Enable Clang sanitizers in Linux/Clang CI pipeline

[tautschnig]

Adds a dedicated CI job that runs unit and regression tests on Ubuntu 24.04 after compiling with Clang's sanitizers. Enables address sanitizer (buffer overflow, use-after-free, use-after-return, double-free), memory leak sanitizer, and undefined-behavior sanitizer (integer overflow).

• AddressSanitizer Documentation
• LeakSanitizer Documentation
• UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer Documentation

Fixes: #832

• Each commit message has a non-empty body, explaining why the change was made.
• n/a Methods or procedures I have added are documented, following the guidelines provided in CODING_STANDARD.md.
• n/a The feature or user visible behaviour I have added or modified has been documented in the User Guide in doc/cprover-manual/
• Regression or unit tests are included, or existing tests cover the modified code (in this case I have detailed which ones those are in the commit message).
• n/a My commit message includes data points confirming performance improvements (if claimed).
• My PR is restricted to a single feature or bugfix.
• n/a White-space or formatting changes outside the feature-related changed lines are in commits of their own.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 79.93%. Comparing base (4fe3ade) to head (869c8c6).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##           develop    #8737   +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage    79.93%   79.93%           
========================================
  Files         1698     1698           
  Lines       187698   187698           
  Branches        73       73           
========================================
  Hits        150034   150034           
  Misses       37664    37664           

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