feat(inputs): Add framework to retry on startup errors

[srebhan]

Summary

A frequently requested feature is to retry startup for plugins in case of error e.g. if the connection to a remote machine fails.

Instead of implementing the logic for retrying in each plugin, this PR provides a framework for input-plugins to use if they wish to support retries. As an example, the AMQP input plugin is converted to use the new framework

More details can be found in the TSD-006 specification.

Checklist

• No AI generated code was used in this PR

Related issues

resolves #14803
resolves #13746

[powersj]

Played with this a bit this morning. I like it and it works as advertised. Two items:

• Updated a log message below
• It does seem you can add the startup_error_behavior to any plugin now whether it supports the call or not. Is there any way we can warn the user?

[telegraf-tiger]

Download PR build artifacts for linux_amd64.tar.gz, darwin_arm64.tar.gz, and windows_amd64.zip.
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Artifact URLs

DEB	RPM	TAR GZ	ZIP
amd64.deb	aarch64.rpm	darwin_amd64.tar.gz	windows_amd64.zip
arm64.deb	armel.rpm	darwin_arm64.tar.gz	windows_arm64.zip
armel.deb	armv6hl.rpm	freebsd_amd64.tar.gz	windows_i386.zip
armhf.deb	i386.rpm	freebsd_armv7.tar.gz
i386.deb	ppc64le.rpm	freebsd_i386.tar.gz
mips.deb	riscv64.rpm	linux_amd64.tar.gz
mipsel.deb	s390x.rpm	linux_arm64.tar.gz
ppc64el.deb	x86_64.rpm	linux_armel.tar.gz
riscv64.deb		linux_armhf.tar.gz
s390x.deb		linux_i386.tar.gz
		linux_mips.tar.gz
		linux_mipsel.tar.gz
		linux_ppc64le.tar.gz
		linux_riscv64.tar.gz
		linux_s390x.tar.gz

[srebhan]

@powersj unfortunately we cannot do anything to warn the user as we would need a way to find out if the plugin could return a retryable error at any point during startup... The alternative would be to mark the plugins somehow but this would have to be done manually.