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| Space Invaders |
The purpose of this project was to develop a game in Kotlin using the CanvasLib library, which supports canvas-based graphics programming.
The project was developed in the context of the Programming course of the CSE undergraduate degree of ISEL, which took place in the first semester of the 2021/2022 academic year.
Note
The code contains several non-game related issues mentioned in the critical analysis and should not be used as a reference. It was solely published with the intent of documenting my progress as a software developer student, highlighting my mistakes during its development.
Download the JAR file here
- JRE 1.4.0 or above (for running the application);
- JDK 17 or above (for development purposes).
Besides what is present in the original game, this version includes the following features:
- Four difficulty levels:
Rogue,Classic,Master, andInHuman. Each difficulty has its own unique settings such as spaceship lives, projectiles, alien speed, and more; - Custom points awarded for destroying different alien types, points are deducted when a life is lost;
- Unique sprite animations;
- Various sounds for spaceship projectiles, alien deaths, movement, and more.
Space Invaders is a legendary arcade game created by Tomohiro Nishikado in 1978. Regarded as one of the most influential and iconic video games of all time, it revolutionized the gaming industry and paved the way for the future of interactive entertainment.
In this game, players control a spaceship, at the bottom of the screen, tasked with defending Earth from waves of descending alien invaders. Armed with a laser cannon, players must skillfully shoot down the relentless extraterrestrial enemies while dodging their retaliatory fire. Players could also take cover behind destructible bunkers for protection from enemy fire.
The objective is to score as many points as possible by shooting down waves of invading aliens while avoiding their projectiles. The game is progressively increased in difficulty as the alien formations descended closer to the player's spaceship. The goal is to survive for as long as possible and achieve the highest score.
In the main menu, the player can choose between four different game difficulties, which are differentiated by the speed of the aliens, number of lives and the speed of their projectiles, as explained in later detail over in this section.
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| Difficulty Selection |
To move the spaceship, the player must move the mouse cursor horizontally within the game window. The spaceship can only move horizontally and is always at the bottom of the screen.
Firing the cannon from this spaceship can be done with the mouse right-click or the spacebar. The player is only allowed to fire if the previous projectile has already disappeared from the screen. Although, it can depend on the difficulty chosen, as some enable the player to fire multiple projectiles at once.
The alien and the spaceship projectiles have a destructive effect on the bunkers, which are placed at the bottom of the screen. So, the player must be careful not to destroy the bunkers, as they provide protection from enemy fire.
A spaceship projectile can destroy an enemy projectile, which can be useful in some situations.
The player is awarded points for each alien destroyed, depending on its type.
The current score, difficulty and current number of lives are displayed at the bottom of the screen.
The game gets progressively harder depending on the number of aliens still alive, since the fewer aliens there are, the faster they move towards the player's spaceship.
Whenever a life is lost and the player still has lives left:
- all projectiles disappear from the screen in order to give the player a chance to recover and reposition properly;
- if a UFO (red bonus alien) is present on the screen, it will also disappear.
- the points lost on a life loss are incremented in order to further penalize the player for allowing the spaceship to take damage.
In the course of the game, if the player does not eliminate the aliens from the screen, or if it loses the lives it has, depending on the difficulty chosen, the game ends. In such an event, the player is presented with the results' screen, which includes:
- the final score;
- the lives lost;
- the time elapsed;
- the difficulty chosen.
The mentioned screen can be seen in the following image:
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| Game Over Screen |
There are 55 aliens initially in the central block:
- 2 lines at the top with 11 aliens each of the type SQUID (in yellow);
- 2 lines in the middle with 11 aliens each of the type CRAB (in light blue);
- 1 line at the bottom with 11 aliens of the type OCTOPUS (in light green).
There is also a UFO (in red) type, which appears randomly at the top of the screen throughout the game.
Each type of alien has a different score value, as shown in the following table:
| Alien Type | Points |
|---|---|
| UFO | 100 |
| CRAB | 20 |
| OCTOPUS | 10 |
| SQUID | 30 |
When the player loses a life, it also loses some of the accumulated points. The number of the points lost is dependent on the number of lives the player has left. If the player has 3 lives:
- 1st life lost - loses 100 points;
- 2nd life lost - loses 150 points;
- 3rd life lost - loses 0 points, since it is the last life.
Each time the spaceship projectile passes the top of the screen, the player is awarded 1 point. If the player loses the game with negative points, the score is set to 0.
There are four different game difficulties available, which are:
- Rogue;
- Classic;
- Master;
- InHuman.
The differences between them are the following:
| Characteristic | Rogue | Classic | Master | InHuman |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spaceship Lives | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Spaceship Projectiles | Single | Single | Single | Multiple |
| Alien's Shooting Speed Range | 1-4 | 3-6 | 5-8 | 7-10 |
| Alien's Horizontal Speed | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| Probability of Alien fire (%) | 50 | 60 | 75 | 90 |
| Bunkers Presence | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Infinite Game Cycle | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
To enhance the game's visual appeal and create a more dynamic experience, animations were implemented. These animations utilize a sprite sheet, which is a composite image containing multiple frames. By displaying the frames sequentially with a specific delay, the illusion of movement is created.
Each frame in the sprite sheet represents an animation step, and it advances as the animation updates. Multiple animation steps can be defined for a single image, allowing for different animations to be displayed using the same image, as is the case for the aliens.
When the desired animations for an image are completed, the animation step is resetted to 0. For instance, if the sprite sheet has two columns representing different animations for a SQUID type, with the first animation step being 0 and the second being 1, the third animation step will go back to 0. This cycling behavior is achieved by using the modulus operator, which wraps the animation step based on the number of columns in the sprite sheet.
The following image shows the sprite sheet used for the aliens' animation with the respective dimensions of each frame.
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| Aliens Sprite Sheet |
In order to detect collisions between the different entities of the game, hitboxes were created. A hitbox is a defined area that surrounds an entity, which is used to determine if it has collided with another entity.
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| Game Hitboxes |
Note that the bunker hitboxes are not visile in the previous image because of their rectangular shape that perfectly matches the several components that make up the bunker, as described in this section.
The spaceship's hitbox is composed of 4 rectangles, which are used to detect collisions with the aliens' projectiles.
Below, on the left, is the image of the spaceship used in the game, and on the right, the hitbox created for it.
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| Spaceship Hitbox |
To create the rectangles, it was necessary to know the x and y coordinates of the upper left corner of each one, as well as the width and length. The coordinates of the ship are represented in the previous image by the intersection of two straight lines that were used to find them.
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| Spaceship Offsets |
When drawing the aliens in the game via the sprite sheet, it was necessary to shorten the image by half (length and width), so the offsets of the alien's hitboxes would directly depend on the type and size of the cropped image.
Since each alien represents an object of type Alien, it is possible to access the coordinates of the upper left corner of each one, in order to add the necessary offset. This way, each alien type will have an hitbox that is circumscribed to its image. As such, during the course of the game, it is easier to hit the aliens that are closer to the player because they have a larger hitbox than the ones that are further away.
The UFO represents a specific case, since it does not move at the same pace as the central alien block, and therefore has a larger hitbox to compensate for the speed at which it moves.
data class Alien(val position: Position, val type: AlienType, val isHit: Boolean = false) Each bunker is a set of rectangles with 4 rows and 11 columns. Each rectangle was drawn with the same width as the shots (11 pixels) and twice as long as the shots (8 pixels). With this information, the ideal distances from the first bunker (leftmost) to the left edge of the game were calculated and found to be 45 pixels, so the last bunker (rightmost) would be the same length from the right edge of the game. In order for there to be 4 properly spaced bunkers, the size of each and the distance between them were calculated using the following equation:
Where:
- 700 corresponds to the length of the game window;
- 88 corresponds to 11 rectangles with a length of 8;
- 4 is the total number of bunkers;
- 3 corresponds to the spaces to be calculated.
The following imagem shows the bunker's constitution, which was then used to create the hitboxes.
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| Bunkers Hitboxes |
The CanvasLib library provides functions for playing and loading sounds. These sounds are used to enhance the player's perception of the game state, making it more immersive and enjoyable.
The sounds used in this game include:
- Difficulty selection - played when the player selects a difficulty;
- Spaceship projectile - played when the spaceship fires a projectile;
- Alien death - played when an alien is destroyed;
- Alien block movement - played when the alien block moves across the screen;
- UFO movement - played when the UFO moves across the screen;
- Spaceship damage - played when the spaceship is hit by an alien projectile;
- Game Win - played when the player wins the game;
- Game Over - played when the player loses the game.
Upon a light review of the project, I have identified several noteworthy flaws that severely impact its maintainability and scalability. The most relevant ones are:
- The game is not optimized as it prioritizes immutability over performance, resulting in the creation and destruction of multiple copies of the same object every frame.
- The game lacks scalability in terms of window size as it is hardcoded to a specific resolution.
- There are numerous occurrences of magic numbers and hardcoded values throughout the code, making it challenging to modify the game's behavior and appearance.
- The project lacks organization and a clear structure. Most files, if not all, are unnecessarily large and complex, and they assume responsibilities that should be clearly defined and separated.
- The code contains excessive comments, which hinders readability. The comments are also inconsistent and written in a language that is not universally understood.
Important
It's worth mentioning that the project was developed in a short period of time. It was not intended to be maintained or scaled, as the main goal was to learn and practice the Kotlin programming language as a way to introduce programming basic concepts to students.
Nevertheless, such flaws should be addressed in a future version of the game if one is ever developed.
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa
BSc in Computer Science and Engineering
Programming
Winter Semester of 2021/2022