docker run --pid=host -v /etc:/etc:ro -v /var:/var:ro -v $(which kubectl):/usr/local/mount-from-host/bin/kubectl -v ~/.kube:/.kube -t aquasec/kube-bench:latest run --version 1.23 -s master,etcd,controlplane,nodeWarning: Kubernetes version was not auto-detected because kubectl could not connect to the Kubernetes server. This may be because the kubeconfig information is missing or has credentials that do not match the server. Assuming default version 1.18
[INFO] 1 Master Node Security Configuration
[INFO] 1.1 Master Node Configuration Files
[PASS] 1.1.1 Ensure that the API server pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.2 Ensure that the API server pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.3 Ensure that the controller manager pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.4 Ensure that the controller manager pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.5 Ensure that the scheduler pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.6 Ensure that the scheduler pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.7 Ensure that the etcd pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.8 Ensure that the etcd pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[WARN] 1.1.9 Ensure that the Container Network Interface file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual)
[WARN] 1.1.10 Ensure that the Container Network Interface file ownership is set to root:root (Manual)
[PASS] 1.1.11 Ensure that the etcd data directory permissions are set to 700 or more restrictive (Automated)
[FAIL] 1.1.12 Ensure that the etcd data directory ownership is set to etcd:etcd (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.13 Ensure that the admin.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.14 Ensure that the admin.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.15 Ensure that the scheduler.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.16 Ensure that the scheduler.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.17 Ensure that the controller-manager.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.18 Ensure that the controller-manager.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[FAIL] 1.1.19 Ensure that the Kubernetes PKI directory and file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 1.1.20 Ensure that the Kubernetes PKI certificate file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual)
[PASS] 1.1.21 Ensure that the Kubernetes PKI key file permissions are set to 600 (Manual)
[INFO] 1.2 API Server
[PASS] 1.2.1 Ensure that the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false (Manual)
[PASS] 1.2.2 Ensure that the --token-auth-file parameter is not set (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.3 Ensure that the --kubelet-https argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.4 Ensure that the --kubelet-client-certificate and --kubelet-client-key arguments are set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.5 Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.6 Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is not set to AlwaysAllow (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.7 Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument includes Node (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.8 Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC (Automated)
[WARN] 1.2.9 Ensure that the admission control plugin EventRateLimit is set (Manual)
[PASS] 1.2.10 Ensure that the admission control plugin AlwaysAdmit is not set (Automated)
[WARN] 1.2.11 Ensure that the admission control plugin AlwaysPullImages is set (Manual)
[WARN] 1.2.12 Ensure that the admission control plugin SecurityContextDeny is set if PodSecurityPolicy is not used (Manual)
[PASS] 1.2.13 Ensure that the admission control plugin ServiceAccount is set (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.14 Ensure that the admission control plugin NamespaceLifecycle is set (Automated)
[FAIL] 1.2.15 Ensure that the admission control plugin PodSecurityPolicy is set (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.16 Ensure that the admission control plugin NodeRestriction is set (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.17 Ensure that the --insecure-bind-address argument is not set (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.18 Ensure that the --insecure-port argument is set to 0 (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.19 Ensure that the --secure-port argument is not set to 0 (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.20 Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.21 Ensure that the --audit-log-path argument is set (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.22 Ensure that the --audit-log-maxage argument is set to 30 or as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.23 Ensure that the --audit-log-maxbackup argument is set to 10 or as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.24 Ensure that the --audit-log-maxsize argument is set to 100 or as appropriate (Automated)
[WARN] 1.2.25 Ensure that the --request-timeout argument is set as appropriate (Manual)
[PASS] 1.2.26 Ensure that the --service-account-lookup argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.27 Ensure that the --service-account-key-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.28 Ensure that the --etcd-certfile and --etcd-keyfile arguments are set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.29 Ensure that the --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.30 Ensure that the --client-ca-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.31 Ensure that the --etcd-cafile argument is set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.2.32 Ensure that the --encryption-provider-config argument is set as appropriate (Manual)
[PASS] 1.2.33 Ensure that encryption providers are appropriately configured (Manual)
[PASS] 1.2.34 Ensure that the API Server only makes use of Strong Cryptographic Ciphers (Manual)
[INFO] 1.3 Controller Manager
[PASS] 1.3.1 Ensure that the --terminated-pod-gc-threshold argument is set as appropriate (Manual)
[PASS] 1.3.2 Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false (Automated)
[PASS] 1.3.3 Ensure that the --use-service-account-credentials argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 1.3.4 Ensure that the --service-account-private-key-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.3.5 Ensure that the --root-ca-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 1.3.6 Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 1.3.7 Ensure that the --bind-address argument is set to 127.0.0.1 (Automated)
[INFO] 1.4 Scheduler
[PASS] 1.4.1 Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false (Automated)
[PASS] 1.4.2 Ensure that the --bind-address argument is set to 127.0.0.1 (Automated)
== Remediations master ==
1.1.9 Run the below command (based on the file location on your system) on the master node.
For example,
chmod 644 <path/to/cni/files>
1.1.10 Run the below command (based on the file location on your system) on the master node.
For example,
chown root:root <path/to/cni/files>
1.1.12 On the etcd server node, get the etcd data directory, passed as an argument --data-dir,
from the below command:
ps -ef | grep etcd
Run the below command (based on the etcd data directory found above).
For example, chown etcd:etcd /var/lib/etcd
1.1.19 Run the below command (based on the file location on your system) on the master node.
For example,
chown -R root:root /etc/kubernetes/pki/
1.2.9 Follow the Kubernetes documentation and set the desired limits in a configuration file.
Then, edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
and set the below parameters.
--enable-admission-plugins=...,EventRateLimit,...
--admission-control-config-file=<path/to/configuration/file>
1.2.11 Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
on the master node and set the --enable-admission-plugins parameter to include
AlwaysPullImages.
--enable-admission-plugins=...,AlwaysPullImages,...
1.2.12 Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
on the master node and set the --enable-admission-plugins parameter to include
SecurityContextDeny, unless PodSecurityPolicy is already in place.
--enable-admission-plugins=...,SecurityContextDeny,...
1.2.15 Follow the documentation and create Pod Security Policy objects as per your environment.
Then, edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
on the master node and set the --enable-admission-plugins parameter to a
value that includes PodSecurityPolicy:
--enable-admission-plugins=...,PodSecurityPolicy,...
Then restart the API Server.
1.2.25 Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
and set the below parameter as appropriate and if needed.
For example,
--request-timeout=300s
== Summary master ==
55 checks PASS
3 checks FAIL
6 checks WARN
0 checks INFO
[INFO] 2 Etcd Node Configuration
[INFO] 2 Etcd Node Configuration Files
[PASS] 2.1 Ensure that the --cert-file and --key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 2.2 Ensure that the --client-cert-auth argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 2.3 Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 2.4 Ensure that the --peer-cert-file and --peer-key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 2.5 Ensure that the --peer-client-cert-auth argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 2.6 Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 2.7 Ensure that a unique Certificate Authority is used for etcd (Manual)
== Summary etcd ==
7 checks PASS
0 checks FAIL
0 checks WARN
0 checks INFO
[INFO] 3 Control Plane Configuration
[INFO] 3.1 Authentication and Authorization
[WARN] 3.1.1 Client certificate authentication should not be used for users (Manual)
[INFO] 3.2 Logging
[WARN] 3.2.1 Ensure that a minimal audit policy is created (Manual)
[WARN] 3.2.2 Ensure that the audit policy covers key security concerns (Manual)
== Remediations controlplane ==
3.1.1 Alternative mechanisms provided by Kubernetes such as the use of OIDC should be
implemented in place of client certificates.
3.2.1 Create an audit policy file for your cluster.
3.2.2 Consider modification of the audit policy in use on the cluster to include these items, at a
minimum.
== Summary controlplane ==
0 checks PASS
0 checks FAIL
3 checks WARN
0 checks INFO
[INFO] 4 Worker Node Security Configuration
[INFO] 4.1 Worker Node Configuration Files
[PASS] 4.1.1 Ensure that the kubelet service file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 4.1.2 Ensure that the kubelet service file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 4.1.3 If proxy kubeconfig file exists ensure permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual)
[PASS] 4.1.4 If proxy kubeconfig file exists ensure ownership is set to root:root (Manual)
[PASS] 4.1.5 Ensure that the --kubeconfig kubelet.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 4.1.6 Ensure that the --kubeconfig kubelet.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[PASS] 4.1.7 Ensure that the certificate authorities file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual)
[PASS] 4.1.8 Ensure that the client certificate authorities file ownership is set to root:root (Manual)
[PASS] 4.1.9 Ensure that the kubelet --config configuration file has permissions set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated)
[PASS] 4.1.10 Ensure that the kubelet --config configuration file ownership is set to root:root (Automated)
[INFO] 4.2 Kubelet
[PASS] 4.2.1 Ensure that the anonymous-auth argument is set to false (Automated)
[PASS] 4.2.2 Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is not set to AlwaysAllow (Automated)
[PASS] 4.2.3 Ensure that the --client-ca-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated)
[PASS] 4.2.4 Ensure that the --read-only-port argument is set to 0 (Manual)
[PASS] 4.2.5 Ensure that the --streaming-connection-idle-timeout argument is not set to 0 (Manual)
[PASS] 4.2.6 Ensure that the --protect-kernel-defaults argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 4.2.7 Ensure that the --make-iptables-util-chains argument is set to true (Automated)
[PASS] 4.2.8 Ensure that the --hostname-override argument is not set (Manual)
[PASS] 4.2.9 Ensure that the --event-qps argument is set to 0 or a level which ensures appropriate event capture (Manual)
[WARN] 4.2.10 Ensure that the --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Manual)
[PASS] 4.2.11 Ensure that the --rotate-certificates argument is not set to false (Manual)
[PASS] 4.2.12 Verify that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true (Manual)
[WARN] 4.2.13 Ensure that the Kubelet only makes use of Strong Cryptographic Ciphers (Manual)
== Remediations node ==
4.2.10 If using a Kubelet config file, edit the file to set tlsCertFile to the location
of the certificate file to use to identify this Kubelet, and tlsPrivateKeyFile
to the location of the corresponding private key file.
If using command line arguments, edit the kubelet service file
/etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service on each worker node and
set the below parameters in KUBELET_CERTIFICATE_ARGS variable.
--tls-cert-file=<path/to/tls-certificate-file>
--tls-private-key-file=<path/to/tls-key-file>
Based on your system, restart the kubelet service. For example:
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet.service
4.2.13 If using a Kubelet config file, edit the file to set TLSCipherSuites: to
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
or to a subset of these values.
If using executable arguments, edit the kubelet service file
/etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service on each worker node and
set the --tls-cipher-suites parameter as follows, or to a subset of these values.
--tls-cipher-suites=TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
Based on your system, restart the kubelet service. For example:
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet.service
== Summary node ==
21 checks PASS
0 checks FAIL
2 checks WARN
0 checks INFO
== Summary total ==
83 checks PASS
3 checks FAIL
11 checks WARN
0 checks INFO
Some Fails around PodSecurityPolicy, but it's deprecated on 1.23