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Answer
In JavaScript if you try to use a variable that doesn't exist and has not been declared, then JavaScript will throw an error var name is not defined and the script will stop executing thereafter. But If you use typeof undeclared_variable then it will return undefined.
Before starting further discussion let's understand the difference between declaration and definition.
var x is a declaration because we are not defining what value it holds yet, but we are declaring its existence and the need for memory allocation.
var x; // declaring x
console.log(x); // output: undefinedvar x = 1 is both declaration and definition, here declaration and assignment of value happen inline for variable x—what we are doing is called "initialisation". In JavaScript both variable declarations and function declarations go to the top of the scope in which they are declared, then assignment happens—this series of events is called "hoisting".
A variable can be declared but not defined. When we try to access it, It will result undefined.
var x; // Declaration
typeof x === 'undefined'; // Will return trueA variable can be neither declared nor defined. When we try to reference such variable then the result will be not defined.
console.log(y); // Output: ReferenceError: y is not definedhttp://stackoverflow.com/questions/20822022/javascript-variable-definition-declaration
if( x <= 100 ) {...}
if( !(x > 100) ) {...}Answer
NaN <= 100 is false and NaN > 100 is also false, so if the
value of x is NaN, the statements are not the same.
The same holds true for any value of x that being converted to type Number, returns NaN, e.g.: undefined, [1,2,5], {a:22} , etc.
This is why you need to pay attention when you deal with numeric variables. NaN can’t be equal, less than or more than any other numeric value, so the only reliable way to check if the value is NaN, is to use the isNaN() function.
Answer
One of the drawbacks of declaring methods directly in JavaScript objects is that they are very memory inefficient. When you do that, a new copy of the method is created for each instance of an object. Here's an example:
var Employee = function (name, company, salary) {
this.name = name || "";
this.company = company || "";
this.salary = salary || 5000;
// We can create a method like this:
this.formatSalary = function () {
return "$ " + this.salary;
};
};
// Alternatively we can add the method to Employee's prototype:
Employee.prototype.formatSalary2 = function() {
return "$ " + this.salary;
}
//creating objects
var emp1 = new Employee('Yuri Garagin', 'Company 1', 1000000);
var emp2 = new Employee('Dinesh Gupta', 'Company 2', 1039999);
var emp3 = new Employee('Erich Fromm', 'Company 3', 1299483);In this case each instance variable emp1, emp2, emp3 has its own copy of theformatSalary method. However the formatSalary2 will only be added once to Employee.prototype.
Answer
A closure is a function defined inside another function (called parent function) and as such it has access to the variables declared and defined within its parent function's scope.
The closure has access to the variables in three scopes:
- Variable declared in its own scope
- Variable declared in its parent function's scope
- Variable declared in the global namespace
var globalVar = "abc"; //Global variable
// Parent self-invoking function
(function outerFunction (outerArg) { // start of outerFunction's scope
var outerFuncVar = 'x'; // Variable declared in outerFunction's function scope
// Closure self-invoking function
(function innerFunction (innerArg) { // start of innerFunction's scope
var innerFuncVar = "y"; // variable declared in innerFunction's function scope
console.log(
"outerArg = " + outerArg + "\n" +
"outerFuncVar = " + outerFuncVar + "\n" +
"innerArg = " + innerArg + "\n" +
"innerFuncVar = " + innerFuncVar + "\n" +
"globalVar = " + globalVar);
// end of innerFunction's scope
})(5); // Pass 5 as parameter to our Closure
// end of outerFunction's scope
})(7); // Pass 7 as parameter to the Parent functioninnerFunction is a closure which is defined inside outerFunction and consequently has access to all the variables which have been declared and defined within outerFunction's scope as well as any variables residing in the program's global scope.
The output of the code above would be:
outerArg = 7
outerFuncVar = x
innerArg = 5
innerFuncVar = y
globalVar = abcconsole.log(mul(2)(3)(4)); // output : 24
console.log(mul(4)(3)(4)); // output : 48Answer
function mul (x) {
return function (y) { // anonymous function
return function (z) { // anonymous function
return x * y * z;
};
};
}Here the mul function accepts the first argument and returns an anonymous function which then takes the second parameter and returns one last anonymous function which finally takes the third and final parameter; the last function then multiplies x, y and z, and returns the result of the operation.
In Javascript, a function defined inside another function has access to the outer function's scope and can consequently return, interact with or pass on to other functions, the variables belonging to the scopes that incapsulate it.
- A function is an instance of the Object type
- A function can have properties and has a link to its constructor method
- A function can be stored as a variable
- A function can be passed as a parameter to another function
- A function can be returned by another function
For instance:
var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'];How can we empty the array above?
Answer
There are a couple of ways by which we can empty an array, So let's discuss all the possible way by which we can empty an array.
arrayList = [];The code above will set the variable arrayList to a new empty array. This is recommended if you don't have references to the original array arrayList anywhere else because It will actually create a new empty array. You should be careful with this way of empty the array, because if you have referenced this array from another variable, then the original reference array will remain unchanged, Only use this way if you have only referenced the array by its original variable arrayList.
For instance:
var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']; // Created array
var anotherArrayList = arrayList; // Referenced arrayList by another variable
arrayList = []; // Empty the array
console.log(anotherArrayList); // Output ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']arrayList.length = 0;The code above will clear the existing array by setting its length to 0. This way of emptying an array will also update all the reference variables that point to the original array.
For instance:
var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']; // Created array
var anotherArrayList = arrayList; // Referenced arrayList by another variable
arrayList.length = 0; // Empty the array by setting length to 0
console.log(anotherArrayList); // Output []arrayList.splice(0, arrayList.length);Above implementation will also work perfectly. This way of empty the array will also update all the references of the original array.
var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']; // Created array
var anotherArrayList = arrayList; // Referenced arrayList by another variable
arrayList.splice(0, arrayList.length); // Empty the array by setting length to 0
console.log(anotherArrayList); // Output []while(arrayList.length) {
arrayList.pop();
}Above implementation can also empty the array. But not recommended to use often.
Answer
The best way to find whether an object is instance of a particular class or not using toString method from Object.prototype
var arrayList = [1 , 2, 3];One of the best use cases of type checking of an object is when we do method overloading in JavaScript. To understand this, let's say we have a method called greet which can take a single string and also a list of strings. To make our greet method workable in both situation we need to know what kind of parameter is being passed: is it single value or list of values?
function greet(param) {
if() {
// here have to check whether param is array or not
}
else {
}
}However, in the above implementation it might not necessary to check the type of the array, we can check for single value string and put array logic code in else block, let see below code for the same.
function greet(param) {
if(typeof param === 'string') {
}
else {
// If param is of type array then this block of code would execute
}
}Now it's fine we can go with the previous two implementations, but when we have a situation like a parameter can be single value, array, and object type then we will be in trouble.
Coming back to checking the type of an object, As we mentioned that we can use Object.prototype.toString
if(Object.prototype.toString.call(arrayList) === '[object Array]') {
console.log('Array!');
}If you are using jQuery then you can also used jQuery isArray method:
if($.isArray(arrayList)) {
console.log('Array');
} else {
console.log('Not an array');
}FYI jQuery uses Object.prototype.toString.call internally to check whether an object is an array or not.
In modern browser, you can also use:
Array.isArray(arrayList);Array.isArray is supported by Chrome 5, Firefox 4.0, IE 9, Opera 10.5 and Safari 5
var output = (function(x) {
delete x;
return x;
})(0);
console.log(output);Answer
The code above will output 0 as output. delete operator is used to delete a property from an object. Here x is not an object, it's a local variable. delete operator doesn't affect local variables.
var x = 1;
var output = (function() {
delete x;
return x;
})();
console.log(output);Answer
The code above will output 1 as output. delete operator is used to delete a property from an object. Here x is not an object it's global variable of type number.
var x = { foo : 1};
var output = (function() {
delete x.foo;
return x.foo;
})();
console.log(output);Answer
The code above will output undefined as output. delete operator is used to delete a property from an object. Here x is an object which has foo as a property and from a self-invoking function, we are deleting the foo property of object x and after deletion, we are trying to reference deleted property foo which result undefined.
var Employee = {
company: 'xyz'
}
var emp1 = Object.create(Employee);
delete emp1.company
console.log(emp1.company);Answer
The code above will output `xyz` as output. Here `emp1` object got company as **prototype** property. delete operator doesn't delete prototype property.emp1 object doesn't have company as its own property. you can test it console.log(emp1.hasOwnProperty('company')); //output : false However, we can delete company property directly from Employee object using delete Employee.company or we can also delete from emp1 object using __proto__ property delete emp1.__proto__.company.
var trees = ["redwood", "bay", "cedar", "oak", "maple"];
delete trees[3];Answer
- When you run the code above and do `console.log(trees);` in chrome developer console then you will get `["redwood", "bay", "cedar", undefined × 1, "maple"]`. - In the recent versions of Chrome you will see the word `empty` of `undefined x 1`. - When you run the same code in Firefox browser console then you will get `["redwood", "bay", "cedar", undefined, "maple"]`Clearly we can see that Chrome has its own way of displaying uninitialized index in arrays. However when you check trees[3] === undefined in any browser you will get similar output as true.
Note: Please remember that you need not check for the uninitialized index of the array in trees[3] === 'undefined × 1' it will give an error because 'undefined × 1' this is just way of displaying an uninitialized index of an array in chrome.
var trees = ["xyz", "xxxx", "test", "ryan", "apple"];
delete trees[3];
console.log(trees.length);Answer
The code above will output `5` as output. When we used `delete` operator for deleting an array element then, the array length is not affected by this. This holds even if you deleted all elements of an array using `delete` operator.So when delete operator removes an array element that deleted element is no longer present in the array. In place of value at deleted index undefined x 1 in chrome and undefined is placed at the index. If you do console.log(trees) output ["xyz", "xxxx", "test", undefined × 1, "apple"] in Chrome and in Firefox ["xyz", "xxxx", "test", undefined, "apple"].
var bar = true;
console.log(bar + 0);
console.log(bar + "xyz");
console.log(bar + true);
console.log(bar + false);Answer
The code above will output 1, "truexyz", 2, 1 as output. Here's a general guideline for the plus operator:
- Number + Number -> Addition
- Boolean + Number -> Addition
- Boolean + Boolean -> Addition
- Number + String -> Concatenation
- String + Boolean -> Concatenation
- String + String -> Concatenation
var z = 1, y = z = typeof y;
console.log(y);Answer
The code above will print string "undefined" as output. According to associativity rule operator with the same precedence are processed based on their associativity property of operator. Here associativity of the assignment operator is Right to Left so first typeof y will evaluate first which is string "undefined" and assigned to z and then y would be assigned the value of z. The overall sequence will look like that:
var z;
z = 1;
var y;
z = typeof y;
y = z;// NFE (Named Function Expression)
var foo = function bar() { return 12; };
typeof bar();Answer
The output will be Reference Error. To fix the bug we can try to rewrite the code a little bit:
Sample 1
var bar = function() { return 12; };
typeof bar();or
Sample 2
function bar() { return 12; };
typeof bar();The function definition can have only one reference variable as a function name, In sample 1 bar is reference variable which is pointing to anonymous function and in sample 2 we have function statement and bar is the function name.
var foo = function bar() {
// foo is visible here
// bar is visible here
console.log(typeof bar()); // Works here :)
};
// foo is visible here
// bar is undefined herevar foo = function() {
// Some code
}function bar () {
// Some code
}Answer
The main difference is that function foo is defined at run-time and is called a function expression, whereas function bar is defined at parse time and is called a function statement. To understand it better, let's take a look at the code below :
// Run-Time function declaration
foo(); // Call foo function here, It will give an error
var foo = function() {
console.log("Hi I am inside Foo");
};// Parse-Time function declaration
bar(); // Call bar function here, It will not give an Error
function bar() {
console.log("Hi I am inside Foo");
}bar();
(function abc(){console.log('something')})();
function bar(){console.log('bar got called')};Answer
The output will be :
bar got called
something
Since the function is called first and defined during parse time the JS engine will try to find any possible parse time definitions and start the execution loop which will mean function is called first even if the definition is post another function.
Answer
Let's take the following function expression
var foo = function foo() {
return 12;
}In JavaScript var-declared variables and functions are hoisted. Let's take function hoisting first. Basically, the JavaScript interpreter looks ahead to find all the variable declaration and hoists them to the top of the function where it's declared. For example:
foo(); // Here foo is still undefined
var foo = function foo() {
return 12;
};The code above behind the scene look something like this:
var foo = undefined;
foo(); // Here foo is undefined
foo = function foo() {
// Some code stuff
}var foo = undefined;
foo = function foo() {
// Some code stuff
}
foo(); // Now foo is defined herevar salary = "1000$";
(function () {
console.log("Original salary was " + salary);
var salary = "5000$";
console.log("My New Salary " + salary);
})();Answer
The code above will output: undefined, 5000$ because of hoisting. In the code presented above, you might be expecting salary to retain it values from outer scope until the point that salary was re-declared in the inner scope. But due to hoisting salary value was undefined instead. To understand it better have a look of the following code, here salary variable is hoisted and declared at the top in function scope. When we print its value using console.log the result is undefined. Afterwards the variable is redeclared and the new value "5000$" is assigned to it.
var salary = "1000$";
(function () {
var salary = undefined;
console.log("Original salary was " + salary);
salary = "5000$";
console.log("My New Salary " + salary);
})();Answer
typeof is an operator that returns a string with the type of whatever you pass.
The typeof operator checks if a value belongs to one of the seven basic types: number, string, boolean, object, function, undefined or Symbol.
typeof(null) will return object.
instanceof is much more intelligent: it works on the level of prototypes. In particular, it tests to see if the right operand appears anywhere in the prototype chain of the left. instanceof doesn’t work with primitive types. The instanceof operator checks the current object and returns true if the object is of the specified type, for example:
var dog = new Animal();
dog instanceof Animal; // Output : trueHere dog instanceof Animal is true since dog inherits from Animal.prototype
var name = new String("xyz");
name instanceof String; // Output : trueRef Link: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2449254/what-is-the-instanceof-operator-in-javascript
var counterArray = {
A : 3,
B : 4
};
counterArray["C"] = 1;Answer
First of all, in the case of JavaScript an associative array is the same as an object. Secondly, even though there is no built-in function or property available to calculate the length/size an object, we can write such function ourselves.
Object has keys method which can be used to calculate the length of object.
Object.keys(counterArray).length; // Output 3We can also calculate the length of object by iterating through the object and by doing a count of own property of object. This way we will ignoge the properties that came from the object's prototype chain:
function getLength(object) {
var count = 0;
for(key in object) {
// hasOwnProperty method check own property of object
if(object.hasOwnProperty(key)) count++;
}
return count;
}All modern browsers (including IE9+) support the getOwnPropertyNames method, so we can calculate the length using the following code:
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(counterArray).length; // Output 3Underscore and lodash libraries have the method size dedicated to calculate the object length. We don't recommend to include one of these libraries just to use the size method, but if it's already used in your project - why not?
_.size({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3});
=> 3Answer
If your are familiar with Object-oriented programming, More likely familiar to thinking of functions, methods, and class constructors as three separate things. But In JavaScript, these are just three different usage patterns of one single construct.
functions : The simplest usages of function call:
function helloWorld(name) {
return "hello world, " + name;
}
helloWorld("JS Geeks"); // "hello world JS Geeks"Methods in JavaScript are nothing more than object properties that are functions.
var obj = {
helloWorld : function() {
return "hello world, " + this.name;
},
name: 'John Carter'
}
obj.helloWorld(); // // "hello world John Carter"Notice how helloWorld refer to this properties of obj. Here it's clear or you might have already understood that this gets bound to obj. But the interesting point that we can copy a reference to the same function helloWorld in another object and get a difference answer. Let see:
var obj2 = {
helloWorld : obj.helloWorld,
name: 'John Doe'
}
obj2.helloWorld(); // "hello world John Doe"You might be wonder what exactly happens in a method call here. Here we call the expression itself determine the binding of this this, The expression obj2.helloWorld() looks up the helloWorld property of obj and calls it with receiver object obj2.
The third use of functions is as constructors. Like function and method, constructors are defined with function.
function Employee(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
var emp1 = new Employee('John Doe', 28);
emp1.name; // "John Doe"
emp1.age; // 28Unlike function calls and method calls, a constructor call new Employee('John Doe', 28) creates a brand new object and passes it as the value of this, and implicitly returns the new object as its result.
The primary role of the constructor function is to initialize the object.
function User(name) {
this.name = name || "JsGeeks";
}
var person = new User("xyz")["location"] = "USA";
console.log(person);Answer
The output of above code would be "USA". Here new User("xyz") creates a brand new object and created property location on that and USA has been assigned to object property location and that has been referenced by the person.
Let say new User("xyz") created a object called foo. The value "USA" will be assigned to foo["location"], but according to ECMAScript Specification , pt 12.14.4 the assignment will itself return the rightmost value: in our case it's "USA".
Then it will be assigned to person.
To better understand what's going on here, try to execute this code in console, line by line:
function User(name) {
this.name = name || "JsGeeks";
}
var person;
var foo = new User("xyz");
foo["location"] = "USA";
// the console will show you that the result of this is "USA"Answer
It’s a technology that allows your web application to use cached resources first, and provide default experience offline, before getting more data from the network later. This principle is commonly known as Offline First.
Service Workers actively use promises. A Service Worker has to be installed,activated and then it can react on fetch, push and sync events.
As of 2017, Service Workers are not supported in IE and Safari.
Answer
In JS, that difference is quite subtle. A function is a piece of code that is called by name and function itself not associated with any object and not defined inside any object. It can be passed data to operate on (i.e. parameter) and can optionally return data (the return value).
// Function statement
function myFunc() {
// Do some stuff;
}
// Calling the function
myFunc();Here myFunc() function call is not associated with object hence not invoked through any object.
A function can take a form of immediately invoked function expression (IIFE):
// Anonymous Self-invoking Function
(function() {
// Do some stuff;
})();Finally there are also arrow functions:
const myFunc = arg => {
console.log("hello", arg)
} A method is a piece of code that is called by its name and that is associated with the object. Methods are functions. When you call a method like this obj1.myMethod(), the reference to obj1 gets assigned (bound) to this variable. In other words, the value of this will be obj1 inside myMethod.
Here are some examples of methods:
var obj1 = {
attribute: "xyz",
myMethod: function () { // Method
console.log(this.attribute);
}
};
// Call the method
obj1.myMethod();Here obj1 is an object and myMethod is a method which is associated with obj1.
In ES6 we have classes. There the methods will look like this:
class MyAwesomeClass {
myMethod() {
console.log("hi there");
}
}
const obj1 = new MyAwesomeClass();
obj1.myMethod();Understand: the method is not some kind of special type of a function, and it's not about how you declare a function. It's the way we call a function. Look at that:
var obj1 = {
prop1: "buddy"
};
var myFunc = function () {
console.log("Hi there", this);
};
// let's call myFunc as a function:
myFunc(); // will output "Hi there undefined" or "Hi there Window"
obj1.myMethod = myFunc;
//now we're calling myFunc as a method of obj1, so this will point to obj1
obj1.myMethod(); // will print "Hi there" following with obj1. Answer
IIFE a function that runs as soon as it's defined. Usually it's anonymous (doesn't have a function name), but it also can be named. Here's an example of IIFE:
(function() {
console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE!");
})();
// outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE!"So, here's how it works. Remember the difference between function statements (function a () {}) and function expressions (var a = function() {})? So, IIFE is a function expression. To make it an expression we surround our function declaration into the parens. We do it to explicitly tell the parser that it's an expression, not a statement (JS doesn't allow statements in parens).
After the function you can see the two () braces, this is how we run the function we just declared.
That's it. The rest is details.
-
The function inside IIFE doesn't have to be anonymous. This one will work perfectly fine and will help to detect your function in a stacktrace during debugging:
(function myIIFEFunc() { console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE!"); })(); // outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE!"
-
It can take some parameters:
(function myIIFEFunc(param1) { console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE, " + param1); })("Yuri"); // outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE, Yuri!"
Here there value
"Yuri"is passed to theparam1of the function. -
It can return a value:
var result = (function myIIFEFunc(param1) { console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE, " + param1); return 1; })("Yuri"); // outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE, Yuri!" // result variable will contain 1
-
You don't have to surround the function declaration into parens, although it's the most common way to define IIFE. Instead you can use any of the following forms:
~function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}()!function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}()+function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}()-function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}()(function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}());var i = function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}();true && function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") }();0, function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") }();new function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") }new function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") }()
Please don't use all these forms to impress colleagues, but be prepared that you can encounter them in someone's code.
Variables and functions that you declare inside an IIFE are not visible to the outside world, so you can:
- Use the IIFE for isolating parts of the code to hide details of implementation.
- Specify the input interface of your code by passing commonly used global objects (window, document, jQuery, etc.) IIFE’s parameters, and then reference these global objects within the IIFE via a local scope.
- Use it in closures, when you use closures in loops.
- IIFE is the basis of in the module pattern in ES5 code, it helps to prevent polluting the global scope and provide the module interface to the outside.
Answer
The singleton pattern is an often used JavaScript design pattern. It provides a way to wrap the code into a logical unit that can be accessed through a single variable. The Singleton design pattern is used when only one instance of an object is needed throughout the lifetime of an application. In JavaScript, Singleton pattern have many uses, they can be used for NameSpacing, which reduce the number of global variables in your page (prevent from polluting global space), organizing the code in a consistent manner, which increase the readability and maintainability of your pages.
There are two important points in the traditional definition of Singleton pattern:
- There should be only one instance allowed for a class and
- We should allow global point of access to that single instance
Let me define singleton pattern in JavaScript context:
It is an object that is used to create namespace and group together a related set of methods and attributes (encapsulation) and if we allow to initiate then it can be initiated only once.
In JavaScript, we can create singleton though object literal. However, there is some another way but that I will cover in next post.
A singleton object consists of two parts: The object itself, containing the members (Both methods and attributes) within it, and global variable used to access it. The variable is global so that object can be accessed anywhere in the page, this is a key feature of the singleton pattern.
JavaScript: A Singleton as a Namespace
As I have already stated above that singleton can be used to declare Namespace in JavaScript. NameSpacing is a large part of responsible programming in JavaScript. Because everything can be overwritten, and it is very easy to wipe out variable by mistake or a function, or even a class without even knowing it. A common example which happens frequently when you are working with another team member parallel,
function findUserName(id) {
}
/* Later in the page another programmer
added code */
var findUserName = $('#user_list');
/* You are trying to call :( */
console.log(findUserName())One of the best ways to prevent accidentally overwriting variable is to namespace your code within a singleton object.
/* Using Namespace */
var MyNameSpace = {
findUserName : function(id) {},
// Other methods and attribute go here as well
}
/* Later in the page another programmer
added code */
var findUserName = $('#user_list');
/* You are trying to call and you make this time workable */
console.log(MyNameSpace.findUserName());/* Lazy Instantiation skeleton for a singleton pattern */
var MyNameSpace = {};
MyNameSpace.Singleton = (function() {
// Private attribute that holds the single instance
var singletonInstance;
// All of the normal code goes here
function constructor() {
// Private members
var privateVar1 = "Nishant";
var privateVar2 = [1,2,3,4,5];
function privateMethod1() {
// code stuff
}
function privateMethod1() {
// code stuff
}
return {
attribute1 : "Nishant",
publicMethod: function() {
alert("Nishant");// some code logic
}
}
}
return {
// public method (Global access point to Singleton object)
getInstance: function() {
//instance already exist then return
if(!singletonInstance) {
singletonInstance = constructor();
}
return singletonInstance;
}
}
})();
// getting access of publicMethod
console.log(MyNamespace.Singleton.getInstance().publicMethod());The singleton implemented above is easy to understand. The singleton class maintains a static reference to the lone singleton instance and return that reference from the static getInstance() method.
Answer
This method is useful if we want to create several similar objects. In the code sample below, we wrote the function Employee and used it as a constructor by calling it with the new operator.
function Employee(fName, lName, age, salary){
this.firstName = fName;
this.lastName = lName;
this.age = age;
this.salary = salary;
}
// Creating multiple object which have similar property but diff value assigned to object property.
var employee1 = new Employee('John', 'Moto', 24, '5000$');
var employee2 = new Employee('Ryan', 'Jor', 26, '3000$');
var employee3 = new Employee('Andre', 'Salt', 26, '4000$');Object Literal is best way to create an object and this is used frequently. Below is code sample for create employee object which contains property as well as method.
var employee = {
name : 'Nishant',
salary : 245678,
getName : function(){
return this.name;
}
}The code sample below is Nested Object Literal, Here address is an object inside employee object.
var employee = {
name : 'Nishant',
salary : 245678,
address : {
addressLine1 : 'BITS Pilani',
addressLine2 : 'Vidya Vihar'.
phoneNumber: {
workPhone: 7098889765,
homePhone: 1234567898
}
}
}In the code below, a sample object has been created using Object's constructor function.
var employee = new Object(); // Created employee object using new keywords and Object()
employee.name = 'Nishant';
employee.getName = function(){
return this.name;
}Object.create(obj) will create a new object and set the obj as its prototype. It’s a modern way to create objects that inherit properties from other objects. Object.create function doesn’t run the constructor. You can use Object.create(null) when you don’t want your object to inherit the properties of Object.
Question 29. Write a function called deepClone which takes an object and creates a object copy of it.
var newObject = deepClone(obj);Answer
function deepClone(object){
var newObject = {};
for(var key in object){
if(typeof object[key] === 'object' && object[key] !== null ){
newObject[key] = deepClone(object[key]);
}else{
newObject[key] = object[key];
}
}
return newObject;
}Explanation: We have been asked to do deep copy of object so What's basically it's mean ??. Let's understand in this way you have been given an object personalDetail this object contains some property which again a type of object here as you can see address is an object and phoneNumber in side an address is also an object. In simple term personalDetail is nested object(object inside object). So Here deep copy means we have to copy all the property of personalDetail object including nested object.
var personalDetail = {
name : 'Nishant',
address : {
location: 'xyz',
zip : '123456',
phoneNumber : {
homePhone: 8797912345,
workPhone : 1234509876
}
}
}So when we do deep clone then we should copy every property (including the nested object).
Answer
Suppose we have given an object
person
var person = {
name: 'Nishant',
age : 24
}Here the person object has a name and age property. Now we are trying to access the salary property which we haven't declared on the person object so while accessing it will return undefined. So how we will ensure whether property is undefined or not before performing some operation over it?
Explanation:
We can use typeof operator to check undefined
if(typeof someProperty === 'undefined'){
console.log('something is undefined here');
}Now we are trying to access salary property of person object.
if(typeof person.salary === 'undefined'){
console.log("salary is undefined here because we haven't declared");
}Question 31. Write a function called Clone which takes an object and creates a object copy of it but not copy deep property of object.
var objectLit = {foo : 'Bar'};
var cloneObj = Clone(obj); // Clone is the function which you have to write
console.log(cloneObj === Clone(objectLit)); // this should return false
console.log(cloneObj == Clone(objectLit)); // this should return trueAnswer
function Clone(object){
var newObject = {};
for(var key in object){
newObject[key] = object[key];
}
return newObject;
}Answer
We use promises for handling asynchronous interactions in a sequential manner. They are especially useful when we need to do an async operation and THEN do another async operation based on the results of the first one. For example, if you want to request the list of all flights and then for each flight you want to request some details about it. The promise represents the future value. It has an internal state (pending, fulfilled and rejected) and works like a state machine.
A promise object has then method, where you can specify what to do when the promise is fulfilled or rejected.
You can chain then() blocks, thus avoiding the callback hell. You can handle errors in the catch() block. After a promise is set to fulfilled or rejected state, it becomes immutable.
Also mention that you know about more sophisticated concepts:
async/awaitwhich makes the code appear even more linear- RxJS observables can be viewed as the recyclable promises
Be sure that you can implement the promise, read one of the articles on a topic, and learn the source code of the simplest promise implementation.
Answer
Let say we have person object with property name and age
var person = {
name: 'Nishant',
age: 24
}Now we want to check whether name property exist in person object or not ?
In JavaScript object can have own property, in above example name and age is own property of person object. Object also have some of inherited property of base object like toString is inherited property of person object.
So how we will check whether property is own property or inherited property.
Method 1: We can use in operator on objet to check own property or inherited property.
console.log('name' in person); // checking own property print true
console.log('salary' in person); // checking undefined property print falsein operator also look into inherited property if it doesn't find property defined as own property. For instance If I check existence of toString property as we know that we haven't declared this property on person object so in operator look into there base property.
Here
console.log('toString' in person); // Will print trueIf we want to test property of object instance not inherited properties then we will use hasOwnProperty method of object instance.
console.log(person.hasOwnProperty('toString')); // print false
console.log(person.hasOwnProperty('name')); // print true
console.log(person.hasOwnProperty('salary')); // print falseAnswer
NaN stands for “not a number.” and it can break your table of numbers when it has an arithmetic operation that is not allowed. Here are some examples of how you can get NaN:
Math.sqrt(-5);
Math.log(-1);
parseFloat("foo"); /* this is common: you get JSON from the server, convert some strings from JSON to a number and end up with NaN in your UI. */NaN is not equal to any number, it’s not less or more than any number, also it's not equal to itself:
NaN !== NaN
NaN < 2 // false
NaN > 2 // false
NaN === 2 // falseTo check if the current value of the variable is NaN, you have to use the isNaN function. This is why we can often see NaN in the webpages: it requires special check which a lot of developers forget to do.
Further reading: great blogpost on ariya.io
var arr = [10, 32, 65, 2];
for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('The index of this number is: ' + i);
}, 3000);
}Answer
For ES6, you can just replace var i with let i.
For ES5, you need to create a function scope like here:
var arr = [10, 32, 65, 2];
for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
setTimeout(function(j) {
return function () {
console.log('The index of this number is: ' + j)
};
}(i), 3000);
}This can also achieve by forEach (allows you to keep that variable within the forEach’s scope)
var arr = [10, 32, 65, 2];
arr.forEach(function(ele, i) {
setTimeout(function() {
console.log('The index of this number is: ' + i);
}, 3000);
})Answer
We always encounter in such situation where we need to know whether value is type of array or not.
For instance : the code below perform some operation based value type
function(value){
if("value is an array"){
// Then perform some operation
}else{
// otherwise
}
}Let's discuss some way to detect an array in JavaScript.
Method 1:
Juriy Zaytsev (Also known as kangax) proposed an elegant solution to this.
function isArray(value){
return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) === '[object Array]';
}This approach is most popular way to detecting a value of type array in JavaScript and recommended to use. This approach relies on the fact that, native toString() method on a given value produce a standard string in all browser.
Method 2:
Duck typing test for array type detection
// Duck typing arrays
function isArray(value){
return typeof value.sort === 'function';
}As we can see above isArray method will return true if value object have sort method of type function. Now assume you have created a object with sort method
var bar = {
sort: function(){
// Some code
}
}Now when you check isArray(bar) then it will return true because bar object has sort method, But the fact is bar is not an array.
So this method is not a best way to detect an array as you can see it's not handle the case when some object has sort method.
Method 3:
ECMAScript 5 has introduced Array.isArray() method to detect an array type value. The sole purpose of this method is accurately detecting whether a value is an array or not.
In many JavaScript libraries you may see the code below for detecting an value of type array.
function(value){
// ECMAScript 5 feature
if(typeof Array.isArray === 'function'){
return Array.isArray(value);
}else{
return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) === '[object Array]';
}
}Method 4:
You can query the constructor name:
function isArray(value) {
return value.constructor.name === "Array";
}Method 5:
You check if a given value is an instanceof Array:
function isArray(value) {
return value instanceof Array;
}Answer
In Javascript Object are called as reference type, Any value other then primitive is definitely a reference type. There are several built-in reference type such as Object, Array, Function, Date, null and Error.
Detecting object using typeof operator
console.log(typeof {}); // object
console.log(typeof []); // object
console.log(typeof new Array()); // object
console.log(typeof null); // object
console.log(typeof new RegExp()); // object
console.log(typeof new Date()); // objectBut the downside of using typeof operator to detect an object is that typeof returns object for null (However this is fact that null is an object in JavaScript).
The best way to detect an object of specific reference type using instanceof operator.
Syntax : value instanceof constructor
//Detecting an array
if(value instanceof Array){
console.log("value is type of array");
}// Employee constructor function
function Employee(name){
this.name = name; // Public property
}
var emp1 = new Employee('John');
console.log(emp1 instanceof Employee); // trueinstanceof not only check the constructor which is used to create an object but also check it's prototype chain see below example.
console.log(emp1 instanceof Object); // trueAnswer
The ECMAScript 5 Object.create() method is the easiest way for one object to inherit from another, without invoking a constructor function.
For instance:
var employee = {
name: 'Nishant',
displayName: function () {
console.log(this.name);
}
};
var emp1 = Object.create(employee);
console.log(emp1.displayName()); // output "Nishant"In the example above, we create a new object emp1 that inherits from employee. In other words emp1's prototype is set to employee. After this emp1 is able to access the same properties and method on employee until new properties or method with the same name are defined.
For instance: Defining displayName() method on emp1 will not automatically override the employee displayName.
emp1.displayName = function() {
console.log('xyz-Anonymous');
};
employee.displayName(); //Nishant
emp1.displayName();//xyz-AnonymousIn addition to this Object.create() method also allows to specify a second argument which is an object containing additional properties and methods to add to the new object.
For example
var emp1 = Object.create(employee, {
name: {
value: "John"
}
});
emp1.displayName(); // "John"
employee.displayName(); // "Nishant"In the example above, emp1 is created with it's own value for name, so calling displayName() method will display "John" instead of "Nishant".
Object created in this manner give you full control over newly created object. You are free to add, remove any properties and method you want.
Answer
Let say we have Person class which has name, age, salary properties and incrementSalary() method.
function Person(name, age, salary) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.salary = salary;
this.incrementSalary = function (byValue) {
this.salary = this.salary + byValue;
};
}Now we wish to create Employee class which contains all the properties of Person class and wanted to add some additional properties into Employee class.
function Employee(company){
this.company = company;
}
//Prototypal Inheritance
Employee.prototype = new Person("Nishant", 24,5000);In the example above, Employee type inherits from Person. It does so by assigning a new instance of Person to Employee prototype. After that, every instance of Employee inherits its properties and methods from Person.
//Prototypal Inheritance
Employee.prototype = new Person("Nishant", 24,5000);
var emp1 = new Employee("Google");
console.log(emp1 instanceof Person); // true
console.log(emp1 instanceof Employee); // trueLet's understand Constructor inheritance
//Defined Person class
function Person(name){
this.name = name || "Nishant";
}
var obj = {};
// obj inherit Person class properties and method
Person.call(obj); // constructor inheritance
console.log(obj); // Object {name: "Nishant"}Here we saw calling Person.call(obj) define the name properties from Person to obj.
console.log(name in obj); // trueType-based inheritance is best used with developer defined constructor function rather than natively in JavaScript. In addition to this also allows flexibility in how we create similar type of object.
Answer
ECMAScript 5 introduce several methods to prevent modification of object which lock down object to ensure that no one, accidentally or otherwise, change functionality of Object.
There are three levels of preventing modification:
1: Prevent extensions :
No new properties or methods can be added to the object, but one can change the existing properties and method.
For example:
var employee = {
name: "Nishant"
};
// lock the object
Object.preventExtensions(employee);
// Now try to change the employee object property name
employee.name = "John"; // work fine
//Now try to add some new property to the object
employee.age = 24; // fails silently unless it's inside the strict mode2: Seal :
It is same as prevent extension, in addition to this also prevent existing properties and methods from being deleted.
To seal an object, we use Object.seal() method. you can check whether an object is sealed or not using Object.isSealed();
var employee = {
name: "Nishant"
};
// Seal the object
Object.seal(employee);
console.log(Object.isExtensible(employee)); // false
console.log(Object.isSealed(employee)); // true
delete employee.name // fails silently unless it's in strict mode
// Trying to add new property will give an error
employee.age = 30; // fails silently unless in strict modewhen an object is sealed, its existing properties and methods can't be removed. Sealed object are also non-extensible.
3: Freeze :
Same as seal, In addition to this prevent existing properties methods from being modified (All properties and methods are read only).
To freeze an object, use Object.freeze() method. We can also determine whether an object is frozen using Object.isFrozen();
var employee = {
name: "Nishant"
};
//Freeze the object
Object.freeze(employee);
// Seal the object
Object.seal(employee);
console.log(Object.isExtensible(employee)); // false
console.log(Object.isSealed(employee)); // true
console.log(Object.isFrozen(employee)); // true
employee.name = "xyz"; // fails silently unless in strict mode
employee.age = 30; // fails silently unless in strict mode
delete employee.name // fails silently unless it's in strict modeFrozen objects are considered both non-extensible and sealed.
Recommended:
If you are decided to prevent modification, sealed, freeze the object then use in strict mode so that you can catch the error.
For example:
"use strict";
var employee = {
name: "Nishant"
};
//Freeze the object
Object.freeze(employee);
// Seal the object
Object.seal(employee);
console.log(Object.isExtensible(employee)); // false
console.log(Object.isSealed(employee)); // true
console.log(Object.isFrozen(employee)); // true
employee.name = "xyz"; // fails silently unless in strict mode
employee.age = 30; // fails silently unless in strict mode
delete employee.name; // fails silently unless it's in strict modeQuestion 41. Write a log function which will add prefix (your message) to every message you log using console.log ?
For example, If you log console.log("Some message") then output should be (your message) Some message
Answer
Logging error message or some informative message is always required when you dealing with client side JavaScript using console.log method. Some time you want to add some prefix to identify message generated log from your application hence you would like to prefix your app name in every console.log.
A general way to do this keep adding your app name in every console.log message like
console.log('your app name' + 'some error message');But doing in this way you have to write your app name everytime when you log message using console.
There are some best way we can achieve this
function appLog() {
var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
args.unshift('your app name');
console.log.apply(console, args);
}
appLog("Some error message");
//output of above console: 'your app name Some error message'For example: We can create string using string literal and using String constructor function.
// using string literal
var ltrlStr = "Hi I am string literal";
// using String constructor function
var objStr = new String("Hi I am string object");Answer
We can use typeof operator to test string literal and instanceof operator to test String object.
function isString(str) {
return typeof(str) == 'string' || str instanceof String;
}
var ltrlStr = "Hi I am string literal";
var objStr = new String("Hi I am string object");
console.log(isString(ltrlStr)); // true
console.log(isString(objStr)); // trueAnswer
Anonymous functions basically used in following scenario.
-
No name is needed if function is only used in one place, then there is no need to add a name to function.
Let's take the example of setTimeout function
setTimeout(function(){ alert("Hello"); },1000);
Here there is no need of using named function when we are sure that function which will alert
hellowould use only once in application. -
Anonymous functions are declared inline and inline functions have advantages in the case that they can access variable in the parent scopes.
Let's take a example of event handler. Notify event of particular type (such as click) for a given object.
Let say we have HTML element (button) on which we want to add click event and when user do click on button we would like to execute some logic.
<button id="myBtn"></button>
Add Event Listener
var btn = document.getElementById('myBtn'); btn.addEventListener('click', function () { alert('button clicked'); });
Above example shows used of anonymous function as a callback function in event handler.
-
Passing anonymous function as a parameter to calling function.
Example:
// Function which will execute callback function function processCallback(callback){ if(typeof callback === 'function'){ callback(); } } // Call function and pass anonymous function as callback processCallback(function(){ alert("Hi I am anonymous callback function"); });
The best way to make a decision for using anonymous function is to ask the following question:
Will the function which I am going to define, be used anywhere else?
If your answer is yes then go and create named function rather anonymous function.
Advantage of using anonymous function:
- It can reduce a bit of code, particularly in recursive function and in callback function.
- Avoid needless global namespace pollutions.
Answer
If you are coming from python/c# you might be using default value for function parameter incase value(formal parameter) has not been passed. For instance :
// Define sentEmail function
// configuration : Configuration object
// provider : Email Service provider, Default would be gmail
def sentEmail(configuration, provider = 'Gmail'):
# Your code logicIn Pre ES6/ES2015
There are a lot of ways by which you can achieve this in pre ES2015.
Let's understand the code below by which we achieved setting default parameter value.
Method 1: Setting default parameter value
function sentEmail(configuration, provider) {
// Set default value if user has not passed value for provider
provider = typeof provider !== 'undefined' ? provider : 'Gmail'
// Your code logic
;
}
// In this call we are not passing provider parameter value
sentEmail({
from: 'xyz@gmail.com',
subject: 'Test Email'
});
// Here we are passing Yahoo Mail as a provider value
sentEmail({
from: 'xyz@gmail.com',
subject: 'Test Email'
}, 'Yahoo Mail');Method 2: Setting default parameter value
function sentEmail(configuration, provider) {
// Set default value if user has not passed value for provider
provider = provider || 'Gmail'
// Your code logic
;
}
// In this call we are not passing provider parameter value
sentEmail({
from: 'xyz@gmail.com',
subject: 'Test Email'
});
// Here we are passing Yahoo Mail as a provider value
sentEmail({
from: 'xyz@gmail.com',
subject: 'Test Email'
}, 'Yahoo Mail');Method 3: Setting default parameter value in ES6
function sendEmail(configuration, provider = "Gmail") {
// Set default value if user has not passed value for provider
// Value of provider can be accessed directly
console.log(`Provider: ${provider}`);
}
// In this call we are not passing provider parameter value
sentEmail({
from: 'xyz@gmail.com',
subject: 'Test Email'
});
// Here we are passing Yahoo Mail as a provider value
sentEmail({
from: 'xyz@gmail.com',
subject: 'Test Email'
}, 'Yahoo Mail');Let say you have two objects
var person = {
name : 'John',
age : 24
}
var address = {
addressLine1 : 'Some Location x',
addressLine2 : 'Some Location y',
city : 'NewYork'
} Write merge function which will take two object and add all the own property of second object into first object.
Answer
merge(person , address);
/* Now person should have 5 properties
name , age , addressLine1 , addressLine2 , city */Method 1: Using ES6, Object.assign method
const merge = (toObj, fromObj) => Object.assign(toObj, fromObj);Method 2: Without using built-in function
function merge(toObj, fromObj) {
// Make sure both of the parameter is an object
if (typeof toObj === 'object' && typeof fromObj === 'object') {
for (var pro in fromObj) {
// Assign only own properties not inherited properties
if (fromObj.hasOwnProperty(pro)) {
// Assign property and value
toObj[pro] = fromObj[pro];
}
}
}else{
throw "Merge function can apply only on object";
}
}Answer
Object can have properties that don't show up when you iterate through object using for...in loop or using Object.keys() to get an array of property names. This properties is know as non-enumerable properties.
Let say we have following object
var person = {
name: 'John'
};
person.salary = '10000$';
person['country'] = 'USA';
console.log(Object.keys(person)); // ['name', 'salary', 'country']As we know that person object properties name, salary ,country are enumerable hence it's shown up when we called Object.keys(person).
To create a non-enumerable property we have to use Object.defineProperty(). This is a special method for creating non-enumerable property in JavaScript.
var person = {
name: 'John'
};
person.salary = '10000$';
person['country'] = 'USA';
// Create non-enumerable property
Object.defineProperty(person, 'phoneNo',{
value : '8888888888',
enumerable: false
})
Object.keys(person); // ['name', 'salary', 'country']In the example above phoneNo property didn't show up because we made it non-enumerable by setting enumerable:false
Bonus
Now let's try to change value of phoneNo
person.phoneNo = '7777777777'; Object.defineProperty() also lets you create read-only properties as we saw above, we are not able to modify phoneNo value of a person object. This is because descriptor has writable property, which is false by default. Changing non-writable property value will return error in strict mode. In non-strict mode it won't through any error but it won't change the value of phoneNo.
Answer
Function binding falls in advance JavaScript category and this is very popular technique to use in conjunction with event handler and callback function to preserve code execution context while passing function as a parameter.
Let's consider the following example:
var clickHandler = {
message: 'click event handler',
handleClick: function(event) {
console.log(this.message);
}
};
var btn = document.getElementById('myBtn');
// Add click event to btn
btn.addEventListener('click', clickHandler.handleClick);Here in this example clickHandler object is created which contain message properties and handleClick method.
We have assigned handleClick method to a DOM button, which will be executed in response of click. When the button is clicked, then handleClick method is being called and console message. Here console.log should log the click event handler message but it actually log undefined.
The problem of displaying undefined is because of the execution context of clickHandler.handleClick method is not being saved hence this pointing to button btn object. We can fix this issue using bind method.
var clickHandler = {
message: 'click event handler',
handleClick: function(event) {
console.log(this.message);
}
};
var btn = document.getElementById('myBtn');
// Add click event to btn and bind the clickHandler object
btn.addEventListener('click', clickHandler.handleClick.bind(clickHandler));bind method is available to all the function similar to call and apply method which take argument value of this.
Answer
- Part I Callbackhell.
- Calling one callback function inside another and so on is callbackhell.
- First we are defining three functions addTen, subFive and mulTwo.
- These three functions while called with a number, will return a callback.
- The callback function will return either result or error.
const addTen = (num, callback) =>
{return callback(num+10, false)}const subFive = (num, callback) =>
{return callback(num-5, false)}const mulTwo = (num, callback) =>
{return callback(num*2, false)}- Now lets call these one by one in nested way.
- The result of previous will serve as input for next callback.
const ans = addTen(5, (addRes, addErr) => { // addRess = 15
if(!addErr)
{
return subFive(addRes , (subRes, subErr) => { //subRes = 10
if(!subErr){
return mulTwo(subRes, (mulRes, mulErr) => {
if(!mulErr)
{
return mulRes; //20
}
})
}
})
}
})
console.log(ans); // 20- Part II Promise.
- Promise has two parameters resolve and reject.
- Rewrting those three function definations as well, without a callback.
const addTen = (num) => {return num+10}const subFive = (num) => {return num-5}const mulTwo = (num) => {return num*2}- Creating a promise.
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if(true)
resolve(5)
else
reject("Something went wrong ")
})- Calling those three functions one by one.
- "then" will keep on returning the result and if any error "catch" will catch it.
promise.then(addTen).then(subFive).then(mulTwo).then((ans)=>{
console.log(ans)
}).catch((err)=>{console.log(err)});- Part III Async / Await.
- It actually uses promise internally.
const addTen = ( num ) => {
return new Promise( ( resolve, reject ) => {
resolve( num+10)
} )
}const subFive = ( num ) => {
return new Promise( ( resolve, reject ) => {
resolve( num-5)
} )
}const mulTwo = ( num ) => {
return new Promise( ( resolve, reject ) => {
resolve( num*2)
} )
}- Put Async keyword before function name and Await before the statments inside the function
- Await will make the later code wait until the result of that statement is returned.
- Always put this inside a try/catch block.
const ans = async (num) => {
try {
var addRes = await addTen(num);
var subRes = await subFive(addRes);
var mulRes = await mulTwo(subRes);
console.log(mulRes)
} catch (err) {
console.log(err)
}
}
ans(5)For a JS developer, it's crucially important to understand which values are passed by reference, and which ones are passed by value. Remember that objects, including arrays are passed by reference while strings, booleans and numbers are passed by value.
var strA = "hi there";
var strB = strA;
strB="bye there!";
console.log (strA)Answer
The output will be 'hi there' because we're dealing with strings here. Strings are
passed by value, that is, copied.
var objA = {prop1: 42};
var objB = objA;
objB.prop1 = 90;
console.log(objA) Answer
The output will be {prop1: 90} because we're dealing with objects here. Objects are
passed by reference, that is, objA and objB point to the same object in memory.
var objA = {prop1: 42};
var objB = objA;
objB = {};
console.log(objA)Answer
The output will be {prop1: 42}.
When we assign objA to objB, the objB variable will point
to the same object as the objB variable.
However, when we reassign objB to an empty object, we simply change where objB variable references to.
This doesn't affect where objA variable references to.
var arrA = [0,1,2,3,4,5];
var arrB = arrA;
arrB[0]=42;
console.log(arrA)Answer
The output will be [42,1,2,3,4,5].
Arrays are object in JavaScript and they are passed and assigned by reference. This is why
both arrA and arrB point to the same array [0,1,2,3,4,5]. That's why changing the first
element of the arrB will also modify arrA: it's the same array in the memory.
var arrA = [0,1,2,3,4,5];
var arrB = arrA.slice();
arrB[0]=42;
console.log(arrA)Answer
The output will be [0,1,2,3,4,5].
The slice function copies all the elements of the array returning the new array. That's why
arrA and arrB reference two completely different arrays.
var arrA = [{prop1: "value of array A!!"}, {someProp: "also value of array A!"}, 3,4,5];
var arrB = arrA;
arrB[0].prop1=42;
console.log(arrA);Answer
The output will be [{prop1: 42}, {someProp: "also value of array A!"}, 3,4,5].
Arrays are object in JS, so both varaibles arrA and arrB point to the same array. Changing
arrB[0] is the same as changing arrA[0]
var arrA = [{prop1: "value of array A!!"}, {someProp: "also value of array A!"},3,4,5];
var arrB = arrA.slice();
arrB[0].prop1=42;
arrB[3] = 20;
console.log(arrA);Answer
The output will be [{prop1: 42}, {someProp: "also value of array A!"}, 3,4,5].
The slice function copies all the elements of the array returning the new array. However,
it doesn't do deep copying. Instead it does shallow copying. You can imagine slice implemented like this:
function slice(arr) {
var result = [];
for (i = 0; i< arr.length; i++) {
result.push(arr[i]);
}
return result;
}Look at the line with result.push(arr[i]). If arr[i] happens to be a number or string,
it will be passed by value, in other words, copied. If arr[i] is an object, it will be passed by reference.
In case of our array arr[0] is an object {prop1: "value of array A!!"}. Only the reference
to this object will be copied. This effectively means that arrays arrA and arrB share first
two elements.
This is why changing the property of arrB[0] in arrB will also change the arrA[0].
- Some Value
- Undefined
- Type Error
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
Answer
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
console.log(employeeId);
var employeeId = '19000';- Some Value
- undefined
- Type Error
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
Answer
- undefined
var employeeId = '1234abe';
(function(){
console.log(employeeId);
var employeeId = '122345';
})();- '122345'
- undefined
- Type Error
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
Answer
- undefined
var employeeId = '1234abe';
(function() {
console.log(employeeId);
var employeeId = '122345';
(function() {
var employeeId = 'abc1234';
}());
}());- '122345'
- undefined
- '1234abe'
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
Answer
- undefined
(function() {
console.log(typeof displayFunc);
var displayFunc = function(){
console.log("Hi I am inside displayFunc");
}
}());- undefined
- function
- 'Hi I am inside displayFunc'
- ReferenceError: displayFunc is not defined
Answer
- undefined
var employeeId = 'abc123';
function foo(){
employeeId = '123bcd';
return;
}
foo();
console.log(employeeId);- undefined
- '123bcd'
- 'abc123'
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
Answer
- '123bcd'
var employeeId = 'abc123';
function foo() {
employeeId = '123bcd';
return;
function employeeId() {}
}
foo();
console.log(employeeId);- undefined
- '123bcd'
- 'abc123'
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
Answer
- 'abc123'
var employeeId = 'abc123';
function foo() {
employeeId();
return;
function employeeId() {
console.log(typeof employeeId);
}
}
foo();- undefined
- function
- string
- ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
Answer
- 'function'
function foo() {
employeeId();
var product = 'Car';
return;
function employeeId() {
console.log(product);
}
}
foo();- undefined
- Type Error
- 'Car'
- ReferenceError: product is not defined
Answer
- undefined
(function foo() {
bar();
function bar() {
abc();
console.log(typeof abc);
}
function abc() {
console.log(typeof bar);
}
}());- undefined undefined
- Type Error
- function function
- ReferenceError: bar is not defined
Answer
- function function
(function() {
'use strict';
var person = {
name: 'John'
};
person.salary = '10000$';
person['country'] = 'USA';
Object.defineProperty(person, 'phoneNo', {
value: '8888888888',
enumerable: true
})
console.log(Object.keys(person));
})();- Type Error
- undefined
- ["name", "salary", "country", "phoneNo"]
- ["name", "salary", "country"]
Answer
- ["name", "salary", "country", "phoneNo"]
(function() {
'use strict';
var person = {
name: 'John'
};
person.salary = '10000$';
person['country'] = 'USA';
Object.defineProperty(person, 'phoneNo', {
value: '8888888888',
enumerable: false
})
console.log(Object.keys(person));
})();- Type Error
- undefined
- ["name", "salary", "country", "phoneNo"]
- ["name", "salary", "country"]
Answer
- ["name", "salary", "country"]
(function() {
var objA = {
foo: 'foo',
bar: 'bar'
};
var objB = {
foo: 'foo',
bar: 'bar'
};
console.log(objA == objB);
console.log(objA === objB);
}());- false true
- false false
- true false
- true true
Answer
- false false
(function() {
var objA = new Object({foo: "foo"});
var objB = new Object({foo: "foo"});
console.log(objA == objB);
console.log(objA === objB);
}());- false true
- false false
- true false
- true true
Answer
- false false
(function() {
var objA = Object.create({
foo: 'foo'
});
var objB = Object.create({
foo: 'foo'
});
console.log(objA == objB);
console.log(objA === objB);
}());- false true
- false false
- true false
- true true
Answer
- false false
(function() {
var objA = Object.create({
foo: 'foo'
});
var objB = Object.create(objA);
console.log(objA == objB);
console.log(objA === objB);
}());- false true
- false false
- true false
- true true
Answer
- false false
(function() {
var objA = Object.create({
foo: 'foo'
});
var objB = Object.create(objA);
console.log(objA.toString() == objB.toString());
console.log(objA.toString() === objB.toString());
}());- false true
- false false
- true false
- true true
Answer
- true true
(function() {
var objA = Object.create({
foo: 'foo'
});
var objB = objA;
console.log(objA == objB);
console.log(objA === objB);
console.log(objA.toString() == objB.toString());
console.log(objA.toString() === objB.toString());
}());- true true true false
- true false true true
- true true true true
- true true false false
Answer
- true true true true
(function() {
var objA = Object.create({
foo: 'foo'
});
var objB = objA;
objB.foo = 'bar';
console.log(objA.foo);
console.log(objB.foo);
}());- foo bar
- bar bar
- foo foo
- bar foo
Answer
- bar bar
(function() {
var objA = Object.create({
foo: 'foo'
});
var objB = objA;
objB.foo = 'bar';
delete objA.foo;
console.log(objA.foo);
console.log(objB.foo);
}());- foo bar
- bar bar
- foo foo
- bar foo
Answer
- foo foo
(function() {
var objA = {
foo: 'foo'
};
var objB = objA;
objB.foo = 'bar';
delete objA.foo;
console.log(objA.foo);
console.log(objB.foo);
}());- foo bar
- undefined undefined
- foo foo
- undefined bar
Answer
- undefined undefined
(function() {
var array = new Array('100');
console.log(array);
console.log(array.length);
}());- undefined undefined
- [undefined × 100] 100
- ["100"] 1
- ReferenceError: array is not defined
Answer
- ["100"] 1
(function() {
var array1 = [];
var array2 = new Array(100);
var array3 = new Array(['1',2,'3',4,5.6]);
console.log(array1);
console.log(array2);
console.log(array3);
console.log(array3.length);
}());- [] [] [Array[5]] 1
- [] [undefined × 100] Array[5] 1
- [] [] ['1',2,'3',4,5.6] 5
- [] [] [Array[5]] 5
Answer
- [] [] [Array[5]] 1
(function () {
var array = new Array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e');
array[10] = 'f';
delete array[10];
console.log(array.length);
}());- 11
- 5
- 6
- undefined
Answer
- 11
(function(){
var animal = ['cow','horse'];
animal.push('cat');
animal.push('dog','rat','goat');
console.log(animal.length);
})();- 4
- 5
- 6
- undefined
Answer
- 6
(function(){
var animal = ['cow','horse'];
animal.push('cat');
animal.unshift('dog','rat','goat');
console.log(animal);
})();- [ 'dog', 'rat', 'goat', 'cow', 'horse', 'cat' ]
- [ 'cow', 'horse', 'cat', 'dog', 'rat', 'goat' ]
- Type Error
- undefined
Answer
- [ 'dog', 'rat', 'goat', 'cow', 'horse', 'cat' ]
(function(){
var array = [1,2,3,4,5];
console.log(array.indexOf(2));
console.log([{name: 'John'},{name : 'John'}].indexOf({name:'John'}));
console.log([[1],[2],[3],[4]].indexOf([3]));
console.log("abcdefgh".indexOf('e'));
})();- 1 -1 -1 4
- 1 0 -1 4
- 1 -1 -1 -1
- 1 undefined -1 4
Answer
- 1 -1 -1 4
(function(){
var array = [1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5,6];
console.log(array.indexOf(2));
console.log(array.indexOf(2,3));
console.log(array.indexOf(2,10));
})();- 1 -1 -1
- 1 6 -1
- 1 1 -1
- 1 undefined undefined
Answer
- 1 6 -1
(function(){
var numbers = [2,3,4,8,9,11,13,12,16];
var even = numbers.filter(function(element, index){
return element % 2 === 0;
});
console.log(even);
var containsDivisibleby3 = numbers.some(function(element, index){
return element % 3 === 0;
});
console.log(containsDivisibleby3);
})();- [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] [ 0, 3, 0, 0, 9, 0, 12]
- [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] [ 3, 9, 12]
- [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] true
- [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] false
Answer
- [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] true
(function(){
var containers = [2,0,false,"", '12', true];
var containers = containers.filter(Boolean);
console.log(containers);
var containers = containers.filter(Number);
console.log(containers);
var containers = containers.filter(String);
console.log(containers);
var containers = containers.filter(Object);
console.log(containers);
})();- [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ]
- [false, true] [ 2 ] ['12'] [ ]
- [2,0,false,"", '12', true] [2,0,false,"", '12', true] [2,0,false,"", '12', true] [2,0,false,"", '12', true]
- [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true, false ] [ 2, '12', true,false ] [ 2, '12', true,false]
Answer
- [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ]
(function(){
var list = ['foo','bar','john','ritz'];
console.log(list.slice(1));
console.log(list.slice(1,3));
console.log(list.slice());
console.log(list.slice(2,2));
console.log(list);
})();- [ 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ]
- [ 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john','ritz ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ]
- [ 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ]
- [ 'foo' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ]
Answer
- [ 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ]
(function(){
var list = ['foo','bar','john'];
console.log(list.splice(1));
console.log(list.splice(1,2));
console.log(list);
})();- [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] [ 'foo' ]
- [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] [ 'bar', 'john' ]
- [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ]
- [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] []
Answer
- [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] [ 'foo' ]
(function(){
var arrayNumb = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42];
arrayNumb.sort();
console.log(arrayNumb);
})();- [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]
- [42, 23, 26, 15, 8, 2]
- [ 15, 16, 2, 23, 42, 8 ]
- [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ]
Answer
- [ 15, 16, 2, 23, 42, 8 ]
function funcA(){
console.log("funcA ", this);
(function innerFuncA1(){
console.log("innerFunc1", this);
(function innerFunA11(){
console.log("innerFunA11", this);
})();
})();
}
console.log(funcA());- funcA Window {...} innerFunc1 Window {...} innerFunA11 Window {...}
- undefined
- Type Error
- ReferenceError: this is not defined
Answer
- funcA Window {...} innerFunc1 Window {...} innerFunA11 Window {...}
var obj = {
message: "Hello",
innerMessage: !(function() {
console.log(this.message);
})()
};
console.log(obj.innerMessage);- ReferenceError: this.message is not defined
- undefined
- Type Error
- undefined true
Answer
- undefined true
var obj = {
message: "Hello",
innerMessage: function() {
return this.message;
}
};
console.log(obj.innerMessage());- Hello
- undefined
- Type Error
- ReferenceError: this.message is not defined
Answer
- Hello
var obj = {
message: 'Hello',
innerMessage: function () {
(function () {
console.log(this.message);
}());
}
};
console.log(obj.innerMessage());- Type Error
- Hello
- undefined
- ReferenceError: this.message is not defined
Answer
- undefined
var obj = {
message: 'Hello',
innerMessage: function () {
var self = this;
(function () {
console.log(self.message);
}());
}
};
console.log(obj.innerMessage());- Type Error
- 'Hello'
- undefined
- ReferenceError: self.message is not defined
Answer
- 'Hello'
function myFunc(){
console.log(this.message);
}
myFunc.message = "Hi John";
console.log(myFunc());- Type Error
- 'Hi John'
- undefined
- ReferenceError: this.message is not defined
Answer
- undefined
function myFunc(){
console.log(myFunc.message);
}
myFunc.message = "Hi John";
console.log(myFunc());- Type Error
- 'Hi John'
- undefined
- ReferenceError: this.message is not defined
Answer
- 'Hi John'
function myFunc() {
myFunc.message = 'Hi John';
console.log(myFunc.message);
}
console.log(myFunc());- Type Error
- 'Hi John'
- undefined
- ReferenceError: this.message is not defined
Answer
- 'Hi John'
function myFunc(param1,param2) {
console.log(myFunc.length);
}
console.log(myFunc());
console.log(myFunc("a","b"));
console.log(myFunc("a","b","c","d"));- 2 2 2
- 0 2 4
- undefined
- ReferenceError
Answer
a) 2 2 2
function myFunc() {
console.log(arguments.length);
}
console.log(myFunc());
console.log(myFunc("a","b"));
console.log(myFunc("a","b","c","d"));- 2 2 2
- 0 2 4
- undefined
- ReferenceError
Answer
- 0 2 4
function Person(name, age){
this.name = name || "John";
this.age = age || 24;
this.displayName = function(){
console.log(this.name);
}
}
Person.name = "John";
Person.displayName = function(){
console.log(this.name);
}
var person1 = new Person('John');
person1.displayName();
Person.displayName();- John Person
- John John
- John undefined
- John John
Answer
- John Person
function passWordMngr() {
var password = '12345678';
this.userName = 'John';
return {
pwd: password
};
}
// Block End
var userInfo = passWordMngr();
console.log(userInfo.pwd);
console.log(userInfo.userName);- 12345678 Window
- 12345678 John
- 12345678 undefined
- undefined undefined
Answer
- 12345678 undefined
var employeeId = 'aq123';
function Employee() {
this.employeeId = 'bq1uy';
}
console.log(Employee.employeeId);- Reference Error
- aq123
- bq1uy
- undefined
Answer
- undefined
var employeeId = 'aq123';
function Employee() {
this.employeeId = 'bq1uy';
}
console.log(new Employee().employeeId);
Employee.prototype.employeeId = 'kj182';
Employee.prototype.JobId = '1BJKSJ';
console.log(new Employee().JobId);
console.log(new Employee().employeeId);- bq1uy 1BJKSJ bq1uy undefined
- bq1uy 1BJKSJ bq1uy
- bq1uy 1BJKSJ kj182
- undefined 1BJKSJ kj182
Answer
- bq1uy 1BJKSJ bq1uy
var employeeId = 'aq123';
(function Employee() {
try {
throw 'foo123';
} catch (employeeId) {
console.log(employeeId);
}
console.log(employeeId);
}());- foo123 aq123
- foo123 foo123
- aq123 aq123
- foo123 undefined
Answer
- foo123 aq123
(function() {
var greet = 'Hello World';
var toGreet = [].filter.call(greet, function(element, index) {
return index > 5;
});
console.log(toGreet);
}());- Hello World
- undefined
- World
- [ 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd' ]
Answer
- [ 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd' ]
(function() {
var fooAccount = {
name: 'John',
amount: 4000,
deductAmount: function(amount) {
this.amount -= amount;
return 'Total amount left in account: ' + this.amount;
}
};
var barAccount = {
name: 'John',
amount: 6000
};
var withdrawAmountBy = function(totalAmount) {
return fooAccount.deductAmount.bind(barAccount, totalAmount);
};
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(400)());
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(300)());
}());- Total amount left in account: 5600 Total amount left in account: 5300
- undefined undefined
- Total amount left in account: 3600 Total amount left in account: 3300
- Total amount left in account: 5600 Total amount left in account: 5600
Answer
- Total amount left in account: 5600 Total amount left in account: 5300
(function() {
var fooAccount = {
name: 'John',
amount: 4000,
deductAmount: function(amount) {
this.amount -= amount;
return this.amount;
}
};
var barAccount = {
name: 'John',
amount: 6000
};
var withdrawAmountBy = function(totalAmount) {
return fooAccount.deductAmount.apply(barAccount, [totalAmount]);
};
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(400));
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(300));
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(200));
}());- 5600 5300 5100
- 3600 3300 3100
- 5600 3300 5100
- undefined undefined undefined
Answer
- 5600 5300 5100
(function() {
var fooAccount = {
name: 'John',
amount: 6000,
deductAmount: function(amount) {
this.amount -= amount;
return this.amount;
}
};
var barAccount = {
name: 'John',
amount: 4000
};
var withdrawAmountBy = function(totalAmount) {
return fooAccount.deductAmount.call(barAccount, totalAmount);
};
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(400));
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(300));
console.log(withdrawAmountBy(200));
}());- 5600 5300 5100
- 3600 3300 3100
- 5600 3300 5100
- undefined undefined undefined
Answer
- 3600 3300 3100
(function greetNewCustomer() {
console.log('Hello ' + this.name);
}.bind({
name: 'John'
})());- Hello John
- Reference Error
- Window
- undefined
Answer
- Hello John
function getDataFromServer(apiUrl){
var name = "John";
return {
then : function(fn){
fn(name);
}
}
}
getDataFromServer('www.google.com').then(function(name){
console.log(name);
});- John
- undefined
- Reference Error
- fn is not defined
Answer
- John
(function(){
var arrayNumb = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42];
Array.prototype.sort = function(a,b){
return a - b;
};
arrayNumb.sort();
console.log(arrayNumb);
})();
(function(){
var numberArray = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42];
numberArray.sort(function(a,b){
if(a == b){
return 0;
}else{
return a < b ? -1 : 1;
}
});
console.log(numberArray);
})();
(function(){
var numberArray = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42];
numberArray.sort(function(a,b){
return a-b;
});
console.log(numberArray);
})();- [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ]
- undefined undefined undefined
- [42, 23, 16, 15, 8, 2] [42, 23, 16, 15, 8, 2] [42, 23, 16, 15, 8, 2]
- Reference Error
Answer
- [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ]
(function(){
function sayHello(){
var name = "Hi John";
return
{
fullName: name
}
}
console.log(sayHello().fullName);
})();- Hi John
- undefined
- Reference Error
- Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'fullName' of undefined
Answer
- Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'fullName' of undefined
function getNumber(){
return (2,4,5);
}
var numb = getNumber();
console.log(numb);- 5
- undefined
- 2
- (2,4,5)
Answer
- 5
function getNumber(){
return;
}
var numb = getNumber();
console.log(numb);- null
- undefined
- ""
- 0
Answer
- undefined
function mul(x){
return function(y){
return [x*y, function(z){
return x*y + z;
}];
}
}
console.log(mul(2)(3)[0]);
console.log(mul(2)(3)[1](4));- 6, 10
- undefined undefined
- Reference Error
- 10, 6
Answer
- 6, 10
function mul(x) {
return function(y) {
return {
result: x * y,
sum: function(z) {
return x * y + z;
}
};
};
}
console.log(mul(2)(3).result);
console.log(mul(2)(3).sum(4));- 6, 10
- undefined undefined
- Reference Error
- 10, 6
Answer
- 6, 10
function mul(x) {
return function(y) {
return function(z) {
return function(w) {
return function(p) {
return x * y * z * w * p;
};
};
};
};
}
console.log(mul(2)(3)(4)(5)(6));- 720
- undefined
- Reference Error
- Type Error
Answer
- 720
function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}
Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(this.name)
}
let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}
personObj.print();
personObj.getName2();- undefined undefined
- Tony undefined
- undefined Tony
- Tony Tony
Answer
- Tony undefined
Explaination: getName1() function works fine because it's being called from personObj, so it has access to this.name property. But when while calling getnName2 which is defined under Object.prototype doesn't have any proprty named this.name. There should be name property under prototype. Following is the code:
function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}
Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(this).name);
}
let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}
personObj.print();
Object.prototype.name="Steve";
personObj.getName2();let a = true;
let c = 0;
setTimeout(() => {
a = false;
},2000)
while(a){
console.log('Hello')
}Answer
The above program will print Hello infinitely. Since, Javascript is a single threaded language the actual execution happens only on the main thread. So, setTimeout will wailt for 2000 milliseconds on a seperate thread as while loop has occupied the main thread. The exit condition for the loop is to set the variable a as fasle. But as the loop continously running on the main thread , it a cannot be set false.let c=0;
let id = setInterval(() => {
console.log(c++)
},200)
setTimeout(() => {
clearInterval(id)
},2000)Answer
The above program will print 0 to 9 sequentially.We always appreciate your feedback on how the book can be improved, and more questions can be added. If you think you have some question then please add that and open a pull request.
This book is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial- No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.
What this means it that the project is free to read and use, but the license does not permit commercial use of the material (i.e you can freely print out the questions for your own use, but you can't sell it). I'm trying to best to publish all of my books in a free + purchased (if you would like to support these projects) form so I would greatly appreciate it if you would respect these terms.
Copyright Iurii Katkov and Nishant Kumar, 2017.