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Networking Protocols.md

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TCP/IP

  • Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
  • Not one specific protocol, but an entire suite of protocols

HTTP

  • web traffic
  • port 80

SMTP

  • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
  • Email traffic

TCP

  • Transmission Control Protocol
  • connection-oriented traffic, with guaranteed delivery
  • uses three-way handshake: SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK

UDP

  • User Datagram Protocol
  • connectionless sessions, does not ensure delivery

IP

  • Internet Protocol
  • Divided into IPV4 and IPV6
  • identifies hosts using IP addresses, in dot notation (IPV4 - ie: 192.0.0.1) or hex (IPV6)

IPV4

  • an #IP protocol
  • uses 32-bit addresses with dot notation
  • Private reserved address ranges:
    • 10.x.x.x (10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255)
    • 172.16.x.x (172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255)
    • 192.168.x.x (192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255)

IPV6

  • an #IP protocol
  • uses 128-bit addresses with hex notation
  • private local network addresses:
    • prefixed with fc00
    • not assigned on public internet

ICMP

  • Internet Control Message Protocol
  • Used for testing basic connectivity
  • Tools using ICMP:
    • ping
    • pingpath
    • tracert
  • Often blocked, as it's used in DDOS attacks

ARP

  • Address Resolution Protocol
  • part of layer 2 of the OSI Model
  • resolves IPV4 addresses to MAC addresses

Media protocols

RTP

  • Real-time Transport protocol
  • delivers audio and video over IP networks
  • includes VOIP and streaming, push-to-talki, videoconferencing
  • Not encrypted!

SRTP

  • Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol
  • encryption around RTP

SIP

  • Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
  • used to open, close, and maintain voice, video, and messaging sessions

File transfer protocols

FTP

  • File Transfer Protocol
  • transmits in cleartext
  • #port 21 (control signals)
  • #port 20 (data)

SFTP

  • secure version of FTP, over SSH
  • uses #port 22

TFTP

  • Trivial File Transfer Protocol
  • for sending small amounts of network data
  • uses UDP over #port 69

Encryption protocols

tags: #encryption #ssl #https

SSH

  • Secure Shell
  • encrypts data in transit
  • uses TCP over #port 22
  • used for SFTP, SCP, and other encrypted protocols

SSL

  • Secure Sockets Layer
  • deprecated, older protocol for encrypting HTTP traffic or LDAP traffic
  • compromised!

TLS

  • Transport Layer Security (TLS)
  • replacement for SSL
  • encrypts HTTP traffic to HTTPS

IPSec

  • Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)
  • encrypts IP traffic: intended for IPV6, but works with IPV4
  • protects #VPN traffic

Mail protocols

tags: #mail #email-protocol

SMTP

  • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
  • uses #port 25 (unencrypted traffic)
  • uses #port 587 (encrypted traffic)

POP3

  • Post Office Protocol v3
  • transfers #email data from servers to clients

IMAP4

  • Internet Message Access Protocol v4 (IMAP4)
  • Stores emails on a mail server
  • allows organization and management of emails in folders
  • TCP #port 143 (unencrypted connections -- Gmail)
  • TCP #port 993 (encrypted connections -- Gmail)

Directory services

LDAP

  • Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
  • specifies formats and methods to query directories
  • used by Microsoft Active Directory

Remote Access

RDP

  • Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
  • allows connecting to a desktop system remotely
  • uses TCP or UDP #port 3389

OpenSSH

  • suite of tools for simplifying the use of SSH to interact with remote systems
  • supports SCP and SFTP