[release/9.0-staging] [mono] Fix crash while debugging AOT'ed app. (#117891)

Backport of #117627 to release/9.0-staging

/cc @thaystg

## Customer Impact

- [ ] Customer reported
- [X] Found internally

We initially backported this change to 10, but held off because there
were no reported issues with .NET 9. That has changed with
https://devdiv.visualstudio.com/DevDiv/_workitems/edit/2604939 where we
were able to reproduce the issue.

The change fixes a crash in debugger by adding a null check around TLS
data before dereferencing a pointer.

## Regression

- [ ] Yes
- [X] No

[If yes, specify when the regression was introduced. Provide the PR or
commit if known.]

## Testing

Manually tested a default iOS SDK application

## Risk

Low

**IMPORTANT**: If this backport is for a servicing release, please
verify that:

- The PR target branch is `release/X.0-staging`, not `release/X.0`.

## Package authoring no longer needed in .NET 9

**IMPORTANT**: Starting with .NET 9, you no longer need to edit a NuGet
package's csproj to enable building and bump the version.
Keep in mind that we still need package authoring in .NET 8 and older
versions.

Co-authored-by: Thays Grazia <thaystg@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Larry Ewing <lewing@microsoft.com>

Author: 3 people

src/mono/mono/component/debugger-agent.c

@@ -4124,7 +4124,7 @@ jit_end (MonoProfiler *prof, MonoMethod *method, MonoJitInfo *jinfo)
 		if (assembly) {
 			DebuggerTlsData *tls;
 			tls = (DebuggerTlsData *)mono_native_tls_get_value (debugger_tls_id);
-			if (!CHECK_ICORDBG (TRUE) || tls->invoke == NULL) {
+			if (!CHECK_ICORDBG (TRUE) || !tls || tls->invoke == NULL) {
 				process_profiler_event (EVENT_KIND_ASSEMBLY_LOAD, assembly);
 			} else {
 				mono_dbg_assembly_load (prof, assembly); //send later