Welcome to the 1st Edition UNIX repository. Here, you will find the kernel source code and userland binaries necessary to run 1st Edition UNIX on a PDP-11 simulator. This repository houses a reconstructed version of UNIX as it existed around 1972, rather than an original 1st Edition UNIX image. The reconstruction is based on a printout of the UNIX kernel slightly after Version 1, supplemented with data recovered from a DECtape dating from around Versions 2 or 3.
The 1st Edition UNIX marked a significant milestone when UNIX was rewritten for the then-new PDP-11, a relatively affordable minicomputer, transitioning from the PDP-7 for which it was originally developed, at Bell Laboratories. Both versions were crafted in assembly language. The early iterations of UNIX were quintessential examples of advanced concepts encapsulated within streamlined systems. The influence of UNIX has been so profound that its impact resonates well into the 21st century. The developmental history of UNIX is well-documented, and in the past decade, concerted efforts have been made to locate and preserve software and documentation artifacts from UNIX's formative years.
The paper titled "The Restoration of Early UNIX Artifacts" by Warren Toomey provides an in-depth account of the endeavors to restore these historical artifacts to operational condition, along with the valuable insights gained through this process.
Unless otherwise noted, file and directory names refer to this repository.
Simply execute make. Doing so initiates several processes. It compiles
tools/pdp11, tools/mkfs, tools/ml, and tools/apout/apout. These tools
are essential for constructing the filesystems and the kernel for 1st Edition
UNIX. Additionally, the command prepares kernel sources with requisite patches,
assembles the kernel, and creates a bootable SIMH
memory image. This image is then placed into the images directory.
Finally, the make will build the rf0.dsk, rk0.dsk and tape images and
install these in the images directory. You can also do a make clean to clean
out the images and build directories. A make distclean will clean out the
images, build and tools directories accordingly.
- Execute
make runor./simh.cfg, and you should see this:
PDP-11 simulator Open SIMH V4.1-0 Current git commit id: 1a1396d0
Disabling XQ
RF: buffering file in memory
TC0: 16b format, buffering file in memory
Listening on port 5555
You will receive a login: prompt:
-
Type in
rootfollowed by RETURN key. You should receive a#prompt. -
Type in an
ls -lcommand. You should see something like this:
total 6
43 sdrwr- 2 root 620 Jan 1 00:00:00 bin
42 sdrwr- 2 root 250 Jan 1 00:00:00 dev
104 sdrwr- 2 root 110 Jan 1 00:00:00 etc
114 sdrwr- 2 root 50 Jan 1 00:00:00 tmp
41 sdrwr- 7 root 70 Jan 1 00:00:00 usr
-
To change directories, use
chdir, e.g.chdir /usr. The only editor installed ised. You can check A Tutorial Introduction to the UNIX Text Editor for its usage. -
To log in multiple times, telnet to localhost port 5555. The system is configured to allow 8 remote logins.
-
To shut the system down, press
Ctrl-Eto stop the simulator, andqto quit. You do not need to sync the system before shutdown.
The manuals for 1st Edition UNIX are available here: https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/1stEdman.html, https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v1/UNIX_ProgrammersManual_Nov71.pdf, and https://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/.
Some documentation of the internals of the 1st Edition UNIX are available here: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/att/unix/Early_UNIX/PreliminaryUnixImplementationDocument_Jun72.pdf
Details of the PDP-11/20 architecture and its peripherals can be found at: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP1120_Handbook_1972.pdf, and http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP11_PeripheralsHbk_1972.pdf.
The C compiler from 2nd Edition UNIX has been installed and is operational. However, it supports a very early dialect of C. The most relevant reference for this version of the language is as follows, although it may be approximately two years more advanced than the dialect in question: https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cman74.pdf
The userland binaries originate from a period between the 1st and 2nd Editions of UNIX. The manuals from the 2nd Edition may also be useful: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/att/unix/Early_UNIX/Unix_2nd_Edition_Manual_Jun72.pdf.
pages- OCR'd pages from the Preliminary Release of UNIX Implementation Document.
patches- patches to rebuilt files to get kernel to run
fs- userland binaries and files, used to make rf0.dsk and rk0.dsk
src- source code for userland: there is not much available
tools- tools and scripts to build the kernel and filesystem
build- build area: patched kernel files, patched filesystems
images- final disk and tape images to be used by the SIMH simulator
notes- notes on the work done to get 1e UNIX to run again
In 2002, Caldera International made Unix V1 through V7 for PDP-11 and Unix 32V for VAX available as free and open source software, adopting a permissive BSD-style license. Consequently, any work derived from Unix V1, as well as portions of V2 and V3, falls under this same BSD-style licensing.
Use of this repository is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. Apout is redistributed under the MIT License, which can be found in the LICENSE.Apout file.
Check the CREDITS file to see who participated in the restoration.
- 7th Edition Unix at 40 / video
- pdp7-unix resurrects Unix on the PDP-7 from scans of the original assembly code.
- The Unix Heritage Society
- Unix History Repository
- Warner's History of Unix BSDCan 2020 Talk
- Research UNIX v7 for Raspberry Pi
- ed Editor V1 Javascript Edition
- pdp11-B is an effort to recreate the B compiler for the PDP-11 as authentically as possible.
- B compiler is capable of compiling itself.