- Identify and use the primitive data types of JavaScript
- Define REPL and use it to experiment with expressions
- Know where to look for more information
- Destinguish Expressions and Statements
- Introduce control flow to make parts of our program execute conditionally
- Introduce JavaScript collections
While nothing we discuss in this class will be particularly exciting or glamorous it is important we get a strong understanding of our fundamental building blocks if we want to be good programmers. We'll be moving through this material very quickly but there are links included for further review.
In JavaScript, we call bits of data values. The simplest of these values are called primitives. There are 5 primitive types in JavaScript:
- Numbers
- Strings
- Booleans
- Undefined
- Null
Numbers are a good place to start because JavaScript represents numbers and lets us interact with numbers in a way that is familiar to what we are used to in arithmetic.
Numbers are simply represented by their digits. In JS 4, 13, -3, 2.5 and 10e3 all mean just what youd expect them to mean.
To create a number in JS, just write it.
In your browser console, type 42 and hit Enter.
This is a REPL. When you hit Enter, you tell the computer:
- Read the JavaScript I just wrote (
42). - Evaluate it (calculate its value,
42). - Print the value that was evaluated (
42). - Loop, returning control to the user and wait to be asked to read the next line.
The basic mathematical operators work as expected as well.
In your browser console, type 2 + 2 and hit Enter.
The REPL has just:
- Read the JavaScript (
2 + 2). - Evaluated it (calculated its value,
4). - Printed the value that was evaluated (
4). - Loop, returning control to the user and wait to be asked to read the next line.
- You can find a full list of arithmetic operators in the expressions and operators MDN documentation. Start with your intuition before checking documentation. This will be a frustrating process at first but will help to develop your intuition.
- While JavaScript is perfectly happy to accept non-whole numbers (i.e. floating point numbers or floats) and return them as the result of an expression, floating point numbers are not exact and when used in series of calculations this lack of percision is exacerbated. Check out this site devoted to the intricacies of floating point numbers.
We are again looking at a small set features that will get us up and going quickly.
For in depth information on any of these types, the best place to start is google.
Be sure to specify JavaScript (or at least js) and the type you would like information about.
For example: search javascript number power
Especially good resources include:
- W3 Schools has great reference and tutorials though sometimes does not have the depth you are looking for.
- Mozilla Developer Network (MDN) is very similar to W3 in that it has both reference and tutorial but MDN is much more detailed (this can be a good or bad thing).
- Wikipedia is great as a primer for high level ideas that may not be language specific.
- Blog posts, Stack Overflow questions, and Gists have lots of valuable information
- While these can be great resources, they are not as currated as a the above sites so be wary and check publish dates
- The term Evaluate is closely related to the idea of an Expression in JavaScript.
- Just about everything we write in JavaScript is an expression.
- An expression is just some code that resolves (evaluates) to a value.
- By writing the operations above, we were telling the browser "evaluate these operations"
- Many expressions simply produce a value (like the examples shown above) others have side-effects, meaning that they cause some change in the program or the world.
- The quintessential effectful operation is assignment, done with the
=operator (e.g.answer = 42). Subsequently, the variableanswerevaluates to the value assigned to it (42).
- The quintessential effectful operation is assignment, done with the
- While we can build up arbitrarily long expressions, this quickly becomes limiting.
- A conceptual line of JavaScript is a statement (conceptual because literally can span multiple lines).
- statement:JavaScript::sentence:English
- Statements are executed one after another top to bottom.
- A statement can be:
- An expression in which case the expression is executed for side effects.
- A statement can be a delaration which creates a variable that is now available to be used in any following expression.
- the keywords for declarations are
var,const, andletwhich all do something very similar with subtle differences. varwas around long beforeconstandletwhich are newer.- People tend to use either
varorconstandlet. - I'm going to use
constandletbut they could all be replaced withvar. - Frequently a variable is declared and assigned a value in the same statement (it is required with
constand common withlet). The=operater performs assignment in JS.
const myVar = 42
console.log(myVar)
const sum = myVar + 8
console.log(sum)
const doubleSum = 2 * sum
console.log(doubleSum)
let unassigned;
console.log(unassigned)- A statement can be control flow which we will discuss before the end of this class.
- A statement can be a function declaration which we will discuss this afternoon.
The values null and undefined both mean essentially the same thing, they hold no value.
The difference is that undefined impliese nothing because it was never was anything while null implies explicitly set to nothing.
- Strings are the way JavaScript represents text.
- Strings are a series of zero or more characters wrapped in single or double quotes (
'Hello World!',"Hello World!",'h', and''are all examples of strings in JavaScript). - The only operator for strings is
+which concatinates.- Concatination used to be much more common before ES2015 introduced string templates which allows interpolation of variables using backticks.
let message = `the first number I picked was ${myVar}`
console.log(message)
message = 'the sum of the number I picked and 8 is ' + sum
console.log(message)- Type coercison is when one type is converted into another automatical as happened to
42and50here. - In this case it goes smoothly and sometimes JS can be really helpful
let difference = 20 - '10'
console.log(difference)- But a small mistake can cause problems when we rely on this.
difference = 20 - '$10'
console.log(difference)- Booleans are the simplest data type, there are only two
trueandfalse - There operators are
!,||,&&, and the ternarycondition ? thenExpression : elseExpression - Like numbers to strings and vice-versa, JS will convert any value to a boolean.
- There are only six values that evaluate to
falsewhen converted to boolean; this is called being falsey''- empty string0- number zeroNaN- the number representing an illegal operationfalse- boolean falseundefined- value given to declared variables that are not given valuesnull- value representing nothing
- A common way to get booleans is as the result of a comparison.
- There are two equality operators
==and===(and two matching inequality operators!=and!==) - We prefer strict equality
- We can also compare numbers with
<,>,<=,>=
- There are two equality operators
We are going to put together the above in a famous coding puzzle FizzBuzz while also discussing control flow. The puzzle goes like this:
- Count from 1 to 100 printing something for each number
- If the number is divisible by 3 print "Fizz"
- If the number is divisible by 5 print "Buzz"
- If both print "FizzBuzz"
The if...else statement has the structure:
if (condition) {
// this code runs if the condition evaluates to true
} else {
// this code runs if the condition evaluates to false
// this code does not run if the condition evaluates to true
}But we are free to omit the else part if we don't have need to run anything if the condition is false.
let num = 9
if (num % 3 === 0) {
console.log('fizz')
}
if (num % 5 === 0) {
console.log('buzz')
}A while loop is like an if statement but it will repeat the content of its block repeatedly until the condition becomes false.
num = 0
while (num <= 100) {
console.log(num)
num += 1 // short-hand for num = num + 1
}We can update the while loop so that it uses our divisibility logic:
num = 0
while (num <= 100) {
if (num % 3 === 0) {
console.log('fizz')
}
if (num % 5 === 0) {
console.log('buzz')
}
num++ // short-hand for num += 1
}We're making progress, we can update our logic adding else statements so that we know when we have not logged 'fizz' or 'buzz'.
num = 0
while (num <= 100) {
if (num % 3 === 0) {
console.log('fizz')
} else if (num % 5 === 0) {
console.log('buzz')
} else {
console.log(num)
}
num++
}Finally we want to add one more conditional to print 'FizzBuzz' if the number is divisible by both 3 and 5.
num = 0
while (num <= 100) {
if (num % 3 === 0 && num % 5 === 0) {
console.log('fizzbuzz')
} else if (num % 3 === 0) {
console.log('fizz')
} else if (num % 5 === 0) {
console.log('buzz')
} else {
console.log(num)
}
num++
}This duplicate checking of divisibility isn't ideal but a more concise solution is left as an exercies.
The pattern we used above to loop down from 100, (1) initializing a counter: num = 0, (2) checking some condition num <= 100, and (3) incrementing the counter num++, that there is a special syntax to accomidate it.
for (let x = 0; x <= 100; x++) {
if (x % 3 === 0 && x % 5 === 0) {
console.log('fizzbuzz')
} else if (x % 3 === 0) {
console.log('fizz')
} else if (x % 5 === 0) {
console.log('buzz')
} else {
console.log(x)
}
}We've learned about basic data types, but it'd be nice if we had a way of getting user input into our browser. We'll learn some ways to use forms and such later in the course, but for now, we'll be getting user input using the prompt() function.
At any point in our JS code, if we write prompt(), a pop up box will open in our browser for a user to enter in text.
// prompts user and stores value in the variable
var valueOfPrompt = prompt()
// logs value stored
console.log(valueOfPrompt)You can also pass in a string as an argument to have the pop up box contain that string as a ... prompt.
var age = prompt("How old are you?")
// ES6 String Interpolation
alert(`You are ${age} years old.`)
// ES5 Version
alert("You are " + age + " years old.")Whatever we type into the textbox in the window that prompt() brings up, is returned by prompt to the variable age.
We could write a check to comment on the user's name.
var name = prompt('What is your name?')
alert(`Hello, ${name}.`)
if (name === 'John') {
alert("What an excellent name!")
} else {
alert( "That's a pretty good name!" )
}Exercise: Temperature Converter (20 minutes / 2:15)
Frequently (more often than not) in programming, we are dealing with groups of things whether those things are posts on a social media site, pairs of coordinates in a mapping application, transactions in accounting software, or data points in a graphing tool.
In JavaScript we have two kinds of collections. They differ in how you access their elements.
Arrays are list of things accessed by their position in order, or their index. Indexes start at 0. It is totally legal to have arrays with elements of different types but it isn't very common.
const myArr = [4, 5, 6, 7]
console.log(myArr)
console.log(myArr[1])
myArr[1] = 8
console.log(myArr)
myArr.push(9)
console.log(myArr)
console.log(myArr.pop())
console.log(myArr)There are some handy methods that turn strings into arrays and vice-versa
const alphabet = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
console.log(alphabet)
const alphArray = alphabet.split('')
console.log(alphArray)
const namesArray = ['Betsy', 'Ann', 'Bill']
console.log(namesArray)
const namesString = namesArray.join(' and ')
console.log(namesString)Objects are similar to Arrays but rather than accessing the elements by index, elements in objects have keys.
const lesson = {
subject: 'Types and Conditionals',
students: 24,
date: 'Friday, 30 June 2017'
}
console.log(lesson['students'])
console.log(lesson['date'])
lesson['subject'] = 'Types and Control Flow'
lesson['time'] = 'AM'
console.log(lesson)Objects are very important in JavaScript and a subject we'll spend a lot more time on.