#Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist chapter 3 notes
Here's how I found out what VIAF had to say about Cliff:
-
Go to http://viaf.org/ and search for "Clifford B Anderson".
-
Copy the permalink URI (http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349).
-
Dereference the URI requesting RDF/XML. You can use cURL or other software, but I used the Advanced REST Client plugin for Chrome. In the Advanced REST Client, paste Cliff's URI into the URI box. In the Headers section (Form tab), I entered "Accept" as the name and "application/rdf+xml" as the value. This is the MIME Media Type for an XML serialization of RDF. I tried to get Turtle serialization by asking for text/turtle, but it apparently isn't served.
-
Here's what was returned from the server:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [
<!ENTITY rdf 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#'>
<!ENTITY rdfs 'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#'>
<!ENTITY xsd 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#'>
<!ENTITY xml 'http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace'>
<!ENTITY schema 'http://schema.org/'>
<!ENTITY genont 'http://www.w3.org/2006/gen/ont#'>
<!ENTITY bgn 'http://bibliograph.net/'>
<!ENTITY umbel 'http://umbel.org/umbel#'>
<!ENTITY pto 'http://www.productontology.org/id/'>
<!ENTITY void 'http://rdfs.org/ns/void#'>
<!ENTITY foaf 'http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/'>
<!ENTITY dcterms 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/'>
<!ENTITY skos 'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#'>
]>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:genont="http://www.w3.org/2006/gen/ont#" xmlns:bgn="http://bibliograph.net/" xmlns:umbel="http://umbel.org/umbel#" xmlns:pto="http://www.productontology.org/id/" xmlns:void="http://rdfs.org/ns/void#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<schema:Person rdf:about="http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349" dcterms:identifier="168432349" schema:alternateName="Clifford B. Anderson" schema:birthDate="1970" schema:familyName="Anderson" schema:givenName="Clifford B.">
<schema:name xml:lang="en">Clifford B. Anderson</schema:name>
<schema:name xml:lang="en-us">Clifford B. Anderson</schema:name>
<schema:name xml:lang="fr-fr">Clifford B. Anderson</schema:name>
<schema:name xml:lang="nl-nl">Clifford Anderson</schema:name>
<schema:sameAs rdf:resource="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2011010026" />
<schema:sameAs rdf:resource="http://isni.org/isni/0000000115389774" />
<schema:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.idref.fr/158171160/id" />
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Warning: skos:prefLabels are not ensured against change!</rdfs:comment>
<skos:prefLabel xml:lang="en-us">Clifford B. Anderson</skos:prefLabel>
<skos:prefLabel xml:lang="nl-nl">Clifford Anderson</skos:prefLabel>
</schema:Person>
<genont:InformationResource rdf:about="http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349/">
<void:inDataset rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/data" />
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Document" />
<foaf:primaryTopic rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349" />
</genont:InformationResource>
<skos:Concept rdf:about="http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/ISNI%7C0000000115389774#skos:Concept" skos:altLabel="Anderson, Clifford B." skos:prefLabel="Anderson, Clifford B.">
<skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/ISNI" />
<foaf:focus rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349" />
</skos:Concept>
<skos:Concept rdf:about="http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC%7Cn+2011010026#skos:Concept" skos:prefLabel="Anderson, Clifford B.">
<skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/LC" />
<foaf:focus rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349" />
</skos:Concept>
<skos:Concept rdf:about="http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/NTA%7C337889384#skos:Concept" schema:url="http://opc4.kb.nl/PPN?PPN=337889384" skos:altLabel="Anderson, Clifford B." skos:prefLabel="Anderson, Clifford (Clifford Blake)">
<skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/NTA" />
<foaf:focus rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349" />
</skos:Concept>
<skos:Concept rdf:about="http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/SUDOC%7C158171160#skos:Concept" skos:prefLabel="Anderson, Clifford B.">
<skos:inScheme rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/SUDOC" />
<foaf:focus rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349" />
</skos:Concept>
</rdf:RDF>
To convert it to Turtle, I used rdfEditor, which unfortunately is only available for PCs. In rdfEditor, I opened the RDF/XML file and used Save With from the file menu to save with the Turtle writer. Here's what I got:
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>.
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>.
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>.
@prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>.
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/>.
@prefix genont: <http://www.w3.org/2006/gen/ont#>.
@prefix bgn: <http://bibliograph.net/>.
@prefix umbel: <http://umbel.org/umbel#>.
@prefix pto: <http://www.productontology.org/id/>.
@prefix void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#>.
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>.
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>.
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>.
<http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349> dcterms:identifier "168432349";
schema:alternateName "Clifford B. Anderson";
schema:birthDate "1970";
schema:familyName "Anderson";
schema:givenName "Clifford B.";
schema:name "Clifford B. Anderson"@en,
"Clifford B. Anderson"@en-us,
"Clifford B. Anderson"@fr-fr,
"Clifford Anderson"@nl-nl;
schema:sameAs <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2011010026>,
<http://isni.org/isni/0000000115389774>,
<http://www.idref.fr/158171160/id>;
a schema:Person;
rdfs:comment "Warning: skos:prefLabels are not ensured against change!"@en;
skos:prefLabel "Clifford B. Anderson"@en-us,
"Clifford Anderson"@nl-nl.
<http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349/> void:inDataset <http://viaf.org/viaf/data>;
a genont:InformationResource,
foaf:Document;
foaf:primaryTopic <http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349>.
<http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/ISNI%7C0000000115389774#skos:Concept> a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Anderson, Clifford B.";
skos:inScheme <http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/ISNI>;
skos:prefLabel "Anderson, Clifford B.";
foaf:focus <http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349>.
<http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/LC%7Cn+2011010026#skos:Concept> a skos:Concept;
skos:inScheme <http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/LC>;
skos:prefLabel "Anderson, Clifford B.";
foaf:focus <http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349>.
<http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/NTA%7C337889384#skos:Concept> schema:url "http://opc4.kb.nl/PPN?PPN=337889384";
a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Anderson, Clifford B.";
skos:inScheme <http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/NTA>;
skos:prefLabel "Anderson, Clifford (Clifford Blake)";
foaf:focus <http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349>.
<http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/SUDOC%7C158171160#skos:Concept> a skos:Concept;
skos:inScheme <http://viaf.org/authorityScheme/SUDOC>;
skos:prefLabel "Anderson, Clifford B.";
foaf:focus <http://viaf.org/viaf/168432349>.
These are exactly the same 39 triples as in the XML serialization.
To visualize the RDF as a bubble and arrow graph diagram, go to the W3C RDF Validation Service at http://www.w3.org/RDF/Validator/ . Copy and paste the RDF/XML into the "Check by Direct Input" box. Drop down "Graph Only" or "Triples and Graph" depending on what you want to see, then click on Parse RDF.
I got the RDF describing Cliff at ORCID using approximately the same method as above. ORCID will dereference the URI as either text/turtle or application/rdf+xml, so there was no need to do the conversion using rdfEditor. Here are the 31 triples about Cliff in XML and Turtle serializations:
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:prov="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#"
xmlns:pav="http://purl.org/pav/"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:gn="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#"
xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" >
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#orcid-id">
<rdfs:label>0000-0003-0328-0792</rdfs:label>
<foaf:accountName>0000-0003-0328-0792</foaf:accountName>
<foaf:accountServiceHomepage rdf:resource="http://orcid.org"/>
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/OnlineAccount"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://sws.geonames.org/6252001/">
<gn:name>United States</gn:name>
<gn:countryCode>US</gn:countryCode>
<rdfs:label>United States</rdfs:label>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="A0">
<gn:parentCountry rdf:resource="http://sws.geonames.org/6252001/"/>
<gn:countryCode>US</gn:countryCode>
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#Feature"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#workspace-works">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Document"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://pub.orcid.org/orcid-pub-web/experimental_rdf_v1/0000-0003-0328-0792">
<pav:createdOn rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2013-12-10T16:46:58.271Z</pav:createdOn>
<prov:generatedAtTime rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2016-01-26T16:04:49.747Z</prov:generatedAtTime>
<pav:lastUpdateOn rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2016-01-26T16:04:49.747Z</pav:lastUpdateOn>
<pav:createdWith rdf:resource="http://orcid.org"/>
<prov:wasAttributedTo rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792"/>
<pav:createdBy rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792"/>
<foaf:maker rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792"/>
<foaf:primaryTopic rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792"/>
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/PersonalProfileDocument"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792">
<foaf:name>Clifford B. Anderson</foaf:name>
<foaf:account rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#orcid-id"/>
<foaf:based_near rdf:nodeID="A0"/>
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#workspace-works"/>
<foaf:page rdf:resource="http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/scholarly/"/>
<foaf:givenName>Clifford</foaf:givenName>
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Person"/>
<foaf:familyName>Anderson</foaf:familyName>
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"/>
<foaf:plan></foaf:plan>
<rdfs:label>Clifford B. Anderson</rdfs:label>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
@prefix pav: <http://purl.org/pav/> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
<http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#workspace-works>
a foaf:Document .
<http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#orcid-id>
a foaf:OnlineAccount ;
rdfs:label "0000-0003-0328-0792" ;
foaf:accountName "0000-0003-0328-0792" ;
foaf:accountServiceHomepage <http://orcid.org> .
<http://pub.orcid.org/orcid-pub-web/experimental_rdf_v1/0000-0003-0328-0792>
a foaf:PersonalProfileDocument ;
pav:createdBy <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792> ;
pav:createdOn "2013-12-10T16:46:58.271Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
pav:createdWith <http://orcid.org> ;
pav:lastUpdateOn "2016-01-26T16:04:49.747Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
prov:generatedAtTime "2016-01-26T16:04:49.747Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
prov:wasAttributedTo <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792> ;
foaf:maker <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792> ;
foaf:primaryTopic <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792> .
<http://sws.geonames.org/6252001/>
rdfs:label "United States" ;
gn:countryCode "US" ;
gn:name "United States" .
<http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792>
a prov:Person , foaf:Person ;
rdfs:label "Clifford B. Anderson" ;
foaf:account <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#orcid-id> ;
foaf:based_near [ a gn:Feature ;
gn:countryCode "US" ;
gn:parentCountry <http://sws.geonames.org/6252001/>
] ;
foaf:familyName "Anderson" ;
foaf:givenName "Clifford" ;
foaf:name "Clifford B. Anderson" ;
foaf:page <http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/scholarly/> ;
foaf:plan "" ;
foaf:publications <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792#workspace-works> .
(I got rid of one rogue colon that was preventing it from validating.)
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/Person> .
@prefix geo: <http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#> .
<http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792> a rdf:Person ;
foaf:name "Cliff Anderson" ;
dc:alternative "Clifford Blake Anderson" ;
schema:additionalName "Clifford Blake Anderson" ;
foaf:title "Dr." ;
#Educational Level
schema:alumniOf <https://www.pratt.edu/the-institute/> ;
dc:educationalLevel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Library_and_Information_Science> ;
dc:date "2011-2012" ;
schema:alumniOf <http://www.ptsem.edu/> ;
dc:educationalLevel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy> ;
dc:educationalLevel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Theology> ;
dc:date "1996-2005" ;
schema:alumniOf <http://hds.harvard.edu/> ;
dc:educationalLevel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Divinity> ;
dc:date "1992-1995" ;
schema:alumniOf <http://www.kenyon.edu/> ;
dc:educationalLevel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts> ;
dc:date "1988-1992" ;
#Employment History
schema:employee <http://vanderbilt.edu/> ;
geo:location [ geo:lat 36.144724 ; geo:long -86.802715 ] ;
schema:jobTitle "Director of Scholarly Communications" ;
#Colleagues
schema:colleague <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2174-0484> ;
foaf:knows <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-3135> ;
#Website and social media
foaf:page <http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/scholarly/> ;
foaf:page <https://www.hastac.org/u/clifford-anderson> ;
foaf:account <https://www.linkedin.com/in/cliffordbanderson> ;
foaf:account <https://twitter.com/andersoncliffb> ;
#Publications
foaf:publications <http://dx.doi.org/10.11630/1550-4891.10.02.118>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.4242/balisagevol13.anderson01>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.11630/1550-4891.09.02.130>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004203365.i-284.36>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003693060700364x>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973208x316234>, <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057369905500421> ;
#Scholarly Interests
foaf:topic_Interest "Digital Libraries", "XQuery", "Semantic Web", "Library Science", "Theology" ;
#Digital Images
foaf:thumbNail <http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/scholarly/images/cba-small.jpg> ;
foaf:thumbNail <http://news.vanderbilt.edu/files/Catherine-Lee-Michael-Stuart-Clifford-Anderson-585x390.jpg> .
Here's the RDF/XML in case you want to try pasting it into the W3C Validator to see the bubble and arrow diagram:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [
<!ENTITY rdf 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#'>
<!ENTITY rdfs 'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#'>
<!ENTITY xsd 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#'>
<!ENTITY foaf 'http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/'>
<!ENTITY dc 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/'>
<!ENTITY skos 'http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#'>
<!ENTITY schema 'http://schema.org/Person'>
<!ENTITY geo 'http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#'>
]>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/Person" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Person rdf:about="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0328-0792" dc:alternative="Clifford Blake Anderson" dc:date="1988-1992" schema:additionalName="Clifford Blake Anderson" schema:jobTitle="Director of Scholarly Communications" foaf:name="Cliff Anderson" foaf:title="Dr." foaf:topic_Interest="Digital Libraries">
<dc:date>1992-1995</dc:date>
<dc:date>1996-2005</dc:date>
<dc:date>2011-2012</dc:date>
<dc:educationalLevel rdf:resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" />
<dc:educationalLevel rdf:resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" />
<dc:educationalLevel rdf:resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Divinity" />
<dc:educationalLevel rdf:resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Library_and_Information_Science" />
<dc:educationalLevel rdf:resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Theology" />
<schema:alumniOf rdf:resource="http://hds.harvard.edu/" />
<schema:alumniOf rdf:resource="http://www.kenyon.edu/" />
<schema:alumniOf rdf:resource="http://www.ptsem.edu/" />
<schema:alumniOf rdf:resource="https://www.pratt.edu/the-institute/" />
<schema:colleague rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2174-0484" />
<schema:employee rdf:resource="http://vanderbilt.edu/" />
<geo:location rdf:parseType="Resource">
<geo:lat rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal">36.144724</geo:lat>
<geo:long rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal">-86.802715</geo:long>
</geo:location>
<foaf:account rdf:resource="https://twitter.com/andersoncliffb" />
<foaf:account rdf:resource="https://www.linkedin.com/in/cliffordbanderson" />
<foaf:knows rdf:resource="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-3135" />
<foaf:page rdf:resource="http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/scholarly/" />
<foaf:page rdf:resource="https://www.hastac.org/u/clifford-anderson" />
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003693060700364x" />
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156973208x316234" />
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004203365.i-284.36" />
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11630/1550-4891.09.02.130" />
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11630/1550-4891.10.02.118" />
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057369905500421" />
<foaf:publications rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4242/balisagevol13.anderson01" />
<foaf:thumbNail rdf:resource="http://news.vanderbilt.edu/files/Catherine-Lee-Michael-Stuart-Clifford-Anderson-585x390.jpg" />
<foaf:thumbNail rdf:resource="http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/scholarly/images/cba-small.jpg" />
<foaf:topic_Interest>Library Science</foaf:topic_Interest>
<foaf:topic_Interest>Semantic Web</foaf:topic_Interest>
<foaf:topic_Interest>Theology</foaf:topic_Interest>
<foaf:topic_Interest>XQuery</foaf:topic_Interest>
</rdf:Person>
</rdf:RDF>
Notes from Heath, T. and C. Bizer. 2011. Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space.
From Section 2.4.1, section entitled "RDF Features Best Avoided in the Linked Data Context":
-
RDF reification (SPARQL problems, suggests attaching metadata to the document containing the triples; see more on Semantic Sitemaps and voiD at Publishing Data about Data; see also the W3C PROV Ontology and the lighter-weight draft Open Annotation data model)
-
RDF collections and RDF containers (falls apart when queried by SPARQL)
-
blank nodes (scope limited to the document in which they appear, so can't be linked to)