Examples

Examples of how to use httplib2

Simple Retrieval

import httplib2
h = httplib2.Http(".cache")
resp, content = h.request("http://example.org/", "GET")

The 'content' is the content retrieved from the URL. The content is already decompressed or unzipped if necessary. The 'resp' contains all the response headers.

Authentication

To PUT some content to a server that uses SSL and Basic authentication: import httplib2 h = httplib2.Http(".cache") h.add_credentials('name', 'password') resp, content = h.request("https://example.org/chap/2", "PUT", body="This is text", headers={'content-type':'text/plain'} )

Cache-Control

Use the Cache-Control: header to control how the caching operates.

import httplib2
h = httplib2.Http(".cache")
resp, content = h.request("http://bitworking.org/")
 ...
resp, content = h.request("http://bitworking.org/", 
    headers={'cache-control':'no-cache'})

The first request will be cached and since this is a request to bitworking.org it will be set to be cached for two hours, because that is how I have my server configured. Any subsequent GET to that URI will return the value from the on-disk cache and no request will be made to the server. You can use the Cache-Control: header to change the caches behavior and in this example the second request adds the Cache-Control: header with a value of 'no-cache' which tells the library that the cached copy must not be used when handling this request.

Forms

Below is an example of using httplib2 to submit a form. Note that we have to use the urlencode() function from urllib to encode the data before using it as the POST body. >>> from httplib2 import Http >>> from urllib import urlencode >>> h = Http() >>> data = dict(name="Joe", comment="A test comment") >>> resp, content = h.request("http://bitworking.org/news/223/Meet-Ares", "POST", urlencode(data)) >>> resp {'status': '200', 'transfer-encoding': 'chunked', 'vary': 'Accept-Encoding,User-Agent', 'server': 'Apache', 'connection': 'close', 'date': 'Tue, 31 Jul 2007 15:29:52 GMT', 'content-type': 'text/html'}

Cookies

When automating something, you often need to "login" to maintain some sort of session/state with the server. Sometimes this is achieved with form-based authentication and cookies. You post a form to the server, and it responds with a cookie in the incoming HTTP header. You need to pass this cookie back to the server in subsequent requests to maintain state or to keep a session alive.

Here is an example of how to deal with cookies when doing your HTTP Post.

First, lets import the modules we will use: import urllib import httplib2

Now, lets define the data we will need. In this case, we are doing a form post with 2 fields representing a username and a password.

url = 'http://www.example.com/login'   
body = {'USERNAME': 'foo', 'PASSWORD': 'bar'}
headers = {'Content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

Now we can send the HTTP request: http = httplib2.Http() response, content = http.request(url, 'POST', headers=headers, body=urllib.urlencode(body))

At this point, our "response" variable contains a dictionary of HTTP header fields that were returned by the server. If a cookie was returned, you would see a "set-cookie" field containing the cookie value. We want to take this value and put it into the outgoing HTTP header for our subsequent requests:

headers['Cookie'] = response['set-cookie']

Now we can send a request using this header and it will contain the cookie, so the server can recognize us.

So... here is the whole thing in a script. We login to a site and then make another request using the cookie we received:

#!/usr/bin/env python

import urllib
import httplib2

http = httplib2.Http()

url = 'http://www.example.com/login'   
body = {'USERNAME': 'foo', 'PASSWORD': 'bar'}
headers = {'Content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
response, content = http.request(url, 'POST', headers=headers, body=urllib.urlencode(body))

headers = {'Cookie': response['set-cookie']}

url = 'http://www.example.com/home'   
response, content = http.request(url, 'GET', headers=headers)

Proxies

httplib2 can use a SOCKS proxy if the third-party socks module is installed.

Here is an example of how to use the proxy support:

import httplib2
import socks

httplib2.debuglevel=4
h = httplib2.Http(proxy_info = httplib2.ProxyInfo(socks.PROXY_TYPE_HTTP, 'localhost', 8000))
r,c = h.request("http://bitworking.org/news/")