Python 2/3 compatibility layer for Pickle
To make your pickle forward- and backward-compatible between Python versions, use this:
pip install pickle-compat
Then monkey-patch your pickle library with this:
import pickle_compat
pickle_compat.patch()From this point, you can safely assume that what's pickled with pickle.dumps() in Python 2 can be converted back to the real object in Python 3 with pickle.loads(), and vise versa. However, note that it doesn't play well with cPickle, future.moves.pickle, or six.moves.cPickle, you need to use plain "import pickle" instead.
If you want to roll back the patch, use:
pickle_compat.unpatch()
You were always aware of how pickle is unsafe, hard to debug, and how backward-incompatibility issues may bite you if you decide to update the version. You also heard that you should never use the pickle in a multi-language environment because it's Python-specific.
You knew it all, but you considered it "good enough" for your case. You worked on a monolith application, and pickle provides a serialization mechanism that works out of the box for anything you can create from your Python code.
Until came the time to migrate to Python 3. Anxious, you postponed it for your big legacy app for as long as you could, but there's no way you can delay it even further. This was when you realized that Python 2 and Python 3 are not two versions of the same language, but actually two different languages that happen to share some code constructs.
OK, now all of a sudden, you came up with a multi-language environment, where you need to read the pickle content, serialized by Python 2, from your code in Python 3. If you're making gradual migration, the opposite is also true.
Things work out of the box only for the most straightforward cases.
$ python2 -c 'import pickle; print pickle.dumps("Hello world")' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer)))'
'Hello world'All of a sudden, things start to get broken in the most unexpected places. For example, Python 3 fails to unpickle Python 2's datetime, spitting the scariest issue of any Python developer, a UnicodeDecodeError.
$ python2 -c 'import pickle, datetime; print pickle.dumps(datetime.datetime.utcnow())' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer)))'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe4 in position 1: ordinal not in range(128)Let's follow the rabbit to learn a bit more about the pickle, just enough to make it work for Python 2 and Python 3. At this point, I'm not sure how to make a smooth transition from where you are to where I wanted us to be, so I start throwing random facts at you in the hope that they build a more or less consistent picture in your head.
Pickle has several so-called "protocols," or formats in which the file can be written. You can optionally define the protocol version in the pickle.dumps(). The default format in Python 2.7 is 0 (also known as ASCII format), but it can read and write in formats 1 and 2 as well. Formats 1 and 2 are not ASCII-safe, but they are more compact and faster.
>>> pickle.dumps("hello")
"S'hello'\np0\n."
>>> pickle.dumps("hello", protocol=1)
'U\x05helloq\x00.'
>>> pickle.dumps("hello", protocol=2)
'\x80\x02U\x05helloq\x00.'In Python 3, Guido introduced a new version of the protocol, intentionally make it backward-incompatible with Python 2.7. See the commit. The comment around the DEFAULT_PROTOCOL constant warns, "We intentionally write a protocol that Python 2.x cannot read; there are too many issues with that."
The main takeaway from us is that if we want to have a backward- and forward-compatible code, we can only use protocols that both Python 2 and Python 3 understand: from 0 to 2 inclusive.
Module pickletools calls itself an "Executable documentation" for the pickle module. I highly recommend we open the source code and read an extensive introduction, starting with the words "A pickle is a program for a virtual pickle machine." Another useful feature of pickletools is that it provides a readable representation of the pickle stack.
$ python2
>>> import pickle, pickletools
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps("hello"))
0: S STRING 'hello'
9: p PUT 0
12: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0Here the main takeaway is that data in a pickle are represented in the format of the "opcode - data," where opcode decides, roughly speaking, the type of the following element. The list of opcodes is quite extensive and is always growing. You can find them here
Let's find out how text and bytes are represented in Python 2 and Python 3 and what the differences are between them. We'll use Pickle version 2 for comparison. There's no surprise that Python 2 encodes strings and bytes as BINSTRING and Unicode objects as BINUNICODE.
$ python2
>>> import pickle, pickletools
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps("foo", protocol=2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: U SHORT_BINSTRING 'foo'
7: q BINPUT 0
9: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps(b"foo", protocol=2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: U SHORT_BINSTRING 'foo'
7: q BINPUT 0
9: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps(u"foo", protocol=2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: X BINUNICODE u'foo'
10: q BINPUT 0
12: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2On the contrary, Python 3 doesn't want to deal with "strings" as the name is ambiguous and prefers to deal with BINBYTES and BINUNICODE. I will show how it's encoded in protocol 3 that doesn't mean to be compatible with Python 2.
$ python3
>>> import pickle, pickletools
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps(b"foo", protocol=3))
0: \x80 PROTO 3
2: C SHORT_BINBYTES b'foo'
7: q BINPUT 0
9: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 3
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps(u"foo", protocol=3))
0: \x80 PROTO 3
2: X BINUNICODE 'foo'
10: q BINPUT 0
12: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2Here come two questions:
- How Python 3 encode bytes in protocol 2? Note that the second protocol knows nothing about
BINBYTES? - How Python 3 decodes the
BINSTRINGtype, provided that it's a Python 2 type and it's ambiguous?
Answering the first question is easy. The pickler introduces a backward-compatible hack.
$ python3
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps(b'foo', protocol=2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
18: q BINPUT 0
20: X BINUNICODE 'foo'
28: q BINPUT 1
30: X BINUNICODE 'latin1'
41: q BINPUT 2
43: \x86 TUPLE2
44: q BINPUT 3
46: R REDUCE
47: q BINPUT 4
49: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2Converting back to Python, it saves the byte sequence to a Unicode object, puts it to the stack, and tells the unpickler to execute the following command:
import _codecs
_codecs.encode(u"foo", "latin1")A side note. I did not know, but apparently, you can convert safely to Unicode and back any byte sequence.
$ python3
>>> import os
>>> s = os.urandom(100000)
>>> s == s.decode('latin1').encode('latin1')
TrueIt also works for Python 2, so we shouldn't care much about the backward compatibility.
Now, how Python 3 decodes BINSTRING opcodes? From the first example, we can see that a string in Python 2 is now a Unicode object in Python 3. In other words, the pickler tries to convert bytes to Unicode.
$ python2 -c 'import pickle; print pickle.dumps("Hello world")' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer)))'
'Hello world'At this point, you probably ask yourself what encoding does it use? Fortunately, the answer is right there, in the documentation. Python 3 introduced a parameter "encoding" that defaults to ASCII.
The encoding and errors tell pickle how to decode 8-bit string instances pickled by Python 2; these default to ‘ASCII’ and ‘strict’, respectively. The encoding can be ‘bytes’ to read these 8-bit string instances as bytes objects. Using encoding='latin1' is required for unpickling NumPy arrays and instances of datetime, date and time pickled by Python 2.
If you wonder what's wrong with datetime, here's how its output looks like in Python 2.
$ python2
>>> import pickle, pickletools, datetime
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps(datetime.datetime.utcnow(), protocol=2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: c GLOBAL 'datetime datetime'
21: q BINPUT 0
23: U SHORT_BINSTRING '\x07\xe4\x05\x1a\x0f\x01\x16\x00\x96\x10'
35: q BINPUT 1
37: \x85 TUPLE1
38: q BINPUT 2
40: R REDUCE
41: q BINPUT 3
43: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2Here comes yet another surprise for me: datetime constructor can accept a byte sequence to initialize its internal state, and pickle takes advantage of this.
>>> import datetime
>>> datetime.datetime(b'\x07\xe4\x05\x1a\x0f\x01\x16\x00\x96\x10')
datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 26, 15, 1, 22, 38416)
Setting the encoding to "latin1" seems to work.
python2 -c 'import pickle, datetime; print pickle.dumps(datetime.datetime.utcnow())' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer, encoding="latin1")))'
datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 26, 15, 19, 6, 275120)The main takeaway is that strings in Python 2 are converted to Unicode objects in Python 3, and you can control the encoding.
What if you have non-ASCII content, represented as an old string and not a Unicode object? If you pickle it in Python 2 and unpickle it back in Python 3, you are in trouble.
The byte string doesn't have any information about the encoding. In Python 2, you probably implicitly supposed that it's a UTF-8, but when you convert it back to Python 3 with Unpickle, it appears as encoded with latin1.
python2 -c 'import pickle; print pickle.dumps("©")' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer, encoding="latin1")))'
'©'To workaround, you need to use UTF-8, which will work for this case.
python2 -c 'import pickle; print pickle.dumps("©")' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer, encoding="utf8")))'
'©'Unfortunately, it will not work for datetimes and other binary strings that don't represent a valid UTF-8 sequence.
Well, we were so close to the victory, and we're back to square one. What we're going to do? Fortunately, there's a documented escape hatch, the "bytes" encoding. This encoding looks precisely the way we need it. It doesn't try to outsmart you and convert bytes to something that looks like a string. Instead, it returns bytes as bytes objects. Even better than "latin1"!
python2 -c 'import pickle; print pickle.dumps("©")' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer, encoding="bytes")))'
b'\xc2\xa9'Datetime objects also work. Is this a victory? Not so fast.
I never bothered annotating my string constants that play the role of the "string constants" with a u"" prefix. It's ugly and redundant, and in most cases, when my strings don't contain any non-ASCII symbols, the migration works just fine.
It's not the case, though, when pickle comes into play. For example, consider the function which takes two arguments and an operation name as a string:
def apply_operation(a, b, op):
if op == "ADD":
return a + b
elif op == "SUB":
return a - b
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown operation")Somewhere else, I let the op pass through the pickle-unpickle pipeline so that Python 2 would convert it to a binary string, and Python 3 would unpickle it exactly as is. In my case, this could be a caching library or a queue processor. Now, I pass my op as a binary object to the function, and because "ADD" != b"ADD", it will always fail with an "Unknown operation" exception.
The most common bytes vs. Unicode problems look like these. Case one:
>>> "foo" == b"foo"
FalseCase two:
>>> {"key": "value"}[b"key"]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: b'key'One solution is to make all string constants behave like Unicode objects. You can convert them explicitly from "" to u"" or add from __future__ import unicode_literals. Both solutions don't look quite elegant. Fortunately, when you finally migrate to Python 3, you can delete both of them, and you can do this automatically. I prefer the "future" solution because it generates a smaller diff.
futurize --stage1 --unicode-literals --write --nobackups path/to/codeIt is, by far, not the worst case. To make things even more complicated, let's try to serialize foo.foo.
# file: foo.py
class Foo(object):
a = 'UNSET'
b = 'UNSET'
def __init__(self):
self.a = 1
self.b = 2
def __repr__(self):
return 'Foo(%s, %s)' % (self.a, self.b)
foo = Foo()As long as we use the default settings, we're good.
$ python2 -c 'import pickle, foo; print pickle.dumps(foo.foo)' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer)))'
Foo(1, 2)But if we pass "bytes" as an argument, all of a sudden, something goes wrong.
python2 -c 'import pickle, foo; print pickle.dumps(foo.foo)' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(repr(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer, encoding="bytes")))'
Foo(UNSET, UNSET)We lost the attributes of a and b. Where do they go? The same pickletool.dis() helps us to find the answer:
$ python2
>>> import pickle, pickletools, foo
>>> pickletools.dis(pickle.dumps(foo.foo, protocol=2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: c GLOBAL 'foo Foo'
11: q BINPUT 0
13: ) EMPTY_TUPLE
14: \x81 NEWOBJ
15: q BINPUT 1
17: } EMPTY_DICT
18: q BINPUT 2
20: ( MARK
21: U SHORT_BINSTRING 'a'
24: q BINPUT 3
26: K BININT1 1
28: U SHORT_BINSTRING 'b'
31: q BINPUT 4
33: K BININT1 2
35: u SETITEMS (MARK at 20)
36: b BUILD
37: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2The pickle loader doesn't call __init__. Instead, it creates a new empty "dummy" object of the class Foo and populates its state by updating the __dict__. If this would be Python, we could write it like this:
obj = object.__new__(foo.Foo)
obj.__dict__ = {"a": 1, "b": 2}I think now you understand what went wrong. Because of the bytes encoding, we did not convert b"a" and b"b" to their "python3-string" representations. You can put anything to an object's dict, but only the keys that are strings are represented as "proper object attributes."
The next command shows the contents of the __dict__ of an object and proves that we were right?
python2 -c 'import pickle, foo; print pickle.dumps(foo.foo)' | python3 -c 'import pickle, sys; print(pickle.load(sys.stdin.buffer, encoding="bytes").__dict__)'
{b'a': 1, b'b': 2}OK, we can't use ASCII, latin1, utf8 as an encoding, and now we learned that we couldn't use bytes? It looks like a dead-end. Or you can get to your last resort, dirty and evil, monkey-patching. The previous version of the pickle-compat used this approach, but we eventually decided to get away without it in favor of "latin1", due to way too many corner cases.
So, as we learned, the only practical unpickling option is to automatically decode Python 2 str to Python 3 str using "latin1" as an encoding. As we discussed earlier, though, we need to be very careful with byte strings implicitly encoded with UTF-8. I will only provide some examples where you can accidentally come across them. This way or another, you need to fix everything outlined below, regardless of whether you plan to deal with Pickle cases.
This returns str:
# coding: utf-8
copy = "©"Use this instead:
# coding: utf-8
from __future__ import unicode_literals
copy = "©"This returns an str:
open('test.txt').read()Use the variant that returns unicode and works correctly in Python 2 and Python 3:
import io
io.open('test.txt', 'rt', encoding='utf8').read()This returns an str:
redis.Redis().get("foo")Use decode_responses instead:
redis.Redis(decode_responses=True).get("foo")This returns str objects:
>>> import csv
>>> list(csv.reader(open("foo.csv")))
[['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]Install backports.csv and open files in text modes instead:
>>> from backports import csv
>>> import io
>>> list(csv.reader(io.open("foo.csv", "rt", encoding="utf8")))
[[u'a', u'b'], [u'c', u'd']]This returns an str:
requests.get("https://example.com").contentUse the variant that returns unicode:
requests.get("https://example.com").textWe are almost there, except for one thing: old-style classes. As you know, in Python 3, everything subclasses objects, while in Python 2, unless you explicitly inherit your class from it, the top-level class will be "type". It is considered outdated, but it's still used in different places of the standard library, waiting to ruin your life in the most unexpected moment.
This time we talk about forward-compatibility and want to make sure that anything that is pickled in Python 3 can be successfully unpicked in Python 2.
Let's take an object that is an old-style class in Python 2.
python3 -c 'import pickle, smtplib, sys; sys.stdout.buffer.write(pickle.dumps(smtplib.SMTP(), protocol=2))' | python2 -c 'import pickle, sys; print pickle.load(sys.stdin)'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "2.7.15/lib/python2.7/pickle.py", line 1384, in load
return Unpickler(file).load()
File "2.7.15/lib/python2.7/pickle.py", line 864, in load
dispatch[key](self)
File "2.7.15/lib/python2.7/pickle.py", line 1089, in load_newobj
obj = cls.__new__(cls, *args)
AttributeError: class SMTP has no attribute '__new__'The approach is similar to the old one: find out how unpickler loads new objects and then patch it to see if the class is old. The Python 2 implementation lives here.
Note that the protocol version 0 doesn't contain a NEWOBJ opcode and uses a set of workarounds to make it work, so this approach will only work for version 2 of the protocol.
Here is a word of warning. The patcher doesn't fix cPickle of Python 2 and _pickle of Python 3. The latter is an undocumented module imported by Python 3's pickle, if possible.
The way we solved the problem for ourselves at Doist is by importing "pickle" everywhere. It works slower on Python 2, but that only serves as an extra incentive to finish the migration faster. You can use futurize from the "future" package to make it automatically, and it will convert all occurrences of import cPickle to import pickle.
If you chose a different migration strategy, with "moves," this can become cumbersome because you can import cPickle unknowingly. More specifically, this will import cPickle implementation under the hood:
from future.moves import pickle
The same goes for this:
from six.moves import cPickle
The main takeaway is that this patcher will not as expected if you use cPickle, future.moves.pickle or six.moves.cPickle.
What we learned
- The default version of the protocol has to be 2, both for Python 2 and Python 3.
- We must use the "latin1" encoding in the pickle for Python 3.
- We must be careful with plain strings, represented non-ASCII objects.
- We must patch Unpickler in Python 2 to correctly unpickle instances of old-style classes.
Also, we learned some of the internals of pickle and learned how to use pickletools. Finally, we wrapped everything with a pickle_compat library that monkey-patches the standard pickle module.