At a recent AWS Startup Day event in Boston, MA, Chris Munns, the Senior Developer Advocate for Serverless at AWS, discussed Cold Starts and how to mitigate them. According to Chris (although he acknowledged that it is a "hack") using the CloudWatch Events "ping" method is really the only way to do it right now. He gave a number of good tips on how to do this "correctly":
- Don’t ping more often than every 5 minutes
- Invoke the function directly (i.e. don’t use API Gateway to invoke it)
- Pass in a test payload that can be identified as such
- Create handler logic that replies accordingly without running the whole function
He also mentioned that if you want to keep several concurrent functions warm, that you need to invoke the same function multiple times with delayed executions. This prevents the system from reusing the same container.
You can read the key takeaways from his talk here.
Following these "best practices", I created Lambda Warmer. It is a lightweight module (with no dependencies) that can be added to your Lambda functions to manage "warming" events as well as handling automatic fan-out for initializing concurrent functions. Just instrument your code and schedule a "ping".
NOTE: Lambda Warmer will invoke the function multiple times using the AWS-SDK in order to scale concurrency (if you want to). Your functions MUST have lambda:InvokeFunction permissions so that they can invoke themselves. Following the Principle of Least Privilege, you should limit the Resource to the function itself, e.g.:
IMPORTANT: If you're running Lambda Warmer in a VPC and using the fan-out process (with concurrency > 1), you must ensure that your VPC has a properly configured NAT Gateway. Fan-out requires internet access, which is provided by the NAT Gateway. Without it, the function invocations will fail. Most users with an already configured NAT Gateway won't encounter this issue unless the NAT Gateway is removed or misconfigured. If you notice failures in concurrent warm-up, check if your NAT Gateway is properly set up.
- Effect: "Allow"
Action:
- "lambda:InvokeFunction"
Resource: "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:{AWS-ACCOUNT-ID}:function:my-test-function"If you'd like to know more about how Lambda Warmer works, and why you might (or might not) want to use it, read this Lambda Warmer: Optimize AWS Lambda Function Cold Starts post.
lambda-warmer@v2 is using AWS SDK v3. If you are using AWS SDK v2, please use lambda-warmer@v1.
Install Lambda Warmer from NPM as a project dependency.
npm i lambda-warmer
Adding Lambda Warmer to your functions is simple. Require lambda-warmer outside of your main handler and then pass the event as the first argument into your declared variable. Lambda Warmer will return a resolved promise with either true, meaning this is a warming invocation, or false, this isn't a warming invocation.
If you're using async/await, you can await the result of Lambda Warmer and return if true. This will short circuit your function and prevent it from executing the rest of the main handler.
const warmer = require('lambda-warmer')
exports.handler = async (event, context) => {
// if a warming event
if (await warmer(event, {/* lambda warmer config here */}, context)) return 'warmed'
// else proceed with handler logic
return 'Hello from Lambda'
}If you are using callbacks, use Lambda Warmer to start a promise chain and then make your handler logic conditional depending on its result.
const warmer = require('lambda-warmer')
exports.handler = (event, context, callback) => {
// Start a promise chain
warmer(event, {/* lambda warmer config here */}, context).then(isWarmer => {
// if a warming event
if (isWarmer) {
callback(null,'warmed')
// else proceed with handler logic
} else {
callback(null, 'Hello from Lambda')
}
})
}When your Lambda function is invoked using an alias (e.g., stable, prod, etc.), you need to pass the context object to lambda-warmer so it can accurately determine if the function is invoking itself.
exports.handler = async (event, context) => {
if (await warmer(event, {}, context)) return 'warmed'
// Your handler logic
}By passing context, lambda-warmer can extract the alias from context.invokedFunctionArn and properly handle warming invocations.
You can send in a configuration object as the second parameter to change Lambda Warmer's default behavior. All of the settings are optional. Here is a sample configuration object.
{
flag: 'warmer',
concurrency: 'concurrency',
test: 'test',
log: true,
correlationId: 'XXXXXXXXXXXXX',
delay: 75
}Name of the event field used to notify Lambda Warmer that this is a "warming" invocation. Defaults to warmer.
Name of the event field used to specify the number of concurrent functions you'd like to warm. Defaults to concurrency.
Name of the event field used to flag a warming invocation as a test. Defaults to test.
Flag to control whether or not CloudWatch logs are automatically generated. Defaults to true.
Identifier that gets passed to all concurrent Lambda invocations. This can be used to group invocations within your logs. If no correlationId is passed, it will default to the id generated for the invoked function. Passing the context.awsRequestId is good practice.
Minimum amount of time (in milliseconds) for concurrent functions to run. Concurrent functions are invoked asynchronously. Setting a delay enforces Lambda to create multiple invocations. Defaults to 75 to attempt sub 100ms invocation times.
Name of the target function to be warmed. Defaults to funcName (the name of the function itself).
Example passing a configuration:
exports.handler = async (event, context) => {
// if a warming event
if (await warmer(event, { correlationId: context.awsRequestId, delay: 50 }, context)) return 'warmed'
// else proceed with handler logic
return 'Hello from Lambda'
}Lambda Warmer facilitates the warming of your functions by analyzing invocation events and appropriately managing handler processing. It DOES NOT manage the periodic invocation of your functions. In order to keep your functions warm, you must create a CloudWatch Rule that invokes your functions on a predetermined schedule.
A rule that invokes your function should contain a Constant (JSON text) under the "Configure input" setting. The following is a sample event (using the default configuration and a concurrency of 3):
{ "warmer":true,"concurrency":3 }The names of warmer and concurrency can be changed using the configuration option when instrumenting your code.
NOTE: Non-VPC functions are kept warm for approximately 5 minutes whereas VPC-based functions are kept warm for 15 minutes. Set your schedule for invocations accordingly. There is no need to ping your functions more often than the minimum warm time.
If your application experiences periodic traffic spikes throughout the day, you can set up multiple CloudWatch Rules that change the concurrency based on the time of day or day itself.
To add a schedule event to your Lambda functions, you can add a Type: Schedule to the Events section of your function in a SAM template:
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'
Transform: 'AWS::Serverless-2016-10-31'
Resources:
MyFunction:
Type: 'AWS::Serverless::Function'
Properties:
Handler: index.handler
Runtime: nodejs16.x
CodeUri: 's3://my-bucket/function.zip'
Events:
WarmingSchedule:
Type: Schedule
Properties:
Schedule: rate(5 minutes)
Input: '{ "warmer":true,"concurrency":3 }'If you are using the Serverless Framework, you can include a schedule event for your functions using the following format:
myFunction:
name: myFunction
handler: myFunction.handler
events:
- schedule:
name: warmer-schedule-name
rate: rate(5 minutes)
enabled: true
input:
warmer: true
concurrency: 1In addition to passing a single-target input (either the function itself or the configured target), Lambda Warmer also accepts an array of events, each allowing a separate config (concurrency, target, etc.). This allows the re-use of a single CloudWatch rule for multiple targets, beyond the limit of CloudWatch itself, which is 5. It also simplifies sharing the rule in Serverless.
myFunction:
name: myFunction
handler: myFunction.handler
events:
- schedule:
name: warmer-schedule-name
rate: rate(5 minutes)
enabled: true
input:
- warmer: true
concurrency: 1
target: myOtherFunction
- warmer: true
concurrency: 2
target: myOtherFunction2
- warmer: true
concurrency: 2
target: myOtherFunction3Starting from version 2.1.0, lambda-warmer supports warming Lambda functions invoked via aliases.
When invoking your Lambda function using an alias, pass the context object to lambda-warmer:
exports.handler = async (event, context) => {
if (await warmer(event, {/* lambda warmer config here */}, context)) return 'warmed'
// Your handler logic
}Logs are automatically generated unless the log configuration option is set to false. Logs contain useful information beyond just invocation data. The warm field indicates whether or not the Lambda function was already warm when invoked. The lastAccessed field is the timestamp (in milliseconds) of the last time the function was accessed by a non-warming event. Similarly, the lastAccessedSeconds gives you a counter (in seconds) of how long it's been since it has been accessed. These can be used to determine if your concurrency can be lowered.
Sample log:
{
action: 'warmer', // identifier
function: 'my-test-function', // function name
id: '1531413096993-0568', // unique function instance id
correlationId: '1531413096993-0568', // correlation id
count: 1, // function number of total concurrent e.g. 3 of 10
concurrency: 2, // number of concurrent functions being invoked
warm: true, // was this function already warm
lastAccessed: 1531413096995, // timestamp (in ms) of last non-warming access
lastAccessedSeconds: '25.6' // time since last non-warming access
}I've created a number of custom scripts to do similar cold start mitigation, but I figured I'd share this more complete version to save everyone some time (including my future self). If you would like to contribute, please submit a PR or add issues for bug reports and feature ideas.