[SPARK-35106][CORE][SQL] Avoid failing rename caused by destination directory not exist

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

1. In HadoopMapReduceCommitProtocol, create parent directory before renaming custom partition path staging files
2. In InMemoryCatalog and HiveExternalCatalog, create new partition directory before renaming old partition path
3. Check return value of FileSystem#rename, if false, throw exception to avoid silent data loss cause by rename failure
4. Change DebugFilesystem#rename behavior to make it match HDFS's behavior (return false without rename when dst parent directory not exist)

### Why are the changes needed?

Depends on FileSystem#rename implementation, when destination directory does not exist, file system may
1. return false without renaming file nor throwing exception (e.g. HDFS), or
2. create destination directory, rename files, and return true (e.g. LocalFileSystem)

In the first case above, renames in HadoopMapReduceCommitProtocol for custom partition path will fail silently if the destination partition path does not exist. Failed renames can happen when
1. dynamicPartitionOverwrite == true, the custom partition path directories are deleted by the job before the rename; or
2. the custom partition path directories do not exist before the job; or
3. something else is wrong when file system handle `rename`

The renames in MemoryCatalog and HiveExternalCatalog for partition renaming also have similar issue.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

No

### How was this patch tested?

Modified DebugFilesystem#rename, and added new unit tests.

Without the fix in src code, five InsertSuite tests and one AlterTableRenamePartitionSuite test failed:
InsertSuite.SPARK-20236: dynamic partition overwrite with custom partition path (existing test with modified FS)
```
== Results ==
!== Correct Answer - 1 ==   == Spark Answer - 0 ==
struct<>                   struct<>
![2,1,1]
```

InsertSuite.SPARK-35106: insert overwrite with custom partition path
```
== Results ==
!== Correct Answer - 1 ==   == Spark Answer - 0 ==
struct<>                   struct<>
![2,1,1]
```

InsertSuite.SPARK-35106: dynamic partition overwrite with custom partition path
```
== Results ==
!== Correct Answer - 2 ==   == Spark Answer - 1 ==
!struct<>                   struct<i:int,part1:int,part2:int>
 [1,1,1]                    [1,1,1]
![1,1,2]
```

InsertSuite.SPARK-35106: Throw exception when rename custom partition paths returns false
```
Expected exception org.apache.spark.SparkException to be thrown, but no exception was thrown
```

InsertSuite.SPARK-35106: Throw exception when rename dynamic partition paths returns false
```
Expected exception org.apache.spark.SparkException to be thrown, but no exception was thrown
```

AlterTableRenamePartitionSuite.ALTER TABLE .. RENAME PARTITION V1: multi part partition (existing test with modified FS)
```
== Results ==
!== Correct Answer - 1 ==   == Spark Answer - 0 ==
 struct<>                   struct<>
![3,123,3]
```

Closes apache#32530 from YuzhouSun/SPARK-35106.

Authored-by: Yuzhou Sun <yuzhosun@amazon.com>
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>
(cherry picked from commit a72d05c)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

Author: Yuzhou Sun

core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/internal/io/HadoopMapReduceCommitProtocol.scala

@@ -188,13 +188,18 @@ class HadoopMapReduceCommitProtocol(
 
       val filesToMove = allAbsPathFiles.foldLeft(Map[String, String]())(_ ++ _)
       logDebug(s"Committing files staged for absolute locations $filesToMove")
+      val absParentPaths = filesToMove.values.map(new Path(_).getParent).toSet
       if (dynamicPartitionOverwrite) {
-        val absPartitionPaths = filesToMove.values.map(new Path(_).getParent).toSet
-        logDebug(s"Clean up absolute partition directories for overwriting: $absPartitionPaths")
-        absPartitionPaths.foreach(fs.delete(_, true))
+        logDebug(s"Clean up absolute partition directories for overwriting: $absParentPaths")
+        absParentPaths.foreach(fs.delete(_, true))
       }
+      logDebug(s"Create absolute parent directories: $absParentPaths")
+      absParentPaths.foreach(fs.mkdirs)
       for ((src, dst) <- filesToMove) {
-        fs.rename(new Path(src), new Path(dst))
+        if (!fs.rename(new Path(src), new Path(dst))) {
+          throw new IOException(s"Failed to rename $src to $dst when committing files staged for " +
+            s"absolute locations")
+        }
       }
 
       if (dynamicPartitionOverwrite) {
@@ -213,7 +218,11 @@ class HadoopMapReduceCommitProtocol(
             // a parent that exists, otherwise we may get unexpected result on the rename.
             fs.mkdirs(finalPartPath.getParent)
           }
-          fs.rename(new Path(stagingDir, part), finalPartPath)
+          val stagingPartPath = new Path(stagingDir, part)
+          if (!fs.rename(stagingPartPath, finalPartPath)) {
+            throw new IOException(s"Failed to rename $stagingPartPath to $finalPartPath when " +
+              s"committing files staged for overwriting dynamic partitions")
+          }
         }
       }
 

core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/DebugFilesystem.scala

@@ -57,8 +57,14 @@ object DebugFilesystem extends Logging {
 }
 
 /**
- * DebugFilesystem wraps file open calls to track all open connections. This can be used in tests
- * to check that connections are not leaked.
+ * DebugFilesystem wraps
+ *     1) file open calls to track all open connections. This can be used in tests to check that
+ *        connections are not leaked;
+ *     2) rename calls to return false when destination's parent path does not exist. When
+ *        destination parent does not exist, LocalFileSystem uses FileUtil#copy to copy the
+ *        file and returns true if succeed, while many other hadoop file systems (e.g. HDFS, S3A)
+ *        return false without renaming any file. This helps to test that Spark can work with the
+ *        latter file systems.
  */
 // TODO(ekl) we should consider always interposing this to expose num open conns as a metric
 class DebugFilesystem extends LocalFileSystem {
@@ -120,4 +126,8 @@ class DebugFilesystem extends LocalFileSystem {
       override def hashCode(): Int = wrapped.hashCode()
     }
   }
+
+  override def rename(src: Path, dst: Path): Boolean = {
+    exists(dst.getParent) && super.rename(src, dst)
+  }
 }

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/catalog/InMemoryCatalog.scala

@@ -499,7 +499,11 @@ class InMemoryCatalog(
           newSpec, partitionColumnNames, tablePath)
         try {
           val fs = tablePath.getFileSystem(hadoopConfig)
-          fs.rename(oldPartPath, newPartPath)
+          fs.mkdirs(newPartPath)
+          if(!fs.rename(oldPartPath, newPartPath)) {
+            throw new IOException(s"Renaming partition path from $oldPartPath to " +
+              s"$newPartPath returned false")
+          }
         } catch {
           case e: IOException =>
             throw new SparkException(s"Unable to rename partition path $oldPartPath", e)

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sources/InsertSuite.scala

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package org.apache.spark.sql.sources
 
-import java.io.File
+import java.io.{File, IOException}
 import java.sql.Date
 
 import org.apache.hadoop.fs.{FileAlreadyExistsException, FSDataOutputStream, Path, RawLocalFileSystem}
@@ -950,6 +950,110 @@ class InsertSuite extends DataSourceTest with SharedSparkSession {
       checkAnswer(spark.table("t2"), Nil)
     }
   }
+
+  test("SPARK-35106: insert overwrite with custom partition path") {
+    withTempPath { path =>
+      withTable("t") {
+      sql(
+        """
+          |create table t(i int, part1 int, part2 int) using parquet
+          |partitioned by (part1, part2)
+        """.stripMargin)
+
+        sql(s"alter table t add partition(part1=1, part2=1) location '${path.getAbsolutePath}'")
+        sql(s"insert into t partition(part1=1, part2=1) select 1")
+        checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(1, 1, 1))
+
+        sql("insert overwrite table t partition(part1=1, part2=1) select 2")
+        checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(2, 1, 1))
+
+        sql("insert overwrite table t partition(part1=2, part2) select 2, 2")
+        checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(2, 1, 1) :: Row(2, 2, 2) :: Nil)
+
+        sql("insert overwrite table t partition(part1=1, part2=2) select 3")
+        checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(2, 1, 1) :: Row(2, 2, 2) :: Row(3, 1, 2) :: Nil)
+
+        sql("insert overwrite table t partition(part1=1, part2) select 4, 1")
+        checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(4, 1, 1) :: Row(2, 2, 2) :: Nil)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("SPARK-35106: dynamic partition overwrite with custom partition path") {
+    withSQLConf(SQLConf.PARTITION_OVERWRITE_MODE.key -> PartitionOverwriteMode.DYNAMIC.toString) {
+      withTempPath { path =>
+        withTable("t") {
+          sql(
+            """
+              |create table t(i int, part1 int, part2 int) using parquet
+              |partitioned by (part1, part2)
+            """.stripMargin)
+
+          sql(s"insert into t partition(part1=1, part2=1) select 1")
+          checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(1, 1, 1))
+
+          sql(s"alter table t add partition(part1=1, part2=2) location '${path.getAbsolutePath}'")
+
+          // dynamic partition overwrite to empty custom partition
+          sql(s"insert overwrite table t partition(part1=1, part2=2) select 1")
+          checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(1, 1, 1) :: Row(1, 1, 2) :: Nil)
+
+          // dynamic partition overwrite to non-empty custom partition
+          sql("insert overwrite table t partition(part1=1, part2=2) select 2")
+          checkAnswer(spark.table("t"), Row(1, 1, 1) :: Row(2, 1, 2) :: Nil)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("SPARK-35106: Throw exception when rename custom partition paths returns false") {
+    withSQLConf(
+      "fs.file.impl" -> classOf[RenameFromSparkStagingToFinalDirAlwaysTurnsFalseFilesystem].getName,
+      "fs.file.impl.disable.cache" -> "true") {
+      withTempPath { path =>
+        withTable("t") {
+          sql(
+            """
+              |create table t(i int, part1 int, part2 int) using parquet
+              |partitioned by (part1, part2)
+            """.stripMargin)
+
+          sql(s"alter table t add partition(part1=1, part2=1) location '${path.getAbsolutePath}'")
+
+          val e = intercept[SparkException] {
+            sql(s"insert into t partition(part1=1, part2=1) select 1")
+          }.getCause
+          assert(e.isInstanceOf[IOException])
+          assert(e.getMessage.contains("Failed to rename"))
+          assert(e.getMessage.contains("when committing files staged for absolute location"))
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("SPARK-35106: Throw exception when rename dynamic partition paths returns false") {
+    withSQLConf(
+      "fs.file.impl" -> classOf[RenameFromSparkStagingToFinalDirAlwaysTurnsFalseFilesystem].getName,
+      "fs.file.impl.disable.cache" -> "true",
+      SQLConf.PARTITION_OVERWRITE_MODE.key -> PartitionOverwriteMode.DYNAMIC.toString) {
+
+      withTable("t") {
+        sql(
+          """
+            |create table t(i int, part1 int, part2 int) using parquet
+            |partitioned by (part1, part2)
+          """.stripMargin)
+
+        val e = intercept[SparkException] {
+          sql(s"insert overwrite table t partition(part1, part2) values (1, 1, 1)")
+        }.getCause
+        assert(e.isInstanceOf[IOException])
+        assert(e.getMessage.contains("Failed to rename"))
+        assert(e.getMessage.contains(
+          "when committing files staged for overwriting dynamic partitions"))
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 class FileExistingTestFileSystem extends RawLocalFileSystem {
@@ -962,3 +1066,13 @@ class FileExistingTestFileSystem extends RawLocalFileSystem {
     throw new FileAlreadyExistsException(s"${f.toString} already exists")
   }
 }
+
+class RenameFromSparkStagingToFinalDirAlwaysTurnsFalseFilesystem extends RawLocalFileSystem {
+  override def rename(src: Path, dst: Path): Boolean = {
+    (!isSparkStagingDir(src) || isSparkStagingDir(dst)) && super.rename(src, dst)
+  }
+
+  private def isSparkStagingDir(path: Path): Boolean = {
+    path.toString.contains(".spark-staging-")
+  }
+}

sql/hive/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/HiveExternalCatalog.scala

@@ -1081,7 +1081,11 @@ private[spark] class HiveExternalCatalog(conf: SparkConf, hadoopConf: Configurat
         // scalastyle:on caselocale
         val actualPartitionPath = new Path(currentFullPath, actualPartitionString)
         try {
-          fs.rename(actualPartitionPath, expectedPartitionPath)
+          fs.mkdirs(expectedPartitionPath)
+          if(!fs.rename(actualPartitionPath, expectedPartitionPath)) {
+            throw new IOException(s"Renaming partition path from $actualPartitionPath to " +
+              s"$expectedPartitionPath returned false")
+          }
         } catch {
           case e: IOException =>
             throw new SparkException("Unable to rename partition path from " +