Fix building the sanitizer instrumentation and hooking it into the hosts

[39otsu]

Carry-over from @jkoritzinsky's PR: #112378

This PR addresses multiple issues that were preventing the ASan instrumentation from building and functioning as intended.

• Ensures that the correct symbols are exported for AddressSanitizer support when building with MSVC
• Fix linkage attributes and calling convention specification for public asan functions
• Disables /DEPENDENTLOADFLAG:0x800 when building with sanitizers as it will look for the dll in C:\Windows\System32

Verified successful build and test run with VS 17.14 p7, MSVC 14.44.35207

[jkoritzinsky]

/azp run runtime-sanitized

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[39otsu]

/azp run runtime-sanitized

[azure-pipelines]

Commenter does not have sufficient privileges for PR 116166 in repo dotnet/runtime

[jkoritzinsky]

/azp run runtime-sanitized

[azure-pipelines]

Azure Pipelines successfully started running 1 pipeline(s).