SQL: Implement missing text manipulating scalar functions

[astefan]

This is part of #30007.
Considered text manipulating functions:

• ASCII
• BIT_LENGTH
• CHAR
• CHAR_LENGTH
• CONCAT
• INSERT
• LCASE
• LEFT
• LENGTH
• LOCATE
• LTRIM
• POSITION
• REPEAT
• REPLACE
• RIGHT
• RTRIM
• SPACE
• SUBSTRING
• UCASE

[elasticmachine]

Pinging @elastic/es-search-aggs

[astefan]

Fixed by

• SQL: Add support for single parameter text manipulating functions #31874
• SQL: Added support for string manipulating functions with more than one parameter #32356