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vailable at `_mp_d',
and secondly when `mpf_set_prec_raw' lowers `_mp_prec' it leaves
`_mp_size' unchanged and so the size can be arbitrarily bigger than
`_mp_prec'.
Rounding
All rounding is done on limb boundaries. Calculating `_mp_prec'
limbs with the high non-zero will ensure the application requested
minimum precision is obtained.
The use of simple "trunc" rounding towards zero is efficient,
since there's no need to examine extra limbs and increment or
decrement.
Bit Shifts
Since the exponent is in limbs, there are no bit shifts in basic
operations like `mpf_add' and `mpf_mul'. When differing exponents
are encountered all that's needed is to adjust pointers to line up
the relevant limbs.
Of course `mpf_mul_2exp' and `mpf_div_2exp' will require bit
shifts, but the choice is between an exponent in limbs which
requires shifts there, or one in bits which requires them almost
everywhere else.
Use of `_mp_prec+1' Limbs
The extra limb on `_mp_d' (`_mp_prec+1' rather than just
`_mp_prec') helps when an `mpf' routine might get a carry from its
operation. `mpf_add' for instance will do an `mpn_add' of
`_mp_prec' limbs. If there's no carry then that's the result, but
if there is a carry then it's stored in the extra limb of space and
`_mp_size' becomes `_mp_prec+1'.
Whenever `_mp_prec+1' limbs are held in a variable, the low limb
is not needed for the intended precision, only the `_mp_prec' high
limbs. But zeroing it out or moving the rest down is unnecessary.
Subsequent routines reading the value will simply take the high
limbs they need, and this will be `_mp_prec' if their target has
that same precision. This is no more than a pointer adjustment,
and must be checked anyway since the destination precision can be
different from the sources.
Copy functions like `mpf_set' will retain a full `_mp_prec+1' limbs
if available. This ensures that a variable which has `_mp_size'
equal to `_mp_prec+1' will get its full exact value copied.
Strictly speaking this is unnecessary since only `_mp_prec' limbs
are needed for the application's requested precision, but it's
considered that an `mpf_set' from one variable into another of the
same precision ought to produce an exact copy.
Application Precisions
`__GMPF_BITS_TO_PREC' converts an application requested precision
to an `_mp_prec'. The value in bits is rounded up to a whole limb
then an extra limb is added since the most significant limb of
`_mp_d' is only non-zero and therefore might contain only one bit.
`__GMPF_PREC_TO_BITS' does the reverse conversion, and removes the
extra limb from `_mp_prec' before converting to bits. The net
effect of reading back with `mpf_get_prec' is simply the precision
rounded up to a multiple of `mp_bits_per_limb'.
Note that the extra limb added here for the high only being
non-zero is in addition to the extra limb allocated to `_mp_d'.
For example with a 32-bit limb, an application request for 250
bits will be rounded up to 8 limbs, then an extra added for the
high being only non-zero, giving an `_mp_prec' of 9. `_mp_d' then
gets 10 limbs allocated. Reading back with `mpf_get_prec' will
take `_mp_prec' subtract 1 limb and multiply by 32, giving 256
bits.
Strictly speaking, the fact the high limb has at least one bit
means that a float with, say, 3 limbs of 32-bits each will be
holding at least 65 bits, but for the purposes of `mpf_t' it's
considered simply to be 64 bits, a nice multiple of the limb size.
File: gmp.info, Node: Raw Output Internals, Next: C++ Interface Internals, Prev: Float Internals, Up: Internals
17.4 Raw Output Internals
=========================
`mpz_out_raw' uses the following format.
+------+------------------------+
| size | data bytes |
+------+------------------------+
The size is 4 bytes written most significant byte first, being the
number of subsequent data bytes, or the twos complement negative of
that when a negative integer is represented. The data bytes are the
absolute value of the integer, written most significant byte first.
The most significant data byte is always non-zero, so the output is
the same on all systems, irrespective of limb size.
In GMP 1, leading zero bytes were written to pad the data bytes to a
multiple of the limb size. `mpz_inp_raw' will still accept this, for
compatibility.
The use of "big endian" for both the size and data fields is
deliberate, it makes the data easy to read in a hex dump of a file.
Unfortunately it also means that the limb data must be reversed when
reading or writing, so neither a big endian nor little endian system
can just read and write `_mp_d'.
File: gmp.info, Node: C++ Interface Internals, Prev: Raw Output Internals, Up: Internals
17.5 C++ Interface Internals
============================
A system of expression templates is used to ensure something like
`a=b+c' turns into a simple call to `mpz_add' etc. For `mpf_class' the
scheme also ensures the precision of the final destination is used for
any temporaries within a statement like `f=w*x+y*z'. These are
important features which a naive implementation cannot provide.
A simplified description of the scheme follows. The true scheme is
complicated by the fact that expressions have different return types.
For detailed information, refer to the source code.
To perform an operation, say, addition, we first define a "function
object" evaluating it,
struct __gmp_binary_plus
{
static void eval(mpf_t f, mpf_t g, mpf_t h) { mpf_add(f, g, h); }
};
And an "additive expression" object,
__gmp_expr<__gmp_binary_expr<mpf_class, mpf_class, __gmp_binary_plus> >
operator+(const mpf_class &f, const mpf_class &g)
{
return __gmp_expr
<__gmp_binary_expr<mpf_class, mpf_class, __gmp_binary_plus> >(f, g);
}
The seemingly redundant `__gmp_expr<__gmp_binary_expr<...>>' is used
to encapsulate any possible kind of expression into a single template
type. In fact even `mpf_class' etc are `typedef' specializations of
`__gmp_expr'.
Next we define assignment of `__gmp_expr' to `mpf_class'.
template <class T>
mpf_class & mpf_class::operator=(const __gmp_expr<T> &expr)
{
expr.eval(this->get_mpf_t(), this->precision());
return *this;
}
template <class Op>
void __gmp_expr<__gmp_binary_expr<mpf_class, mpf_class, Op> >::eval
(mpf_t f, mp_bitcnt_t precision)
{
Op::eval(f, expr.val1.get_mpf_t(), expr.val2.get_mpf_t());
}
where `expr.val1' and `expr.val2' are references to the expression's
operands (here `expr' is the `__gmp_binary_expr' stored within the
`__gmp_expr').
This way, the expression is actually evaluated only at the time of
assignment, when the required precision (that of `f') is known.
Furthermore the target `mpf_t' is now available, thus we can call
`mpf_add' directly with `f' as the output argument.
Compound expressions are handled by defining operators taking
subexpressions as their arguments, like this:
template <class T, class U>
__gmp_expr
<__gmp_binary_expr<__gmp_expr<T>, __gmp_expr<U>, __gmp_binary_plus> >
operator+(const __gmp_expr<T> &expr1, const __gmp_expr<U> &expr2)
{
return __gmp_expr
<__gmp_binary_expr<__gmp_expr<T>, __gmp_expr<U>, __gmp_binary_plus> >
(expr1, expr2);
}
And the corresponding specializations of `__gmp_expr::eval':
template <class T, class U, class Op>
void __gmp_expr
<__gmp_binary_expr<__gmp_expr<T>, __gmp_expr<U>, Op> >::eval
(mpf_t f, mp_bitcnt_t precision)
{
// declare two temporaries
mpf_class temp1(expr.val1, precision), temp2(expr.val2, precision);
Op::eval(f, temp1.get_mpf_t(), temp2.get_mpf_t());
}
The expression is thus recursively evaluated to any level of
complexity and all subexpressions are evaluated to the precision of `f'.
File: gmp.info, Node: Contributors, Next: References, Prev: Internals, Up: Top
Appendix A Contributors
***********************
Torbjo"rn Granlund wrote the original GMP library and is still the main
developer. Code not explicitly attributed to others, was contributed by
Torbjo"rn. Several other individuals and organizations have contributed
GMP. Here is a list in chronological order on first contribution:
Gunnar Sjo"din and Hans Riesel helped with mathematical problems in
early versions of the library.
Richard Stallman helped with the interface design and revised the
first version of this manual.
Brian Beuning and Doug Lea helped with testing of early versions of
the library and made creative suggestions.
John Amanatides of York University in Canada contributed the function
`mpz_probab_prime_p'.
Paul Zimmermann wrote the REDC-based mpz_powm code, the
Scho"nhage-Strassen FFT multiply code, and the Karatsuba square root
code. He also improved the Toom3 code for GMP 4.2. Paul sparked the
development of GMP 2, with his comparisons between bignum packages.
The ECMNET project Paul is organizing was a driving force behind many
of the optimizations in GMP 3. Paul also wrote the new GMP 4.3 nth
root code (with Torbjo"rn).
Ken Weber (Kent State University, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
do Sul) contributed now defunct versions of `mpz_gcd', `mpz_divexact',
`mpn_gcd', and `mpn_bdivmod', partially supported by CNPq (Brazil)
grant 301314194-2.
Per Bothner of Cygnus Support helped to set up GMP to use Cygnus'
configure. He has also made valuable suggestions and tested numerous
intermediary releases.
Joachim Hollman was involved in the design of the `mpf' interface,
and in the `mpz' design revisions for version 2.
Bennet Yee contributed the initial versions of `mpz_jacobi' and
`mpz_legendre'.
Andreas Schwab contributed the files `mpn/m68k/lshift.S' and
`mpn/m68k/rshift.S' (now in `.asm' form).
Robert Harley of Inria, France and David Seal of ARM, England,
suggested clever improvements for population count. Robert also wrote
highly optimized Karatsuba and 3-way Toom multiplication functions for
GMP 3, and contributed the ARM assembly code.
Torsten Ekedahl of the Mathematical department of Stockholm
University provided significant inspiration during several phases of
the GMP development. His mathematical expertise helped improve several
algorithms.
Linus Nordberg wrote the new configure system based on autoconf and
implemented the new random functions.
Kevin Ryde worked on a large number of things: optimized x86 code,
m4 asm macros, parameter tuning, speed measuring, the configure system,
function inlining, divisibility tests, bit scanning, Jacobi symbols,
Fibonacci and Lucas number functions, printf and scanf functions, perl
interface, demo expression parser, the algorithms chapter in the
manual, `gmpasm-mode.el', and various miscellaneous improvements
elsewhere.
Kent Boortz made the Mac OS 9 port.
Steve Root helped write the optimized alpha 21264 assembly code.
Gerardo Ballabio wrote the `gmpxx.h' C++ class interface and the C++
`istream' input routines.
Jason Moxham rewrote `mpz_fac_ui'.
Pedro Gimeno implemented the Mersenne Twister and made other random
number improvements.
Niels Mo"ller wrote the sub-quadratic GCD and extended GCD code, the
quadratic Hensel division code, and (with Torbjo"rn) the new divide and
conquer division code for GMP 4.3. Niels also helped implement the new
Toom multiply code for GMP 4.3 and implemented helper functions to
simplify Toom evaluations for GMP 5.0. He wrote the original version
of mpn_mulmod_bnm1.
Alberto Zanoni and Marco Bodrato suggested the unbalanced multiply
strategy, and found the optimal strategies for evaluation and
interpolation in Toom multiplication.
Marco Bodrato helped implement the new Toom multiply code for GMP
4.3 and implemented most of the new Toom multiply and squaring code for
5.0. He is the main author of the current mpn_mulmod_bnm1 and
mpn_mullo_n. Marco also wrote the functions mpn_invert and
mpn_invertappr.
David Harvey suggested the internal function `mpn_bdiv_dbm1',
implementing division relevant to Toom multiplication. He also worked
on fast assembly sequences, in particular on a fast AMD64
`mpn_mul_basecase'.
Martin Boij wrote `mpn_perfect_power_p'.
(This list is chronological, not ordered after significance. If you
have contributed to GMP but are not listed above, please tell
<gmp-devel@gmplib.org> about the omission!)
The development of floating point functions of GNU MP 2, were
supported in part by the ESPRIT-BRA (Basic Research Activities) 6846
project POSSO (POlynomial System SOlving).
The development of GMP 2, 3, and 4 was supported in part by the IDA
Center for Computing Sciences.
Thanks go to Hans Thorsen for donating an SGI system for the GMP
test system environment.
File: gmp.info, Node: References, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top
Appendix B References
*********************
B.1 Books
=========
* Jonathan M. Borwein and Peter B. Borwein, "Pi and the AGM: A Study
in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity", Wiley,
1998.
* Richard Crandall and Carl Pomerance, "Prime Numbers: A
Computational Perspective", 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, 2005.
`http://math.dartmouth.edu/~carlp/'
* Henri Cohen, "A Course in Computational Algebraic Number Theory",
Graduate Texts in Mathematics number 138, Springer-Verlag, 1993.
`http://www.math.u-bordeaux.fr/~cohen/'
* Donald E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming", volume 2,
"Seminumerical Algorithms", 3rd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1998.
`http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/taocp.html'
* John D. Lipson, "Elements of Algebra and Algebraic Computing", The
Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc, 1981.
* Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone,
"Handbook of Applied Cryptography",
`http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/'
* Richard M. Stallman and the GCC Developer Community, "Using the
GNU Compiler Collection", Free Software Foundation, 2008,
available online `http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/', and in the GCC
package `ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/'
B.2 Papers
==========
* Yves Bertot, Nicolas Magaud and Paul Zimmermann, "A Proof of GMP
Square Root", Journal of Automated Reasoning, volume 29, 2002, pp.
225-252. Also available online as INRIA Research Report 4475,
June 2001, `http://www.inria.fr/rrrt/rr-4475.html'
* Christoph Burnikel and Joachim Ziegler, "Fast Recursive Division",
Max-Planck-Institut fuer Informatik Research Report MPI-I-98-1-022,
`http://data.mpi-sb.mpg.de/internet/reports.nsf/NumberView/1998-1-022'
* Torbjo"rn Granlund and Peter L. Montgomery, "Division by Invariant
Integers using Multiplication", in Proceedings of the SIGPLAN
PLDI'94 Conference, June 1994. Also available
`ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/pmontgom/divcnst.psa4.gz' (and .psl.gz).
* Niels Mo"ller and Torbjo"rn Granlund, "Improved division by
invariant integers", to appear.
* Torbjo"rn Granlund and Niels Mo"ller, "Division of integers large
and small", to appear.
* Tudor Jebelean, "An algorithm for exact division", Journal of
Symbolic Computation, volume 15, 1993, pp. 169-180. Research
report version available
`ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1992/92-35.ps.gz'
* Tudor Jebelean, "Exact Division with Karatsuba Complexity -
Extended Abstract", RISC-Linz technical report 96-31,
`ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1996/96-31.ps.gz'
* Tudor Jebelean, "Practical Integer Division with Karatsuba
Complexity", ISSAC 97, pp. 339-341. Technical report available
`ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1996/96-29.ps.gz'
* Tudor Jebelean, "A Generalization of the Binary GCD Algorithm",
ISSAC 93, pp. 111-116. Technical report version available
`ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1993/93-01.ps.gz'
* Tudor Jebelean, "A Double-Digit Lehmer-Euclid Algorithm for
Finding the GCD of Long Integers", Journal of Symbolic
Computation, volume 19, 1995, pp. 145-157. Technical report
version also available
`ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1992/92-69.ps.gz'
* Werner Krandick and Tudor Jebelean, "Bidirectional Exact Integer
Division", Journal of Symbolic Computation, volume 21, 1996, pp.
441-455. Early technical report version also available
`ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1994/94-50.ps.gz'
* Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, "Mersenne Twister: A
623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number
generator", ACM Transactions on Modelling and Computer Simulation,
volume 8, January 1998, pp. 3-30. Available online
`http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/ARTICLES/mt.ps.gz'
(or .pdf)
* R. Moenck and A. Borodin, "Fast Modular Transforms via Division",
Proceedings of the 13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Switching and
Automata Theory, October 1972, pp. 90-96. Reprinted as "Fast
Modular Transforms", Journal of Computer and System Sciences,
volume 8, number 3, June 1974, pp. 366-386.
* Niels Mo"ller, "On Scho"nhage's algorithm and subquadratic integer
GCD computation", in Mathematics of Computation, volume 77,
January 2008, pp. 589-607.
* Peter L. Montgomery, "Modular Multiplication Without Trial
Division", in Mathematics of Computation, volume 44, number 170,
April 1985.
* Arnold Scho"nhage and Volker Strassen, "Schnelle Multiplikation
grosser Zahlen", Computing 7, 1971, pp. 281-292.
* Kenneth Weber, "The accelerated integer GCD algorithm", ACM
Transactions on Mathematical Software, volume 21, number 1, March
1995, pp. 111-122.
* Paul Zimmermann, "Karatsuba Square Root", INRIA Research Report
3805, November 1999, `http://www.inria.fr/rrrt/rr-3805.html'
* Paul Zimmermann, "A Proof of GMP Fast Division and Square Root
Implementations",
`http://www.loria.fr/~zimmerma/papers/proof-div-sqrt.ps.gz'
* Dan Zuras, "On Squaring and Multiplying Large Integers", ARITH-11:
IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, 1993, pp. 260 to 271.
Reprinted as "More on Multiplying and Squaring Large Integers",
IEEE Transactions on Computers, volume 43, number 8, August 1994,
pp. 899-908.
File: gmp.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: References, Up: Top
Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
`http://fsf.org/'
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
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"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
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To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
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to this definition.
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2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
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applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
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4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
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licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
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things in the Modified Version:
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B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before the
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
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designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
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You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
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The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
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by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
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unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
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translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
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include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
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this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
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Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
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have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
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the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
File: gmp.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Concept Index
*************
[index ]
* Menu:
* #include: Headers and Libraries.
(line 6)
* --build: Build Options. (line 52)
* --disable-fft: Build Options. (line 317)
* --disable-shared: Build Options. (line 45)
* --disable-static: Build Options. (line 45)
* --enable-alloca: Build Options. (line 278)
* --enable-assert: Build Options. (line 327)
* --enable-cxx: Build Options. (line 230)
* --enable-fat: Build Options. (line 164)
* --enable-mpbsd: Build Options. (line 322)
* --enable-profiling <1>: Profiling. (line 6)
* --enable-profiling: Build Options. (line 331)
* --exec-prefix: Build Options. (line 32)
* --host: Build Options. (line 66)
* --prefix: Build Options. (line 32)
* -finstrument-functions: Profiling. (line 66)
* 2exp functions: Efficiency. (line 43)
* 68000: Notes for Particular Systems.
(line 80)
* 80x86: Notes for Particular Systems.
(line 126)
* ABI <1>: Build Options. (line 171)
* ABI: ABI and ISA. (line 6)
* About this manual: Introduction to GMP. (line 58)
* AC_CHECK_LIB: Autoconf. (line 11)
* AIX <1>: ABI and ISA. (line 184)
* AIX <2>: Notes for Particular Systems.
(line 7)
* AIX: ABI and ISA. (line 169)
* Algorithms: Algorithms. (line 6)
* alloca: Build Options. (line 278)
* Allocation of memory: Custom Allocation. (line 6)
* AMD64: ABI and ISA. (line 44)
* Anonymous FTP of latest version: Introduction to GMP. (line 38)
* Application Binary Interface: ABI and ISA. (line 6)
* Arithmetic functions <1>: Float Arithmetic. (line 6)
* Arithmetic functions <2>: Integer Arithmetic. (line 6)
* Arithmetic functions: Rational Arithmetic. (line 6)
* ARM: Notes for Particular Systems.
(line 20)
* Assembly cache handling: Assembly Cache Handling.
(line 6)
* Assembly carry propagation: Assembly Carry Propagation.
(line 6)
* Assembly code organisation: Assembly Code Organisation.
(line 6)
* Assembly coding: Assembly Coding. (line 6)
* Assembly floating Point: Assembly Floating Point.
(line 6)
* Assembly loop unrolling: Assembly Loop Unrolling.
(line 6)
* Assembly SIMD: Assembly SIMD Instructions.
(line 6)
* Assembly software pipelining: Assembly Software Pipelining.
(line 6)
* Assembly writing guide: Assembly Writing Guide.
(line 6)
* Assertion checking <1>: Debugging. (line 79)
* Assertion checking: Build Options. (line 327)