50±00.06 + 68.75±00.00	113.56±00.46
Java	3.057±0.001	43.14±00.13 + 68.75±00.12	123.21±00.95
Vala/clang	3.062±0.001	5.54±00.04 + 68.38±00.00	109.60±00.81
V/clang	3.065±0.000	2.88±00.00 + 68.75±00.00	109.23±00.06
C/clang	3.067±0.001	2.00±00.00 + 68.38±00.00	109.34±01.23
Rust	3.067±0.001	2.25±00.12 + 68.50±00.00	109.32±00.64
Zig	3.071±0.003	1.88±00.00 + 68.56±00.06	109.78±00.28
Nim/gcc	3.091±0.002	2.62±00.06 + 57.88±00.00	115.31±00.37
Swift	3.102±0.001	8.38±00.12 + 68.62±00.00	113.76±00.36
Nim/clang	3.121±0.001	2.94±00.06 + 57.75±00.00	111.65±00.36
Vala/gcc	3.131±0.001	5.45±00.06 + 68.50±00.00	118.43±00.81
Go	3.153±0.001	4.12±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	115.20±00.44
Crystal	3.154±0.001	3.75±00.00 + 59.50±00.00	116.10±00.24
Go/gccgo	3.159±0.001	24.44±00.12 + 0.00±00.00	115.54±00.39
Kotlin/JVM	3.160±0.002	43.80±00.16 + 70.00±00.12	124.32±00.30
Node.js	3.212±0.005	57.91±00.28 + 70.83±00.19	126.71±00.50
Scala	3.243±0.003	64.43±00.14 + 158.69±00.06	119.81±00.30
Python/pypy	3.263±0.002	60.62±00.12 + 68.94±00.06	136.66±00.49
C#/.NET Core	4.725±0.001	36.62±00.06 + 69.44±00.06	193.26±01.10
Ruby/truffleruby (JVM)	17.667±0.235	417.21±09.41 + 339.96±72.03	722.45±10.75
Ruby/truffleruby	17.776±0.189	324.88±03.31 + 504.50±13.19	638.49±08.58
Python	136.267±0.437	11.62±00.06 + 68.75±00.00	6131.10±41.35
Perl	149.049±1.633	8.62±00.06 + 379.75±00.00	6511.38±65.17
Ruby (--jit)	152.991±0.294	21.83±01.04 + 68.62±00.06	6802.85±30.51
Tcl	205.116±0.537	7.62±00.00 + 400.38±00.00	9417.77±28.45
Ruby	211.868±0.274	12.75±00.00 + 69.62±00.00	9430.93±36.77
Ruby/jruby	330.203±16.724	299.99±00.72 + 880.65±189.19	13544.82±520.08

Primes

Testing:

• generating primes using the optimized sieve of Atkin;
• prefix search for their decimal numbers using Trie data structure.

Notes:

• All languages but V and Python use unordered hashmaps (V and Python don't provide those out of box, and their hashmaps use keys in the insertion order);
• The results are always sorted (could be unstable or stable though).

Primes

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
C++/g++	0.064±0.000	3.62±00.00 + 85.55±00.44	2.57±00.06
Go	0.070±0.000	3.62±00.00 + 0.00±00.00	3.09±00.09
Zig	0.071±0.000	1.50±00.12 + 64.69±00.06	2.94±00.01
C++/clang++	0.075±0.000	3.25±00.00 + 64.48±00.19	2.90±00.06
V/clang	0.100±0.000	2.12±00.00 + 200.44±00.69	4.18±00.08
Rust	0.102±0.000	2.00±00.00 + 74.25±00.12	4.05±00.06
V/gcc	0.106±0.001	2.25±00.00 + 211.06±02.06	4.52±00.05
Java	0.113±0.000	41.79±00.14 + 107.88±03.81	6.06±00.22
Crystal	0.144±0.000	3.50±00.00 + 89.88±00.00	5.91±00.10
Scala	0.184±0.004	66.51±00.15 + 158.44±02.00	10.67±00.30
Node.js	0.216±0.001	46.88±00.06 + 227.55±04.77	10.68±00.15
Nim/gcc	0.293±0.000	1.75±00.12 + 582.06±01.00	11.25±00.17
Nim/clang	0.295±0.001	2.00±00.00 + 603.44±05.06	11.62±00.12
Lua/luajit	0.305±0.001	2.50±00.00 + 157.22±01.05	12.36±00.17
Julia	0.419±0.002	258.38±00.12 + 215.71±03.03	16.24±00.31
Python/pypy	0.617±0.003	59.62±00.12 + 247.16±00.04	25.09±00.34
Racket	0.757±0.004	109.51±00.71 + 248.35±01.07	30.05±00.58
Ruby/truffleruby	0.910±0.010	197.81±01.44 + 672.44±54.69	61.70±00.61
Lua	1.230±0.005	2.56±00.06 + 283.84±00.75	50.66±00.69
Ruby (--jit)	1.289±0.014	23.96±00.03 + 174.84±00.31	54.03±01.54
Ruby/truffleruby (JVM)	1.363±0.033	350.78±04.33 + 506.71±28.12	88.50±02.14
Ruby/jruby	1.491±0.021	250.45±00.62 + 577.06±02.31	80.03±01.19
Ruby	1.992±0.027	12.12±00.00 + 183.69±00.50	85.16±02.19
Python	2.096±0.012	11.44±00.06 + 181.46±01.00	90.37±01.30

Tests Execution

Environment

CPU: Intel(R) Xeon(R) E-2324G

Base Docker image: Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid

Language	Version
.NET Core	9.0.304
C#/.NET Core	4.14.0-3.25359.3 (6dbcfd2f)
C3	0.7.4
Chez Scheme	10.0.0
Clojure	"1.12.1"
Crystal	1.17.1
D/dmd	v2.111.0
D/gdc	14.2.0
D/ldc2	1.41.0
Elixir	1.18.3
F#/.NET Core	13.9.303.0 for F# 9.0
Go	go1.25.0
Go/gccgo	14.2.0
Haskell	9.10.2
Idris 2	0.7.0
Java	24.0.2
Julia	v"1.11.6"
Kotlin	2.2.0
Lua	5.4.7
Lua/luajit	2.1.1748495995
MLton	20241230
Nim	2.2.4
Node.js	v24.5.0
OCaml	5.3.0
Odin	dev-2025-08-nightly
PHP	8.4.11
Perl	v5.40.1
Python	3.13.5
Python/pypy	7.3.20-final0 for Python 3.11.13
Racket	"8.17"
Ruby	3.4.5p51
Ruby/jruby	10.0.2.0
Ruby/truffleruby	24.2.2
Rust	1.89.0
Scala	3.7.2
Swift	6.1.2
Tcl	8.6
V	0.4.11 b9e5757
Vala	0.56.18
Zig	0.14.1
clang/clang++	19.1.7 (3+b1)
gcc/g++	14.2.0

Using Docker

Build the image:

$ docker build docker/ -t benchmarks

Run the image:

$ docker run -it --rm -v $(pwd):/src benchmarks <cmd>

where <cmd> is:

• versions (print installed language versions);
• shell (start the shell);
• brainfuck bench (build and run Brainfuck bench.b benchmarks);
• brainfuck mandel (build and run Brainfuck mandel.b benchmarks);
• base64 (build and run Base64 benchmarks);
• json (build and run Json benchmarks);
• matmul (build and run Matmul benchmarks);
• primes (build and run Primes benchmarks);

Please note that the actual measurements provided in the project are taken semi-manually (via shell) as the full update takes days and could have occassional issues in Docker.

There is a ./run.sh that could be used to simplify Docker usage:

• ./run.sh build (build the image);
• ./run.sh make versions (run the image with the versions command);
• sudo ./run.sh shell (run the image with the `shell' command, sudo is required to read energy levels).

Manual Execution

Makefiles contain recipes for building and executing tests with the proper dependencies. Please use make run (and make run2 where applicable). The measurements are taken using analyze.rb script:

$ cd <test suite>
$ ../analyze.rb make run
$ ../analyze.rb make run[<single test>]

Please note that the measurements could take hours. It uses 10 iterations by default, but it could be changed using ATTEMPTS environment variable:

$ ATTEMPTS=1 ../analyze.rb make run

Prerequisites

Please use Dockerfile as a reference regarding which packages and tools are required.

For all (optional):

• Powercap for reading energy counters in Linux (Debian package powercap-utils).

For Python:

• NumPy for matmul tests (Debian package python3-numpy).
• UltraJSON for JSON tests (Debian package python3-ujson).

For C++:

• Boost for JSON tests (Debian package libboost-dev).
• JSON-C for JSON tests (Debian package libjson-c-dev).

For Rust:

• libjq for jq test (Debian packages libjq-dev, libonig-dev and environment variable JQ_LIB_DIR=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/).

For Java, Scala:

• Coursier for downloading Maven artifacts.

For Haskell:

• network for TCP connectivity between the tests and the test runner.
• raw-strings-qq for raw string literals used in tests.

For Perl:

• cpanminus for installing modules from CPAN (Debian package cpanminus).

For Vala:

• JSON-GLib for JSON tests (Debian package libjson-glib-dev).

Contribution

Please follow the criteria specified in the overview. Besides that please ensure that the communication protocol between a test and the test runner is satisfied:

• The test runner listens on localhost:9001;
• All messages are sent using TCP sockets closed immediately after the message has been sent;
• There are two messages sent from a test (it establishes the measurement boundary):
  1. The beginning message having the format name of the test/tprocess ID (the process ID is used to measure the memory consumption). Please note that the name of the test couldn't use Tab character as it's a delimiter;
  2. The end message with any content (mostly it's "stop" for consistency).
• The test runner could be unavailable (if the test is launched as is) and the test should gracefully handle it.

Makefile guide

Binary executables

If the test is compiled into a single binary, then two sections of the Makefile require changes:

• append a new target (the final binary location) into executables variable;
• append the proper target rule.

Compiled artifacts

If the test is compiled, but can't be executed directly as a binary, then three sections of the Makefile require changes:

• append a new target (the final artifact location) into artifacts variable;
• append the proper target rule to compile the test;
• append run[<target_artifact>] rule to run the test.

Scripting language

If the test doesn't require compilation, then two sections of the Makefile requires changes:

• append run[<script_file>] into all_runners variable;
• append run[<script_file>] rule to run the test.

README update

TOC is regenerated using git-markdown-toc:

./run.sh toc