[data.indexPatterns] Replace `StubIndexPattern` with a more detailed jest mock

[lukeelmers]

In #78518 we relocated the StubIndexPattern from the legacy test_utils to the data plugin.

However, this is still pretty old code (using sinon), and ideally we should get rid of it altogether and replace it with a more detailed jest mock supplied as a part of the mock plugin contracts exported from src/plugins/data/public/mocks

[elasticmachine]

Pinging @elastic/kibana-app-arch (Team:AppArch)