chore(devcontainer): use debian's protobuf-compiler package (apache#16687)

* chore(devcontainer): use debian's `protobuf-compiler` package

unfortunately, the current `Dockerfile` does not set the `PATH` variable
correctly. the `RUN` directive is evaluated at build time. thus, the
`$HOME` variable is resolved correctly to `/root/` when
installing the `protoc` binary; the binary ends up in
`/root/.local/bin/protoc`.
in contrast, an `ENV` directive is evaluated at a container's runtime,
so if `$HOME` is not correctly set at runtime, the `PATH` addition
`$HOME/.local/bin` resolves to `/.local/bin`, which does not exist.
since the linked docs now also recommend to use a package manager
to install the `protoc` compiler, the `Dockerfile` does the same now.

at the time of writing, bookworm's version is `libprotoc 3.21.12`,
which is higher than the required version of `3.15`.

* add `libprotobuf-dev` to include google's common proto type files

Author: fvj

.devcontainer/Dockerfile

@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
     && apt-get purge -y imagemagick imagemagick-6-common
 
 # Add protoc
-# https://datafusion.apache.org/contributor-guide/getting_started.html#protoc-installation
-RUN curl -LO https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/releases/download/v25.1/protoc-25.1-linux-x86_64.zip \
-    && unzip protoc-25.1-linux-x86_64.zip -d $HOME/.local \
-    && rm protoc-25.1-linux-x86_64.zip
-
-ENV PATH="$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin"
+# https://datafusion.apache.org/contributor-guide/development_environment.html#protoc-installation
+RUN apt-get update \
+    && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends protobuf-compiler libprotobuf-dev \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*