Auto-detect values for EnumType columns

[derrabus]

Follow-up to #11657, leverages doctrine/dbal#6536.

This PR allows us to detect the enumType and options.values settings for a typed property with type: Types::ENUM.

Before:

#[Entity]
class Card
{
    #[Id]
    #[GeneratedValue]
    #[Column]
    public int $id;

    #[Column(
        type: Types::ENUM,
        enumType: Suit::class,
        options: ['values' => ['H', 'D', 'C', 'S']],
    )]
    public Suit $suit;
}

After:

#[Entity]
class Card
{
    #[Id]
    #[GeneratedValue]
    #[Column]
    public int $id;

    #[Column(type: Types::ENUM)]
    public Suit $suit;
}

Note that the type: Types::ENUM part is still required if we want to have an actual ENUM column in MySQL/MariaDB. We still default to Types::STRING or TYPES::INTEGER for columns types with a PHP enum as this is the more portable solution and the safer default.

[greg0ire]

Probably not the first PR on which I should have noted this, but should https://github.com/doctrine/orm/blob/3.2.x/docs/en/cookbook/mysql-enums.rst get modifications about this?

[derrabus]

Yeah, that whole page needs an overhaul now.

[derrabus]

Let's do this in a follow-up though. This is a larger change.

[derrabus]

I've opened #11668 to track the documentation issue.

[whataboutpereira]

Thank you for all your work! Great timing also as I've been looking for ways around enums the past few weeks, but now they simply work. :)