4141 <!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
4242 < div class ="slides ">
4343 < section >
44- < h2 >
44+ < h1 >
4545 Basic Linux Commands
46- </ h2 >
46+ </ h1 >
4747 </ section >
4848 < section >
4949 < h2 >
5050 Introduction: What is Linux?
5151 </ h2 >
5252 < ul >
5353 < li > An operating system</ li >
54- < li > Developed at AT&T Bell Labs in the 1960’s </ li >
55- < li > Command Line Interpreter</ li >
54+ < li > Developed by Linus Torvalds in the 1990s </ li >
55+ < li > Comes with a Command Line Interpreter (CLI) </ li >
5656 < li > GUIs (Window systems) are now available</ li >
5757 </ ul >
5858 </ section >
6969 </ section >
7070 < section >
7171 < h2 >
72- What exactly is a “shell”?
72+ What exactly is a CLI or “shell”?
7373 </ h2 >
7474 < ul >
7575 < li > The shell interprets commands the user types and manages their execution</ li >
7676 < li > The most popular shells are: tcsh, csh, korn, and bash</ li >
7777 < li > For this tutorial, we are using bash</ li >
7878 </ ul >
79- < p >
80- < h5 >
81- Shell commands are CASE SENSITIVE!
82- </ h5 >
83- </ p >
8479 </ section >
8580 < section >
8681 < h2 >
108103 </ h2 >
109104 < p > To change to a specific directory use cd command</ p >
110105 < p >
111- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> cd</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <filename></ font > </ code >
106+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> cd</ font > < font color ="orange "> <filename></ font > </ code >
112107 </ p >
113108 < ul >
114109 < li > “~” is the location of your home directory</ li >
140135 < section >
141136 < h3 > Options can be combined:</ h3 >
142137 < ul >
143- < li > Command: < code > < font color ="green "> ls</ font > < font color ="yellow "> -ltr</ font > </ code > </ li >
138+ < li > Command: < code > < font color ="green "> ls</ font > < font color ="orange "> -ltr</ font > </ code > </ li >
144139 </ ul >
145140 < p > List files by time in reverse order with long listing</ p >
146141 </ section >
@@ -151,6 +146,47 @@ <h2>Wildcards</h2>
151146 </ p >
152147 < p > < code > < font color ="green "> *</ font > </ code > can be used as a wildcard in Unix/Linux</ p >
153148 </ section >
149+ < section >
150+ < h1 > PERMISSIONS</ h1 >
151+ </ section >
152+ < section >
153+ < h2 >
154+ File permissions
155+ </ h2 >
156+ < p >
157+ < ul >
158+ < li > Each file in Unix/Linux has an associated permission level</ li >
159+ < li > This allows the user to prevent others from reading/writing/executing their files or directories</ li >
160+ < li > Use “ls -l filename” to find the permission level of that file</ li >
161+ </ ul >
162+ </ p >
163+ </ section >
164+ < section >
165+ < h2 >
166+ Permission levels
167+ </ h2 >
168+ < p >
169+ < ul >
170+ < li > “r” means “read only” permission</ li >
171+ < li > “w” means “write” permission</ li >
172+ < li > “x” means “execute” permission</ li >
173+ </ ul >
174+ </ p >
175+ < p >
176+ In case of directory, “x” grants permission to list directory contents
177+ </ p >
178+ </ section >
179+ < section >
180+ < h2 >
181+ chmod
182+ </ h2 >
183+ < p >
184+ If you own the file, you can change its permissions with “chmod”
185+ </ p >
186+ < p >
187+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> chmod</ font > < font color ="orange "> [user/group/others/all]+[permission] [file(s)]</ font > </ code >
188+ </ p >
189+ </ section >
154190 < section >
155191 < h2 >
156192 mkdir
159195 To create a new directory, use the mkdir command
160196 </ p >
161197 < p >
162- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> mkdir</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <dirname></ font > </ code >
198+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> mkdir</ font > < font color ="orange "> <dirname></ font > </ code >
163199 </ p >
164200 </ section >
165201 < section >
170206 To remove an empty directory, use "rmdir".
171207 </ p >
172208 < p >
173- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> rmdir</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <dirname></ font > </ code >
209+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> rmdir</ font > < font color ="orange "> <dirname></ font > </ code >
174210 </ p >
175211 </ section >
176212 < section >
197233 Dumps an entire file to standard output
198234 </ p >
199235 < p >
200- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> cat</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <filename></ font > </ code >
236+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> cat</ font > < font color ="orange "> <filename></ font > </ code >
201237 </ p >
202238 </ section >
203239 < section >
208244 “less” displays a file, allowing forward/backward movement within it
209245 </ p >
210246 < p >
211- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> less</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <filename></ font > </ code >
247+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> less</ font > < font color ="orange "> <filename></ font > </ code >
212248 </ p >
213249 < p >
214250 < ul >
227263 “head” displays the top part of a file
228264 </ p >
229265 < p >
230- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> head</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <filename></ font > </ code >
266+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> head</ font > < font color ="orange "> <filename></ font > </ code >
231267 </ p >
232268 < ul >
233269 < li > return scrolls forward one line, space one page</ li >
244280 Same as head, but shows the last lines
245281 </ p >
246282 < p >
247- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> tail</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <filename></ font > </ code >
283+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> tail</ font > < font color ="orange "> <filename></ font > </ code >
248284 </ p >
249285 </ section >
250286 < section >
272308 Copies a file from source to destination
273309 </ p >
274310 < p >
275- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> cp</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <source> <destination></ font > </ code >
311+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> cp</ font > < font color ="orange "> <source> <destination></ font > </ code >
276312 </ p >
277313 </ section >
278314 < section >
283319 To move a file to a different location use “mv”
284320 </ p >
285321 < p >
286- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> command</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <source> <destination></ font > </ code >
322+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> command</ font > < font color ="orange "> <source> <destination></ font > </ code >
287323 </ p >
288324 < p >
289325 < ul >
@@ -299,57 +335,17 @@ <h2>
299335 To remove a file use “rm”
300336 </ p >
301337 < p >
302- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> rm</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <filename></ font > </ code >
338+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> rm</ font > < font color ="orange "> <filename></ font > </ code >
303339 </ p >
304340 < ul >
305- < li > To remove a file recursively, type: < code > < font color ="green "> rm</ font > < font color ="yellow "> -r</ font > </ code > </ li >
341+ < li > To remove a file recursively, type: < code > < font color ="green "> rm</ font > < font color ="orange "> -r</ font > </ code > </ li >
306342 < li > Used to remove all files and directories </ li >
307343 </ ul >
308344 < p >
309345 < h4 > Be very careful, deletions are permanent in Unix/Linux</ h4 >
310346 </ p >
311347 </ section >
312- < section >
313- < h1 > PERMISSIONS</ h1 >
314- </ section >
315- < section >
316- < h2 >
317- File permissions
318- </ h2 >
319- < p >
320- < ul >
321- < li > Each file in Unix/Linux has an associated permission level</ li >
322- < li > This allows the user to prevent others from reading/writing/executing their files or directories</ li >
323- < li > Use “ls -l filename” to find the permission level of that file</ li >
324- </ ul >
325- </ p >
326- </ section >
327- < section >
328- < h2 >
329- Permission levels
330- </ h2 >
331- < p >
332- < ul >
333- < li > “r” means “read only” permission</ li >
334- < li > “w” means “write” permission</ li >
335- < li > “x” means “execute” permission</ li >
336- </ ul >
337- </ p >
338- < p >
339- In case of directory, “x” grants permission to list directory contents
340- </ p >
341- </ section >
342- < section >
343- < h2 >
344- chmod
345- </ h2 >
346- < p >
347- If you own the file, you can change its permissions with “chmod”
348- </ p >
349- < p >
350- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> chmod</ font > < font color ="yellow "> [user/group/others/all]+[permission] [file(s)]</ font > </ code >
351- </ p >
352- </ section >
348+
353349 < section >
354350 < h2 >
355351 wc
358354 To count the characters, words, and lines in a file use “wc”
359355 </ p >
360356 < p >
361- Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> wc</ font > < font color ="yellow "> <filename></ font > </ code >
357+ Syntax: < code > < font color ="green "> wc</ font > < font color ="orange "> <filename></ font > </ code >
362358 </ p >
363359 < p >
364360 The outputs are lines, words and characters.
374370 < li > < a href ="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux "> Linux on Wikipedia</ a > </ li >
375371 </ ul >
376372 </ section >
377- < section >
378- < h1 > Thank You</ h1 >
379- </ section >
380373
381374
382375 < section >
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