Interested in adding SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) support to your app? This post explains the basic single sign-on flows for web applications. If you have questions or feedback, please file an issue.
SAML lets you manage user identities and authorizations across multiple apps. It's similar to how we use our Google identity to login to YouTube, or our Facebook identity for.... errr everything else.
Large companies love single sign-on. Instead of using OAuth, they use SAML. And instead of Farmville, it's Enterprise Software™. Po-tay-toes, Po-tah-toes.
The SAML standard has been around for a long time, with the latest version (2.0) released in 2005. It's widely adopted by large companies, and there's a whole industry (identity access management, IAM) dedicated to supporting it.
How does it make your users' lives easier?
- Single sign-on. Logged into Windows? Sweet. That means the user's also logged into your app. No additional username or password needed.
- Automatic user creation (provisioning) based on your company identity.
- User profiles pre-filled from their company profile (via LDAP or other directory service).
- Single source of truth for managing users. Administrators can onboard and offboard users from one place. They can also manage app access for groups of users at a time, rather than individually.
There are many complex use cases for SAML, but let's start with a simple example to get familiar with the jargon.
Alice needs to schedule a work trip. Her company has two internal web applications; One for booking flights, and another for booking a rental car.
In SAML speak, Alice is our principal, the user that we're trying to authenticate and learn about. The two applications are the service providers.
She visits
https://flights.acme-corp.biz/flightsand is redirected tohttps://idp.acme-corp.biz?SAMLRequest=...to single sign-on.
When the principal, Alice on her browser, tries to access a protected resource
(/flights), the service provider (https://flights.acme-corp.biz) doesn't present
her with a login page. Instead, it redirects her to an identity provider
(https://idp.acme-corp.biz) with an authentication request in the query
parameter. The identity provider uses the authentication request to tell which
service provider is making the request. Alice is now logged into the identity
provider. In this context, we can also call the identity provider a session
authority and say that Alice has a valid session with it. This becomes
important later on when we talk about how she books a car rental.
Tip: I avoid abbreviations and acronyms in this guide, but you will commonly see service provider abbreviated as SP, and identity providers abbreviated as idP.
Alice types her username and password into
https://idp.acme-corp.bizand is redirected back tohttps://flights.acme-corp.biz/flights.
After the identity provider successfully authenticates Alice, it sends a response back to the service provider saying authentication was successful, and releasing assertions about the principal. Assertions are statements about the principal. They typically include information like email, full name, and other contact information. The service provider can use these to update an existing user's profile, or to provision a new user. (Provisioning is a fancy term for "creating a new thing").
After booking her flight, she visits https://cars.acme-corp.biz/rentals. She is once again redirected to https://idp.acme-corp.biz?SAMLRequest=..., but she's immediately redirected back to https://cars.acme-corp.biz/rentals without having to type her password again.
Why didn't Alice need to re-authenticate? Remember that when she redirected to
the identity provider for booking her flight, she established a session with the
identity provider. When the other service provider (https://cars.acme-corp.biz)
sent an authentication request, the identity provider saw that Alice had been
previously authenticated because of her active session. There's no need for
Alice to re-authenticate again, so the identity provider redirects her back to
the site she wanted with a successful response.
Tip: Just as an identity provider can be called a session authority, the complement for service providers is to be called a session participant.
In the single sign-on example, I glossed over how a user is "redirected" between the identity providers and service providers. In SAML, a binding describes how messages should be encoded, and the underlying transport protocol to carry them. For web single sign-on, two common bindings are the "HTTP Redirect Binding" and the "HTTP Post Binding". Their names hint at their function. For example, we can specify that initial authentication requests from a service provider to an identity provider should happen with the redirect binding; The response from identity provider to service provider should happen with the post binding.
This is a common configuration, but SAML also supports other bindings like SOAP, URI, and Artifact.
SAML responses include conditions under which the response is valid. Responses are typically only good for a few minutes to prevent replay attacks (SAMLCore 2.5.1.2). They can be optionally signed and/or encrypted with a shared secret between relying parties (all identity providers and service providers) (SAMLCore 5 and 6). It's a good idea to do everything over SSL.
Because SAML is such a general framework, there's a ton of choices for how to configure it. Which binding to use? Signed or unsigned assertions / responses? Fortunately, SAML also defines a standard for communicating these configurations between relying parties. By publishing metadata about your service, configuring your service could be as easy as a single click to import the metadata.
Now that we know all the pieces involved, let's implement a simple single sign on flow for the Flights service provider. Here are our requirements:
- HTTP Redirect Binding for initiating authentication requests (configured in identity provider)
- HTTP Post Binding for receiving SAML responses (configured in service provider)
- No signed assertions or signed responses
To keep the examples simple, I'm putting the minimum set of attributes in the XML messages. There are many more attributes and elements you can optionally specify to tweak it to your needs. Schema Central is a great reference for what's actually required and what's optional.
First, we need to define service provider metadata to let identity providers know how to talk to us.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<md:EntityDescriptor entityID="flights.acme-corp.biz">
<md:SPSSODescriptor protocolSupportEnumeration="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol">
<md:AssertionConsumerService Binding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" Location="https://flights.acme-corp.biz/saml/consume" index="0"/>
</md:SPSSODescriptor>
</md:EntityDescriptor>The AssertionConsumerService element tells identity providers to use the HTTP
POST Binding to send responses to /saml/consume.
When Alice requests the page /flights, our app will redirect the user to the
identity provider and pass along the following authentication request:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<samlp:AuthnRequest ID="_abc123" IssueInstant="2014-09-17T20:53:21" Version="2.0">
</samlp:AuthnRequest>The AuthnRequest must have a globally unique identifier (ID). This will show
up again when we see the response from the identity provider.
Since we're using the HTTP Redirect binding, we want to Base64 encode this XML
and append it to the url as a query parameter SAMLRequest. So the location we
redirect Alice to will be:
http://idp.acme-corp.biz/sso?SAMLRequest=PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIj8%2BCjxzYW1scDpBdXRoblJlcXVlc3QgeG1s%0AbnM6c2FtbHA9InVybjpvYXNpczpuYW1lczp0YzpTQU1MOjIuMDpwcm90b2Nv%0AbCIgeG1sbnM6c2FtbD0idXJuOm9hc2lzOm5hbWVzOnRjOlNBTUw6Mi4wOmFz%0Ac2VydGlvbiIgSUQ9Il9hYmNkZTEyMyIgSXNzdWVJbnN0YW50PSIyMDE0LTA5%0ALTE3VDIwOjUzOjIxIiBWZXJzaW9uPSIyLjAiPgo8L3NhbWxwOkF1dGhuUmVx%0AdWVzdD4%3D%0A
Tip: Be really careful about whitespace in your requests and responses. These can wreak havoc on digital signatures and cause errors when validating messages.
Alice sees the login page for the identity provider, types in the correct credentials, and establishes a session with the identity provider. The identity provider gathers the information it knows about Alice and builds a response with the assertions about Alice:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<samlp:Response ID="_rst456" InResponseTo="_abc123" IssueInstant="2014-09-17T21:06:32" Version="2.0">
<samlp:Status>
<samlp:StatusCode Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/>
</samlp:Status>
<saml:Assertion ID="_xyz888" IssueInstant="2014-09-17T21:06:32" Version="2.0">
<saml:AttributeStatement>
<saml:Attribute Name="email">
<saml:AttributeValue>alice@acme-corp.biz</saml:AttributeValue>
</saml:Attribute>
</saml:AttributeStatement>
</saml:Assertion>
</samlp:Response>Again, this response is Base64 encoded. Since we've specified in our
metadata to use HTTP Post binding for receiving messages, the identity provider
will direct the principal to POST the encoded message back to
https://flights.acme-corp.biz/saml/consume. The location was also defined in the
metadata.
Tip: It's common to use the HTTP Post Binding for receiving SAML responses
because browsers have url length limits that don't work with with large
responses. However, if the service provider sets a session cookies with a SameSite=Lax
attribute, it will not be included in the POST request. Popular browsers
are increasingly
treating cookies without a SameSite attribute to be similar to SameSite=Lax.
The Flights app sees that the authentication was successful from the
StatusCode element, and can also learn more about the principal from the
Assertion element; Here we see that Alice's email is alice@acme-corp.biz.
Using this information, Flights can now establish a session for Alice.
To keep the introduction gentle and focused for web developers, I intentionally left out a lot of cool details. What if you have native applications that doesn't go through a web browser? What about other bindings? What if you want to extend the spec?
The documentation is fantastic, but I recommend reading them in this order:
- Technical Overview: Read this first.
- Assertions and Protocols: The bulk of the specification.
These are interesting to skim, but work better as reference docs rather than a guide:
- Firefox SAML Tracer plugin: decode and view SAML messages
- SAML Developer Tools
- Schema Central: XML schema reference for SAML messages