Compose, deliver, test, and preview emails in Rust. Plug and play.
Missive comes with adapters for popular transactional email providers including Amazon SES, Gmail, JMAP, Mailgun, Resend, SendGrid, Postmark, Proton Bridge, SocketLabs, SMTP, and more. For local development, it includes an in-memory mailbox with a web-based preview UI, plus a logger provider for debugging.
Rust 1.75+ (async traits)
Create an EmailClient with your provider and pass it through your application state:
use missive::{Email, EmailClient};
use missive::providers::ResendMailer;
let mailer = ResendMailer::new(std::env::var("RESEND_API_KEY")?);
let client = EmailClient::new(mailer)
.with_default_from("noreply@example.com");
let email = Email::new()
.to("user@example.com")
.subject("Welcome!")
.text_body("Thanks for signing up.");
client.deliver(email).await?;The legacy deliver(&email) global facade remains available for small apps and compatibility, but EmailClient is the primary API.
If you want environment-based setup, opt into it explicitly:
let client = EmailClient::from_env()?;Add missive to your Cargo.toml:
[dependencies]
missive = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["resend"] }Enable the feature for your email provider. See Feature Flags for all options.
Missive supports popular transactional email services out of the box:
| Provider | Feature | Environment Variables |
|---|---|---|
| SMTP | smtp |
SMTP_HOST, SMTP_PORT, SMTP_USERNAME, SMTP_PASSWORD, SMTP_TLS |
| Resend | resend |
RESEND_API_KEY |
| SendGrid | sendgrid |
SENDGRID_API_KEY |
| Postmark | postmark |
POSTMARK_API_KEY |
| Brevo | brevo |
BREVO_API_KEY |
| Mailgun | mailgun |
MAILGUN_API_KEY, MAILGUN_DOMAIN |
| Mailjet | mailjet |
MAILJET_API_KEY, MAILJET_SECRET_KEY |
| Amazon SES | amazon_ses |
AWS_REGION, AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY |
| Mailtrap | mailtrap |
MAILTRAP_API_KEY |
| SocketLabs | socketlabs |
SOCKETLABS_SERVER_ID, SOCKETLABS_API_KEY |
| Gmail | gmail |
GMAIL_ACCESS_TOKEN |
| JMAP | jmap |
JMAP_URLJMAP_USERNAMEJMAP_PASSWORD |
| Proton Bridge | protonbridge |
PROTONBRIDGE_USERNAMEPROTONBRIDGE_PASSWORD |
| Unsent | unsent |
UNSENT_API_KEY |
| Local | local |
(none) |
| Logger | (always available) | (none) |
Configure which provider to use with the EMAIL_PROVIDER environment variable:
EMAIL_PROVIDER=sendgridMissive uses Cargo features for conditional compilation - only the providers you enable are compiled into your binary. This keeps binaries small and compile times fast.
If you only use one provider, enable just that feature:
[dependencies]
missive = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["resend"] }RESEND_API_KEY=re_xxxxx
# EMAIL_PROVIDER is auto-detected when only one is enabledThis gives you the smallest binary and fastest compile. You'd need to recompile to switch providers.
For runtime flexibility (e.g., different providers per environment), enable multiple:
[dependencies]
missive = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["smtp", "resend", "local"] }Then configure per environment in .env:
# ---- Missive Email ----
# Development: local in-memory mailer
EMAIL_PROVIDER=local
EMAIL_FROM=noreply@example.com# ---- Missive Email ----
# Staging: test with Resend
EMAIL_PROVIDER=resend
EMAIL_FROM=noreply@example.com
RESEND_API_KEY=re_test_xxx# ---- Missive Email ----
# Production: your own SMTP
EMAIL_PROVIDER=smtp
EMAIL_FROM=noreply@example.com
SMTP_HOST=mail.example.com
SMTP_USERNAME=apikey
SMTP_PASSWORD=your-api-key
SMTP_TLS=starttlsSame compiled binary, different behavior per environment.
EmailClient::from_env() and the compatibility global facade can load provider configuration from environment variables. When EMAIL_PROVIDER is not set, Missive detects which provider to use based on:
- Available API keys - checks for
RESEND_API_KEY,SENDGRID_API_KEY, etc. - Enabled features - only considers providers whose feature is compiled in
- Fallback to local - if the
localfeature is enabled and no API keys found
Detection order: Resend → SendGrid → Postmark → Unsent → Brevo → Mailgun → Amazon SES → Mailtrap → Mailjet → SocketLabs → Gmail → Proton Bridge → JMAP → SMTP → Local
This means minimal env setup for simple cases that explicitly call EmailClient::from_env():
missive = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["resend"] }RESEND_API_KEY=re_xxxxx
# No EMAIL_PROVIDER needed when using EmailClient::from_env()Use EMAIL_PROVIDER explicitly when:
- Multiple providers are enabled and you want to choose one
- You want to override auto-detection
- You're using
loggerorlogger_full(no API key to detect)
# Development setup (local + preview UI)
missive = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["dev"] }
# Broad bundle: all providers + local + templates + Axum preview UI
missive = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["full"] }The full bundle does not include metrics, the standalone preview server,
or preview-actix; enable those features explicitly when you need them.
Missive supports wasm32-unknown-unknown for browser, worker, and edge
environments when you enable the wasm marker feature together with a
wasm-compatible provider:
[dependencies]
missive = { version = "0.7.0", default-features = false, features = ["wasm", "resend"] }Then build for the WASM target:
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown
cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --no-default-features --features "wasm,resend"The wasm feature is an explicit opt-in marker for Cargo ergonomics and
documentation. The platform-specific dependency wiring still comes from the
wasm32-unknown-unknown target, so use it with --target wasm32-unknown-unknown.
WASM-compatible providers: resend, unsent, postmark, sendgrid,
brevo, amazon_ses, mailtrap, mailjet, socketlabs, jmap, local,
and the always-available logger provider.
HTTP providers use reqwest's WASM Fetch backend, so the host must provide a
wasm-bindgen/fetch-compatible runtime.
Native-only features on wasm32-unknown-unknown: smtp, gmail,
protonbridge, mailgun, preview, preview-axum, and preview-actix.
The dev and full bundles are native-only because they include native-only
features.
Use explicit configuration in WASM. There is no process environment, so
EmailClient::from_env() and the legacy global auto-configuration path return
an unsupported-feature error. Build the provider directly:
use missive::{Email, EmailClient};
use missive::providers::ResendMailer;
let client = EmailClient::new(ResendMailer::new(resend_api_key))
.with_default_from("noreply@example.com");
client.deliver(
Email::new()
.to("user@example.com")
.subject("Welcome")
.text_body("Hello from WASM")
).await?;Or pass worker/browser bindings through the testable config path:
let client = EmailClient::from_env_with(|key| match key {
"EMAIL_PROVIDER" => Some("resend".to_string()),
"RESEND_API_KEY" => Some(resend_api_key.clone()),
"EMAIL_FROM" => Some("noreply@example.com".to_string()),
_ => None,
})?;Attachments from bytes work in WASM. Path-based attachment APIs return
MailError::UnsupportedFeature because wasm32-unknown-unknown has no
portable filesystem.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
wasm |
Marker feature for wasm32-unknown-unknown builds; combine with a supported provider |
smtp |
SMTP provider via lettre |
resend |
Resend API |
sendgrid |
SendGrid API |
postmark |
Postmark API |
brevo |
Brevo API (formerly Sendinblue) |
mailgun |
Mailgun API |
mailjet |
Mailjet API |
amazon_ses |
Amazon SES API |
mailtrap |
Mailtrap API |
socketlabs |
SocketLabs Injection API |
gmail |
Gmail API (OAuth2) |
jmap |
JMAP (RFC 8621) - works with Stalwart, Fastmail, Cyrus, etc. |
protonbridge |
Proton Mail via local Bridge |
unsent |
Unsent API |
local |
LocalMailer - in-memory storage + test assertions |
preview |
Standalone preview server via tiny_http; also enables local |
preview-axum |
Preview UI embedded in Axum; also enables local |
preview-actix |
Preview UI embedded in Actix; also enables local |
templates |
Askama template integration |
metrics |
Prometheus-style metrics |
dev |
Enables local + preview |
full |
All providers + local + templates + preview-axum; excludes metrics, preview, and preview-actix |
| Variable | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
EMAIL_PROVIDER |
Which provider to use; auto-detected when unset | (auto) |
EMAIL_FROM |
Default sender email | (none) |
EMAIL_FROM_NAME |
Default sender name | (none) |
SMTP:
| Variable | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
SMTP_HOST |
SMTP server hostname | (required) |
SMTP_PORT |
SMTP server port | 587 |
SMTP_USERNAME |
SMTP username | (optional) |
SMTP_PASSWORD |
SMTP password | (optional) |
SMTP_TLS |
TLS mode: starttls, tls, or none; opportunistic is rejected to avoid silent downgrade |
starttls |
API Providers:
| Variable | Provider |
|---|---|
RESEND_API_KEY |
Resend |
SENDGRID_API_KEY |
SendGrid |
POSTMARK_API_KEY |
Postmark |
UNSENT_API_KEY |
Unsent |
BREVO_API_KEY |
Brevo |
MAILGUN_API_KEY, MAILGUN_DOMAIN |
Mailgun |
MAILJET_API_KEY, MAILJET_SECRET_KEY |
Mailjet |
AWS_REGION, AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY |
Amazon SES |
MAILTRAP_API_KEY |
Mailtrap |
SOCKETLABS_SERVER_ID, SOCKETLABS_API_KEY |
SocketLabs |
GMAIL_ACCESS_TOKEN |
Gmail |
JMAP_URL, JMAP_USERNAME, JMAP_PASSWORD |
JMAP basic auth |
JMAP_URL, JMAP_BEARER_TOKEN |
JMAP bearer auth |
PROTONBRIDGE_USERNAME, PROTONBRIDGE_PASSWORD |
Proton Bridge |
use missive::Email;
let email = Email::new()
.from("sender@example.com")
.to("recipient@example.com")
.subject("Hello!")
.text_body("Plain text content")
.html_body("<h1>HTML content</h1>");let email = Email::new()
.from(("Alice Smith", "alice@example.com"))
.to(("Bob Jones", "bob@example.com"))
.subject("Meeting tomorrow");let email = Email::new()
.to("one@example.com")
.to("two@example.com")
.cc("cc@example.com")
.bcc("bcc@example.com")
.reply_to("replies@example.com");let email = Email::new()
.header("X-Custom-Header", "custom-value")
.header("X-Priority", "1");Pass options specific to your email provider:
use chrono::{Duration, Utc};
use missive::Email;
use missive::providers::ResendEmailExt;
use serde_json::json;
// Resend: typed tags, scheduling, and idempotency
let email = Email::new()
.to("user@example.com")
.subject("Welcome")
.resend_tag("category", "welcome")
.resend_scheduled_at(Utc::now() + Duration::hours(1))
.resend_idempotency_key("welcome-123");
// SendGrid: raw options remain available for provider features
// that do not have typed helpers yet
let email = Email::new()
.to("user@example.com")
.subject("Welcome")
.provider_option("categories", json!(["transactional", "welcome"]))
.provider_option("tracking_settings", json!({"click_tracking": {"enable": true}}));Implement ToAddress for your types to use them directly in email builders:
use missive::{Address, ToAddress, Email};
struct User {
name: String,
email: String,
}
impl ToAddress for User {
fn to_address(&self) -> Address {
Address::with_name(&self.name, &self.email)
}
}
// Now use directly:
let user = User { name: "Alice".into(), email: "alice@example.com".into() };
let email = Email::new()
.to(&user)
.subject("Welcome!");Missive provides email address validation:
use missive::Address;
// Lenient (logs warnings for suspicious input)
let addr = Address::new("user@example.com");
// Strict RFC 5321/5322 validation
let addr = Address::parse("user@example.com")?;
let addr = Address::parse_with_name("Alice", "alice@example.com")?;
// International domain names (IDN/Punycode)
let addr = Address::new("user@example.jp");
let ascii = addr.to_ascii()?; // Converts to punycode if neededuse missive::{Email, Attachment};
let email = Email::new()
.to("user@example.com")
.subject("Your report")
.attachment(
Attachment::from_bytes("report.pdf", pdf_bytes)
.content_type("application/pdf")
);Path-based attachments are native-only. In WASM, use
Attachment::from_bytes(...).
// Eager loading (reads file immediately)
let attachment = Attachment::from_path("/path/to/file.pdf")?;
// Lazy loading (reads file at send time)
let attachment = Attachment::from_path_lazy("/path/to/large-file.zip")?;let email = Email::new()
.html_body(r#"<img src="cid:logo">"#)
.attachment(
Attachment::from_bytes("logo.png", png_bytes)
.inline()
.content_id("logo")
);Use LocalMailer to capture emails in tests:
use missive::{Email, EmailClient};
use missive::providers::LocalMailer;
use missive::testing::*;
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_welcome_email() {
let mailer = LocalMailer::new();
let client = EmailClient::new(mailer.clone())
.with_default_from("noreply@example.com");
let email = Email::new()
.to("user@example.com")
.subject("Welcome")
.text_body("Thanks for signing up.");
client.deliver(email).await.unwrap();
// Assertions
assert_email_sent(&mailer);
assert_email_to(&mailer, "user@example.com");
assert_email_subject_contains(&mailer, "Welcome");
assert_email_count(&mailer, 1);
}| Function | Description |
|---|---|
assert_email_sent(&mailer) |
At least one email was sent |
assert_no_emails_sent(&mailer) |
No emails were sent |
assert_email_count(&mailer, n) |
Exactly n emails were sent |
assert_email_to(&mailer, email) |
Email was sent to address |
assert_email_from(&mailer, email) |
Email was sent from address |
assert_email_subject(&mailer, subject) |
Email has exact subject |
assert_email_subject_contains(&mailer, text) |
Subject contains text |
assert_email_html_contains(&mailer, text) |
HTML body contains text |
assert_email_text_contains(&mailer, text) |
Text body contains text |
refute_email_to(&mailer, email) |
No email was sent to address |
let mailer = LocalMailer::new();
let client = EmailClient::new(mailer.clone())
.with_default_from("noreply@example.com");
mailer.set_failure("SMTP connection refused");
let result = client.deliver(email).await;
assert!(result.is_err());// Get and clear all emails atomically
let emails = flush_emails(&mailer);
assert_eq!(emails.len(), 3);
// Mailer is now empty
assert_no_emails_sent(&mailer);View sent emails in your browser during development.
The simplest option - runs on a separate port with no framework dependencies:
use missive::providers::LocalMailer;
use missive::preview::PreviewServer;
let mailer = LocalMailer::new();
let storage = mailer.storage();
missive::configure(mailer);
PreviewServer::new("127.0.0.1:3025", storage)
.expect("Failed to start preview server")
.spawn();
println!("Preview UI at http://127.0.0.1:3025");If your preview emails omit a from address, set a default sender:
EMAIL_FROM=noreply@example.comEmbed the preview UI into your Axum app:
use missive::providers::LocalMailer;
use missive::preview::mailbox_router;
let mailer = LocalMailer::new();
let storage = mailer.storage();
missive::configure(mailer);
let mut app = Router::new()
.route("/", get(home));
// Use .nest_service() if your app has custom state (Router<AppState>)
// Use .nest() if your app is Router<()>
app = app.nest_service("/dev/mailbox", mailbox_router(storage));Then visit http://localhost:3000/dev/mailbox. See docs/preview.md for more details.
See docs/preview.md for Actix configuration.
- View all sent emails
- HTML and plain text preview
- View email headers
- Download attachments
- Delete individual emails or clear all
- Dark mode toggle
- JSON API for programmatic access
Interceptors let you modify or block emails before they are sent. Use them to add headers, redirect recipients in development, or enforce business rules.
use missive::{Email, InterceptorExt, MailError};
use missive::providers::ResendMailer;
let mailer = ResendMailer::new(api_key)
// Add tracking header to all emails
.with_interceptor(|email: Email| {
Ok(email.header("X-Request-ID", get_request_id()))
})
// Block emails to certain domains
.with_interceptor(|email: Email| {
for recipient in email.to_addresses() {
if recipient.email().ends_with("@blocked.com") {
return Err(MailError::SendError("Blocked domain".into()));
}
}
Ok(email)
});See docs/interceptors.md for more examples including development redirects and multi-tenant branding.
Use separate clients when different mailers or sender defaults are needed:
use missive::{Email, EmailClient};
use missive::providers::ResendMailer;
// Use a different API key for this one email
let special_client = EmailClient::new(ResendMailer::new("different_api_key"))
.with_default_from("vip@example.com");
let email = Email::new()
.to("vip@example.com")
.subject("Special delivery");
special_client.deliver(email).await?;Missive delivery is async. For fire-and-forget sending:
// Using tokio::spawn
let client = client.clone();
tokio::spawn(async move {
if let Err(e) = client.deliver(email).await {
tracing::error!("Failed to send email: {}", e);
}
});For reliable delivery, use a job queue like apalis:
use apalis::prelude::*;
use missive::{EmailClient, Mailer};
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct SendEmailJob {
to: String,
subject: String,
body: String,
}
async fn send_email<M: Mailer>(
job: SendEmailJob,
client: &EmailClient<M>,
_ctx: JobContext,
) -> Result<(), Error> {
let email = Email::new()
.to(&job.to)
.subject(&job.subject)
.text_body(&job.body);
client.deliver(email).await?;
Ok(())
}Enable Prometheus-style metrics with features = ["metrics"]:
missive = { version = "0.7.0", features = ["resend", "metrics"] }Missive emits these metrics:
| Metric | Type | Labels | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
missive_emails_total |
Counter | provider, status | Total emails sent |
missive_delivery_duration_seconds |
Histogram | provider | Delivery duration |
missive_batch_total |
Counter | provider, status | Batch operations |
missive_batch_size |
Histogram | provider | Emails per batch |
Install a recorder in your app to collect them:
// Using metrics-exporter-prometheus
metrics_exporter_prometheus::PrometheusBuilder::new()
.install()
.expect("failed to install Prometheus recorder");If you don't install a recorder, metric calls are no-ops (zero overhead).
Missive uses the tracing crate for observability. All email deliveries create spans:
missive.deliver { provider="resend", recipient_count=1, attachment_count=0, status="success", duration_ms=42 }
Configure with any tracing subscriber:
tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();Delivery errors are returned to the caller - missive does not automatically retry or crash. Errors are logged via tracing::error! for observability.
match client.deliver(email).await {
Ok(result) => println!("Sent: {}", result.message_id),
Err(e) => {
// You decide: retry, alert, queue for later, ignore, etc.
println!("Failed: {}", e);
}
}Error variants for granular handling:
use missive::MailError;
match client.deliver(email).await {
Ok(result) => println!("Sent with ID: {}", result.message_id),
Err(MailError::MissingField(field)) => println!("Missing: {}", field),
Err(MailError::InvalidAddress(msg)) => println!("Bad address: {}", msg),
Err(MailError::ProviderError { provider, message, .. }) => {
println!("{} error: {}", provider, message);
}
Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e),
}Use EMAIL_PROVIDER=logger to only log emails without sending:
# Brief logging (just recipients and subject)
EMAIL_PROVIDER=logger
# Full logging (all fields, bodies at debug level)
EMAIL_PROVIDER=logger_fullUseful for staging environments or debugging.
Enable features = ["templates"] for Askama integration:
use missive::{Email, EmailTemplate};
use askama::Template;
#[derive(Template)]
#[template(path = "welcome.html")]
struct WelcomeEmail {
username: String,
action_url: String,
}
let template = WelcomeEmail {
username: "Alice".into(),
action_url: "https://example.com/verify".into(),
};
let email = Email::new()
.to("alice@example.com")
.subject("Welcome!")
.render_html(&template)?;The v0.7 cleanup makes the explicit client API the primary path and keeps the global delivery facade only for compatibility.
Before:
use missive::providers::ResendMailer;
missive::configure(ResendMailer::new(api_key));
missive::deliver(&email).await?;After:
use missive::EmailClient;
use missive::providers::ResendMailer;
let client = EmailClient::new(ResendMailer::new(api_key))
.with_default_from("noreply@example.com");
client.deliver(email).await?;For environment-based setup, prefer an explicit startup call:
use missive::EmailClient;
let client = EmailClient::from_env()?;
client.deliver(email).await?;Other breaking migrations include private struct fields with accessor methods,
typed provider option helpers, attachment read errors that now fail delivery,
and MailError variants that preserve source errors. See the
v0.7 migration guide for old-to-new examples and
rationale.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
EmailClient::new(mailer) |
Create an explicit delivery client |
EmailClient::from_env() |
Create a client from environment variables explicitly |
client.with_default_from(addr) |
Set the sender used when an email omits from |
client.deliver(email) |
Send one email |
client.deliver_many(emails) |
Send multiple emails |
deliver(&email) |
Compatibility facade using the global mailer |
deliver_with(&email, &mailer) |
Compatibility helper for a specific mailer |
configure(mailer) |
Set the global compatibility mailer |
is_configured() |
Check if email is properly configured |
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
.from(addr) |
Set sender |
.to(addr) |
Add recipient |
.cc(addr) |
Add CC recipient |
.bcc(addr) |
Add BCC recipient |
.reply_to(addr) |
Add reply-to address |
.subject(text) |
Set subject line |
.text_body(text) |
Set plain text body |
.html_body(html) |
Set HTML body |
.attachment(att) |
Add attachment |
.header(name, value) |
Add custom header |
.provider_option(key, value) |
Set provider-specific option |
.assign(key, value) |
Set template variable |
For more detailed guides, see the docs/ folder:
- Interceptors - Modify or block emails before delivery
- Providers - Detailed configuration for each email provider
- Testing - Complete testing guide with all assertion functions
- Observability - Telemetry, metrics, Grafana dashboards, and alerting
- Preview - Mailbox preview UI configuration
- Templates - Askama template integration
- v0.7 Migration - Breaking API changes and old-to-new examples
Missive's design is inspired by Swoosh, the excellent Elixir email library.
MIT