Insert mode is the default mode of many text editors. In this mode, what you type is what you get.
However, that does not mean there isn't much to learn. Vim's insert mode contains many useful features. In this chapter, you will learn how to use these insert mode features in Vim to improve your typing efficiency.
There are many ways to get into insert mode from the normal mode. Here are some of them:
i Insert text before the cursor
I Insert text before the first non-blank character of the line
a Append text after the cursor
A Append text at the end of line
o Starts a new line below the cursor and insert text
O Starts a new line above the cursor and insert text
s Delete the character under the cursor and insert text
S Delete the current line and insert text, synonym for "cc"
gi Insert text in same position where the last insert mode was stopped
gI Insert text at the start of line (column 1)
Notice the lowercase / uppercase pattern. For each lowercase command, there is an uppercase counterpart. If you are new, don't worry if you don't remember the whole list above. Start with i and o. They should be enough to get you started. Gradually learn more over time.
There are a few different ways to return to the normal mode while in the insert mode:
<Esc> Exits insert mode and go to normal mode
Ctrl-[ Exits insert mode and go to normal mode
Ctrl-C Like Ctrl-[ and <Esc>, but does not check for abbreviation
I find <Esc> key too far to reach, so I map my computer <Caps-Lock> to behave like <Esc>. If you search for Bill Joy's ADM-3A keyboard (Vi creator), you will see that the <Esc> key is not located on far top left like modern keyboards, but to the left of q key. This is why I think it makes sense to map <Caps lock> to <Esc>.
Another common convention I have seen Vim users do is mapping <Esc> to jj or jk in insert mode. If you prefer this option add this one of those lines (or both) in your vimrc file.
inoremap jj <Esc>
inoremap jk <Esc>
You can pass a count parameter before entering insert mode. For example:
10i
If you type "hello world!" and exit insert mode, Vim will repeat the text 10 times. This will work with any insert mode method (ex: 10I, 11a, 12o).
When you make a typing mistake, it can be cumbersome to type <Backspace> repeatedly. It may make more sense to go to normal mode and delete your mistake. You can also delete several characters at a time while in insert mode.
Ctrl-h Delete one character
Ctrl-w Delete one word
Ctrl-u Delete the entire line
Vim registers can store texts for future use. To insert a text from any named register while in insert mode, type Ctrl-R plus the register symbol. There are many symbols you can use, but for this section, let's cover only the named registers (a-z).
To see it in action, first you need to yank a word to register a. Move your cursor on any word. Then type:
"ayiw
"atells Vim that the target of your next action will go to register a.yiwyanks inner word. Review the chapter on Vim grammar for a refresher.
Register a now contains the word you just yanked. While in insert mode, to paste the text stored in register a:
Ctrl-R a
There are multiple types of registers in Vim. I will cover them in greater detail in a later chapter.
Did you know that you can scroll while inside insert mode? While in insert mode, if you go to Ctrl-X sub-mode, you can do additional operations. Scrolling is one of them.
Ctrl-X Ctrl-Y Scroll up
Ctrl-X Ctrl-E Scroll down
As mentioned above, if you press Ctrl-X from insert mode, Vim will enter a sub-mode. You can do text autocompletion while in this insert mode sub-mode. Although it is not as good as intellisense or any other Language Server Protocol (LSP), but for something that is available right out of the box, it is a very capable feature.
Here are some useful autocomplete commands to get started:
Ctrl-X Ctrl-L Insert a whole line
Ctrl-X Ctrl-N Insert a text from current file
Ctrl-X Ctrl-I Insert a text from included files
Ctrl-X Ctrl-F Insert a file name
When you trigger autocompletion, Vim will display a pop-up window. To navigate up and down the pop-up window, use Ctrl-N and Ctrl-P.
Vim also has two autocompletion shortcuts that don't involve the Ctrl-X sub-mode:
Ctrl-N Find the next word match
Ctrl-P Find the previous word match
In general, Vim looks at the text in all available buffers for autocompletion source. If you have an open buffer with a line that says "Chocolate donuts are the best":
- When you type "Choco" and do
Ctrl-X Ctrl-L, it will match and print the entire line. - When you type "Choco" and do
Ctrl-P, it will match and print the word "Chocolate".
Autocomplete is a vast topic in Vim. This is just the tip of the iceberg. To learn more, check out :h ins-completion.
Did you know Vim can execute a normal mode command while in insert mode?
While in insert mode, if you press Ctrl-O, you'll be in insert-normal sub-mode. If you look at the mode indicator on bottom left, normally you will see -- INSERT --, but pressing Ctrl-O changes it to -- (insert) --. In this mode, you can do one normal mode command. Some things you can do:
Centering and jumping
Ctrl-O zz Center window
Ctrl-O H/M/L Jump to top/middle/bottom window
Ctrl-O 'a Jump to mark a
Repeating text
Ctrl-O 100ihello Insert "hello" 100 times
Executing terminal commands
Ctrl-O !! curl https://google.com Run curl
Ctrl-O !! pwd Run pwd
Deleting faster
Ctrl-O dtz Delete from current location till the letter "z"
Ctrl-O D Delete from current location to the end of the line
If you are like me and you come from another text editor, it can be tempting to stay in insert mode. However, staying in insert mode when you're not entering a text is an anti-pattern. Develop a habit to go to normal mode when your fingers aren't typing new text.
When you need to insert a text, first ask yourself if that text already exists. If it does, try to yank or move that text instead of typing it. If you have to use insert mode, see if you can autocomplete that text whenever possible. Avoid typing the same word more than once if you can.