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---
title: Pandoc User's Guide
author: John MacFarlane
date: October 5, 2024
---
# Synopsis
`pandoc` [*options*] [*input-file*]...
# Description
Pandoc is a [Haskell] library for converting from one markup format to
another, and a command-line tool that uses this library.
Pandoc can convert between numerous markup and word processing formats,
including, but not limited to, various flavors of [Markdown], [HTML],
[LaTeX] and [Word docx]. For the full lists of input and output formats,
see the `--from` and `--to` [options below][General options].
Pandoc can also produce [PDF] output: see [creating a PDF], below.
Pandoc's enhanced version of Markdown includes syntax for [tables],
[definition lists], [metadata blocks], [footnotes], [citations], [math],
and much more. See below under [Pandoc's Markdown].
Pandoc has a modular design: it consists of a set of readers, which parse
text in a given format and produce a native representation of the document
(an _abstract syntax tree_ or AST), and a set of writers, which convert
this native representation into a target format. Thus, adding an input
or output format requires only adding a reader or writer. Users can also
run custom [pandoc filters] to modify the intermediate AST.
Because pandoc's intermediate representation of a document is less
expressive than many of the formats it converts between, one should
not expect perfect conversions between every format and every other.
Pandoc attempts to preserve the structural elements of a document, but
not formatting details such as margin size. And some document elements,
such as complex tables, may not fit into pandoc's simple document
model. While conversions from pandoc's Markdown to all formats aspire
to be perfect, conversions from formats more expressive than pandoc's
Markdown can be expected to be lossy.
## Using pandoc
If no *input-files* are specified, input is read from *stdin*.
Output goes to *stdout* by default. For output to a file,
use the `-o` option:
pandoc -o output.html input.txt
By default, pandoc produces a document fragment. To produce a standalone
document (e.g. a valid HTML file including `<head>` and `<body>`),
use the `-s` or `--standalone` flag:
pandoc -s -o output.html input.txt
For more information on how standalone documents are produced, see
[Templates] below.
If multiple input files are given, pandoc will concatenate them all (with
blank lines between them) before parsing. (Use `--file-scope` to parse files
individually.)
## Specifying formats
The format of the input and output can be specified explicitly using
command-line options. The input format can be specified using the
`-f/--from` option, the output format using the `-t/--to` option.
Thus, to convert `hello.txt` from Markdown to LaTeX, you could type:
pandoc -f markdown -t latex hello.txt
To convert `hello.html` from HTML to Markdown:
pandoc -f html -t markdown hello.html
Supported input and output formats are listed below under [Options]
(see `-f` for input formats and `-t` for output formats). You
can also use `pandoc --list-input-formats` and
`pandoc --list-output-formats` to print lists of supported
formats.
If the input or output format is not specified explicitly, pandoc
will attempt to guess it from the extensions of the filenames.
Thus, for example,
pandoc -o hello.tex hello.txt
will convert `hello.txt` from Markdown to LaTeX. If no output file
is specified (so that output goes to *stdout*), or if the output file's
extension is unknown, the output format will default to HTML.
If no input file is specified (so that input comes from *stdin*), or
if the input files' extensions are unknown, the input format will
be assumed to be Markdown.
## Character encoding
Pandoc uses the UTF-8 character encoding for both input and output.
If your local character encoding is not UTF-8, you
should pipe input and output through [`iconv`]:
iconv -t utf-8 input.txt | pandoc | iconv -f utf-8
Note that in some output formats (such as HTML, LaTeX, ConTeXt,
RTF, OPML, DocBook, and Texinfo), information about
the character encoding is included in the document header, which
will only be included if you use the `-s/--standalone` option.
[`iconv`]: https://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/
## Creating a PDF
To produce a PDF, specify an output file with a `.pdf` extension:
pandoc test.txt -o test.pdf
By default, pandoc will use LaTeX to create the PDF, which requires
that a LaTeX engine be installed (see `--pdf-engine` below).
Alternatively, pandoc can use ConTeXt, roff ms, or HTML as an
intermediate format. To do this, specify an output file with a
`.pdf` extension, as before, but add the `--pdf-engine` option
or `-t context`, `-t html`, or `-t ms` to the command line.
The tool used to generate the PDF from the intermediate format
may be specified using `--pdf-engine`.
You can control the PDF style using variables, depending on
the intermediate format used: see [variables for LaTeX],
[variables for ConTeXt], [variables for `wkhtmltopdf`],
[variables for ms]. When HTML is used as an intermediate
format, the output can be styled using `--css`.
To debug the PDF creation, it can be useful to look at the intermediate
representation: instead of `-o test.pdf`, use for example `-s -o test.tex`
to output the generated LaTeX. You can then test it with `pdflatex test.tex`.
When using LaTeX, the following packages need to be available
(they are included with all recent versions of [TeX Live]):
[`amsfonts`], [`amsmath`], [`lm`], [`unicode-math`],
[`iftex`], [`listings`] (if the
`--listings` option is used), [`fancyvrb`], [`longtable`],
[`booktabs`], [`multirow`] (if the document contains a table with
cells that cross multiple rows), [`graphicx`] (if the document
contains images), [`bookmark`], [`xcolor`],
[`soul`], [`geometry`] (with the `geometry` variable set),
[`setspace`] (with `linestretch`), and
[`babel`] (with `lang`). If `CJKmainfont` is set, [`xeCJK`]
is needed if `xelatex` is used, else [`luatexja`] is needed if
`lualatex` is used. [`framed`] is required if code is highlighted in a
scheme that use a colored background. The use of `xelatex` or
`lualatex` as the PDF engine requires [`fontspec`]. `lualatex`
uses [`selnolig`] and [`lua-ul`]. `xelatex` uses [`bidi`] (with
the `dir` variable set).
If the `mathspec` variable is set, `xelatex` will use [`mathspec`]
instead of [`unicode-math`]. The [`upquote`] and [`microtype`]
packages are used if available, and [`csquotes`] will be used
for [typography] if the `csquotes` variable or metadata field is
set to a true value. The [`natbib`], [`biblatex`], [`bibtex`],
and [`biber`] packages can optionally be used for [citation
rendering]. The following packages will be used to improve
output quality if present, but pandoc does not require them to
be present: [`upquote`] (for straight quotes in verbatim
environments), [`microtype`] (for better spacing adjustments),
[`parskip`] (for better inter-paragraph spaces), [`xurl`] (for
better line breaks in URLs), and [`footnotehyper`] or
[`footnote`] (to allow footnotes in tables).
[TeX Live]: https://www.tug.org/texlive/
[`amsfonts`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/amsfonts
[`amsmath`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/amsmath
[`babel`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/babel
[`biber`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/biber
[`biblatex`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/biblatex
[`bibtex`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/bibtex
[`bidi`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/bidi
[`bookmark`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/bookmark
[`booktabs`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/booktabs
[`csquotes`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/csquotes
[`fancyvrb`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/fancyvrb
[`fontspec`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec
[`footnote`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/footnote
[`footnotehyper`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/footnotehyper
[`framed`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/framed
[`geometry`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/geometry
[`graphicx`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/graphicx
[`hyperref`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref
[`iftex`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/iftex
[`listings`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/listings
[`lm`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/lm
[`lua-ul`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/lua-ul
[`luatexja`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/luatexja
[`longtable`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/longtable
[`mathspec`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/mathspec
[`microtype`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/microtype
[`natbib`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/natbib
[`parskip`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/parskip
[`polyglossia`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/polyglossia
[`prince`]: https://www.princexml.com/
[`setspace`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/setspace
[`soul`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/soul
[`unicode-math`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math
[`upquote`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/upquote
[`weasyprint`]: https://weasyprint.org
[`wkhtmltopdf`]: https://wkhtmltopdf.org
[`xcolor`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/xcolor
[`xeCJK`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/xecjk
[`xurl`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/xurl
[`selnolig`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/selnolig
## Reading from the Web
Instead of an input file, an absolute URI may be given. In this case
pandoc will fetch the content using HTTP:
pandoc -f html -t markdown https://www.fsf.org
It is possible to supply a custom User-Agent string or other
header when requesting a document from a URL:
pandoc -f html -t markdown --request-header User-Agent:"Mozilla/5.0" \
https://www.fsf.org
# Options
## General options {.options}
`-f` *FORMAT*, `-r` *FORMAT*, `--from=`*FORMAT*, `--read=`*FORMAT*
: Specify input format. *FORMAT* can be:
::: {#input-formats}
- `bibtex` ([BibTeX] bibliography)
- `biblatex` ([BibLaTeX] bibliography)
- `bits` ([BITS] XML, alias for `jats`)
- `commonmark` ([CommonMark] Markdown)
- `commonmark_x` ([CommonMark] Markdown with extensions)
- `creole` ([Creole 1.0])
- `csljson` ([CSL JSON] bibliography)
- `csv` ([CSV] table)
- `tsv` ([TSV] table)
- `djot` ([Djot markup])
- `docbook` ([DocBook])
- `docx` ([Word docx])
- `dokuwiki` ([DokuWiki markup])
- `endnotexml` ([EndNote XML bibliography])
- `epub` ([EPUB])
- `fb2` ([FictionBook2] e-book)
- `gfm` ([GitHub-Flavored Markdown]),
or the deprecated and less accurate `markdown_github`;
use [`markdown_github`](#markdown-variants) only
if you need extensions not supported in [`gfm`](#markdown-variants).
- `haddock` ([Haddock markup])
- `html` ([HTML])
- `ipynb` ([Jupyter notebook])
- `jats` ([JATS] XML)
- `jira` ([Jira]/Confluence wiki markup)
- `json` (JSON version of native AST)
- `latex` ([LaTeX])
- `markdown` ([Pandoc's Markdown])
- `markdown_mmd` ([MultiMarkdown])
- `markdown_phpextra` ([PHP Markdown Extra])
- `markdown_strict` (original unextended [Markdown])
- `mediawiki` ([MediaWiki markup])
- `man` ([roff man])
- `muse` ([Muse])
- `native` (native Haskell)
- `odt` ([OpenOffice text document][ODT])
- `opml` ([OPML])
- `org` ([Emacs Org mode])
- `ris` ([RIS] bibliography)
- `rtf` ([Rich Text Format])
- `rst` ([reStructuredText])
- `t2t` ([txt2tags])
- `textile` ([Textile])
- `tikiwiki` ([TikiWiki markup])
- `twiki` ([TWiki markup])
- `typst` ([typst])
- `vimwiki` ([Vimwiki])
- the path of a custom Lua reader, see [Custom readers and writers] below
:::
Extensions can be individually enabled or disabled by
appending `+EXTENSION` or `-EXTENSION` to the format name.
See [Extensions] below, for a list of extensions and
their names. See `--list-input-formats` and `--list-extensions`,
below.
`-t` *FORMAT*, `-w` *FORMAT*, `--to=`*FORMAT*, `--write=`*FORMAT*
: Specify output format. *FORMAT* can be:
::: {#output-formats}
- `ansi` (text with [ANSI escape codes], for terminal viewing)
- `asciidoc` (modern [AsciiDoc] as interpreted by [AsciiDoctor])
- `asciidoc_legacy` ([AsciiDoc] as interpreted by [`asciidoc-py`]).
- `asciidoctor` (deprecated synonym for `asciidoc`)
- `beamer` ([LaTeX beamer][`beamer`] slide show)
- `bibtex` ([BibTeX] bibliography)
- `biblatex` ([BibLaTeX] bibliography)
- `chunkedhtml` (zip archive of multiple linked HTML files)
- `commonmark` ([CommonMark] Markdown)
- `commonmark_x` ([CommonMark] Markdown with extensions)
- `context` ([ConTeXt])
- `csljson` ([CSL JSON] bibliography)
- `djot` ([Djot markup])
- `docbook` or `docbook4` ([DocBook] 4)
- `docbook5` (DocBook 5)
- `docx` ([Word docx])
- `dokuwiki` ([DokuWiki markup])
- `epub` or `epub3` ([EPUB] v3 book)
- `epub2` (EPUB v2)
- `fb2` ([FictionBook2] e-book)
- `gfm` ([GitHub-Flavored Markdown]),
or the deprecated and less accurate `markdown_github`;
use [`markdown_github`](#markdown-variants) only
if you need extensions not supported in [`gfm`](#markdown-variants).
- `haddock` ([Haddock markup])
- `html` or `html5` ([HTML], i.e. [HTML5]/XHTML [polyglot markup])
- `html4` ([XHTML] 1.0 Transitional)
- `icml` ([InDesign ICML])
- `ipynb` ([Jupyter notebook])
- `jats_archiving` ([JATS] XML, Archiving and Interchange Tag Set)
- `jats_articleauthoring` ([JATS] XML, Article Authoring Tag Set)
- `jats_publishing` ([JATS] XML, Journal Publishing Tag Set)
- `jats` (alias for `jats_archiving`)
- `jira` ([Jira]/Confluence wiki markup)
- `json` (JSON version of native AST)
- `latex` ([LaTeX])
- `man` ([roff man])
- `markdown` ([Pandoc's Markdown])
- `markdown_mmd` ([MultiMarkdown])
- `markdown_phpextra` ([PHP Markdown Extra])
- `markdown_strict` (original unextended [Markdown])
- `markua` ([Markua])
- `mediawiki` ([MediaWiki markup])
- `ms` ([roff ms])
- `muse` ([Muse])
- `native` (native Haskell)
- `odt` ([OpenOffice text document][ODT])
- `opml` ([OPML])
- `opendocument` ([OpenDocument])
- `org` ([Emacs Org mode])
- `pdf` ([PDF])
- `plain` (plain text)
- `pptx` ([PowerPoint] slide show)
- `rst` ([reStructuredText])
- `rtf` ([Rich Text Format])
- `texinfo` ([GNU Texinfo])
- `textile` ([Textile])
- `slideous` ([Slideous] HTML and JavaScript slide show)
- `slidy` ([Slidy] HTML and JavaScript slide show)
- `dzslides` ([DZSlides] HTML5 + JavaScript slide show)
- `revealjs` ([reveal.js] HTML5 + JavaScript slide show)
- `s5` ([S5] HTML and JavaScript slide show)
- `tei` ([TEI Simple])
- `typst` ([typst])
- `xwiki` ([XWiki markup])
- `zimwiki` ([ZimWiki markup])
- the path of a custom Lua writer, see [Custom readers and writers] below
:::
Note that `odt`, `docx`, `epub`, and `pdf` output will not be directed
to *stdout* unless forced with `-o -`.
Extensions can be individually enabled or
disabled by appending `+EXTENSION` or `-EXTENSION` to the format
name. See [Extensions] below, for a list of extensions and their
names. See `--list-output-formats` and `--list-extensions`, below.
`-o` *FILE*, `--output=`*FILE*
: Write output to *FILE* instead of *stdout*. If *FILE* is
`-`, output will go to *stdout*, even if a non-textual format
(`docx`, `odt`, `epub2`, `epub3`) is specified. If the
output format is `chunkedhtml` and *FILE* has no extension,
then instead of producing a `.zip` file pandoc will create
a directory *FILE* and unpack the zip archive there
(unless *FILE* already exists, in which case an error
will be raised).
`--data-dir=`*DIRECTORY*
: Specify the user data directory to search for pandoc data files.
If this option is not specified, the default user data directory
will be used. On \*nix and macOS systems this will be the `pandoc`
subdirectory of the XDG data directory (by default,
`$HOME/.local/share`, overridable by setting the `XDG_DATA_HOME`
environment variable). If that directory does not exist and
`$HOME/.pandoc` exists, it will be used (for backwards compatibility).
On Windows the default user data directory is `%APPDATA%\pandoc`.
You can find the default user data directory on your system by
looking at the output of `pandoc --version`.
Data files placed in this directory (for example, `reference.odt`,
`reference.docx`, `epub.css`, `templates`) will override
pandoc's normal defaults. (Note that the user data directory
is not created by pandoc, so you will need to create it yourself
if you want to make use of it.)
`-d` *FILE*, `--defaults=`*FILE*
: Specify a set of default option settings. *FILE* is a YAML
file whose fields correspond to command-line option
settings. All options for document conversion, including input
and output files, can be set using a defaults file. The file will
be searched for first in the working directory, and then in
the `defaults` subdirectory of the user data directory
(see `--data-dir`). The `.yaml` extension may be omitted.
See the section [Defaults files] for more information on the
file format. Settings from the defaults file may be
overridden or extended by subsequent options on the command
line.
`--bash-completion`
: Generate a bash completion script. To enable bash completion
with pandoc, add this to your `.bashrc`:
eval "$(pandoc --bash-completion)"
`--verbose`
: Give verbose debugging output.
`--quiet`
: Suppress warning messages.
`--fail-if-warnings[=true|false]`
: Exit with error status if there are any warnings.
`--log=`*FILE*
: Write log messages in machine-readable JSON format to
*FILE*. All messages above DEBUG level will be written,
regardless of verbosity settings (`--verbose`, `--quiet`).
`--list-input-formats`
: List supported input formats, one per line.
`--list-output-formats`
: List supported output formats, one per line.
`--list-extensions`[`=`*FORMAT*]
: List supported extensions for *FORMAT*, one per line, preceded
by a `+` or `-` indicating whether it is enabled by default
in *FORMAT*. If *FORMAT* is not specified, defaults for
pandoc's Markdown are given.
`--list-highlight-languages`
: List supported languages for syntax highlighting, one per
line.
`--list-highlight-styles`
: List supported styles for syntax highlighting, one per line.
See `--highlight-style`.
`-v`, `--version`
: Print version.
`-h`, `--help`
: Show usage message.
[ANSI escape codes]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
[Markdown]: https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/
[CommonMark]: https://commonmark.org
[PHP Markdown Extra]: https://michelf.ca/projects/php-markdown/extra/
[GitHub-Flavored Markdown]: https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown/
[MultiMarkdown]: https://fletcherpenney.net/multimarkdown/
[reStructuredText]: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/ref/rst/introduction.html
[S5]: https://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/
[Slidy]: https://www.w3.org/Talks/Tools/Slidy2/
[Slideous]: https://goessner.net/articles/slideous/
[HTML]: https://www.w3.org/html/
[HTML5]: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/
[polyglot markup]: https://www.w3.org/TR/html-polyglot/
[XHTML]: https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/
[LaTeX]: https://www.latex-project.org/
[`beamer`]: https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer
[Beamer User's Guide]: http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/beamer/doc/beameruserguide.pdf
[ConTeXt]: https://www.contextgarden.net/
[Rich Text Format]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Text_Format
[DocBook]: https://docbook.org
[Djot markup]: https://djot.net
[JATS]: https://jats.nlm.nih.gov
[BITS]: https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/extensions/bits/
[Jira]: https://jira.atlassian.com/secure/WikiRendererHelpAction.jspa?section=all
[txt2tags]: https://txt2tags.org
[EPUB]: http://idpf.org/epub
[OPML]: http://dev.opml.org/spec2.html
[OpenDocument]: http://opendocument.xml.org
[ODT]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument
[Textile]: https://textile-lang.com
[MediaWiki markup]: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting
[DokuWiki markup]: https://www.dokuwiki.org/dokuwiki
[ZimWiki markup]: https://zim-wiki.org/manual/Help/Wiki_Syntax.html
[XWiki markup]: https://www.xwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Documentation/UserGuide/Features/XWikiSyntax/
[TWiki markup]: https://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/TWiki/TextFormattingRules
[TikiWiki markup]: https://doc.tiki.org/Wiki-Syntax-Text#The_Markup_Language_Wiki-Syntax
[Haddock markup]: https://www.haskell.org/haddock/doc/html/ch03s08.html
[Creole 1.0]: http://www.wikicreole.org/wiki/Creole1.0
[CSV]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180
[TSV]: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/tab-separated-values
[roff man]: https://man.cx/groff_man(7)
[roff ms]: https://man.cx/groff_ms(7)
[Haskell]: https://www.haskell.org
[GNU Texinfo]: https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
[RIS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIS_(file_format)
[Emacs Org mode]: https://orgmode.org
[AsciiDoc]: https://asciidoc.org/
[AsciiDoctor]: https://asciidoctor.org/
[`asciidoc-py`]: https://github.com/asciidoc-py/asciidoc-py
[DZSlides]: https://paulrouget.com/dzslides/
[Word docx]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML
[PDF]: https://www.adobe.com/pdf/
[reveal.js]: https://revealjs.com/
[FictionBook2]: http://www.fictionbook.org/index.php/Eng:XML_Schema_Fictionbook_2.1
[Jupyter notebook]: https://nbformat.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
[InDesign ICML]: https://manualzz.com/doc/9627253/adobe-indesign-cs6-idml-cookbook
[TEI Simple]: https://github.com/TEIC/TEI-Simple
[Muse]: https://amusewiki.org/library/manual
[PowerPoint]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint
[Vimwiki]: https://vimwiki.github.io
[CSL JSON]: https://citeproc-js.readthedocs.io/en/latest/csl-json/markup.html
[BibTeX]: https://ctan.org/pkg/bibtex
[BibLaTeX]: https://ctan.org/pkg/biblatex
[Markua]: https://leanpub.com/markua/read
[EndNote XML bibliography]: https://support.clarivate.com/Endnote/s/article/EndNote-XML-Document-Type-Definition
[typst]: https://typst.app
## Reader options {.options}
`--shift-heading-level-by=`*NUMBER*
: Shift heading levels by a positive or negative integer.
For example, with `--shift-heading-level-by=-1`, level 2
headings become level 1 headings, and level 3 headings
become level 2 headings. Headings cannot have a level
less than 1, so a heading that would be shifted below level 1
becomes a regular paragraph. Exception: with a shift of -N,
a level-N heading at the beginning of the document
replaces the metadata title. `--shift-heading-level-by=-1`
is a good choice when converting HTML or Markdown documents that
use an initial level-1 heading for the document title and
level-2+ headings for sections. `--shift-heading-level-by=1`
may be a good choice for converting Markdown documents that
use level-1 headings for sections to HTML, since pandoc uses
a level-1 heading to render the document title.
`--base-header-level=`*NUMBER*
: *Deprecated. Use `--shift-heading-level-by`=X instead,
where X = NUMBER - 1.* Specify the base level for headings
(defaults to 1).
`--indented-code-classes=`*CLASSES*
: Specify classes to use for indented code blocks---for example,
`perl,numberLines` or `haskell`. Multiple classes may be separated
by spaces or commas.
`--default-image-extension=`*EXTENSION*
: Specify a default extension to use when image paths/URLs have no
extension. This allows you to use the same source for formats that
require different kinds of images. Currently this option only affects
the Markdown and LaTeX readers.
`--file-scope[=true|false]`
: Parse each file individually before combining for multifile
documents. This will allow footnotes in different files with the
same identifiers to work as expected. If this option is set,
footnotes and links will not work across files. Reading binary
files (docx, odt, epub) implies `--file-scope`.
If two or more files are processed using `--file-scope`,
prefixes based on the filenames will be added to identifiers
in order to disambiguate them, and internal links will
be adjusted accordingly. For example, a header with
identifier `foo` in `subdir/file1.txt` will have its
identifier changed to `subdir__file1.txt__foo`.
`-F` *PROGRAM*, `--filter=`*PROGRAM*
: Specify an executable to be used as a filter transforming the
pandoc AST after the input is parsed and before the output is
written. The executable should read JSON from stdin and write
JSON to stdout. The JSON must be formatted like pandoc's own
JSON input and output. The name of the output format will be
passed to the filter as the first argument. Hence,
pandoc --filter ./caps.py -t latex
is equivalent to
pandoc -t json | ./caps.py latex | pandoc -f json -t latex
The latter form may be useful for debugging filters.
Filters may be written in any language. `Text.Pandoc.JSON`
exports `toJSONFilter` to facilitate writing filters in Haskell.
Those who would prefer to write filters in python can use the
module [`pandocfilters`], installable from PyPI. There are also
pandoc filter libraries in [PHP], [perl], and
[JavaScript/node.js].
In order of preference, pandoc will look for filters in
1. a specified full or relative path (executable or
non-executable),
2. `$DATADIR/filters` (executable or non-executable)
where `$DATADIR` is the user data directory (see
`--data-dir`, above),
3. `$PATH` (executable only).
Filters, Lua-filters, and citeproc processing are applied in
the order specified on the command line.
`-L` *SCRIPT*, `--lua-filter=`*SCRIPT*
: Transform the document in a similar fashion as JSON filters (see
`--filter`), but use pandoc's built-in Lua filtering system. The given
Lua script is expected to return a list of Lua filters which will be
applied in order. Each Lua filter must contain element-transforming
functions indexed by the name of the AST element on which the filter
function should be applied.
The `pandoc` Lua module provides helper functions for element
creation. It is always loaded into the script's Lua environment.
See the [Lua filters documentation] for further details.
In order of preference, pandoc will look for Lua filters in
1. a specified full or relative path,
2. `$DATADIR/filters` where `$DATADIR` is the user data
directory (see `--data-dir`, above).
Filters, Lua filters, and citeproc processing are applied in
the order specified on the command line.
`-M` *KEY*[`=`*VAL*], `--metadata=`*KEY*[`:`*VAL*]
: Set the metadata field *KEY* to the value *VAL*. A value specified
on the command line overrides a value specified in the document
using [YAML metadata blocks][Extension: `yaml_metadata_block`].
Values will be parsed as YAML boolean or string values. If no value is
specified, the value will be treated as Boolean true. Like
`--variable`, `--metadata` causes template variables to be set.
But unlike `--variable`, `--metadata` affects the metadata of the
underlying document (which is accessible from filters and may be
printed in some output formats) and metadata values will be escaped
when inserted into the template.
`--metadata-file=`*FILE*
: Read metadata from the supplied YAML (or JSON) file. This
option can be used with every input format, but string scalars
in the metadata file will always be parsed as Markdown. (If the
input format is Markdown or a Markdown variant, then the
same variant will be used to parse the metadata file;
if it is a non-Markdown format, pandoc's default Markdown
extensions will be used.) This option can be used
repeatedly to include multiple metadata files; values in
files specified later on the command line will be preferred
over those specified in earlier files. Metadata values
specified inside the document, or by using `-M`, overwrite
values specified with this option. The file will be searched
for first in the working directory, and then in the `metadata`
subdirectory of the user data directory (see `--data-dir`).
`-p`, `--preserve-tabs[=true|false]`
: Preserve tabs instead of converting them to spaces. (By default, pandoc
converts tabs to spaces before parsing its input.) Note that this will
only affect tabs in literal code spans and code blocks. Tabs in regular
text are always treated as spaces.
`--tab-stop=`*NUMBER*
: Specify the number of spaces per tab (default is 4).
`--track-changes=accept`|`reject`|`all`
: Specifies what to do with insertions, deletions, and comments
produced by the MS Word "Track Changes" feature. `accept` (the
default) processes all the insertions and deletions.
`reject` ignores them. Both `accept` and `reject` ignore comments.
`all` includes all insertions, deletions, and comments, wrapped
in spans with `insertion`, `deletion`, `comment-start`, and
`comment-end` classes, respectively. The author and time of
change is included. `all` is useful for scripting: only
accepting changes from a certain reviewer, say, or before a
certain date. If a paragraph is inserted or deleted,
`track-changes=all` produces a span with the class
`paragraph-insertion`/`paragraph-deletion` before the
affected paragraph break. This option only affects the docx
reader.
`--extract-media=`*DIR*
: Extract images and other media contained in or linked from
the source document to the path *DIR*, creating it if
necessary, and adjust the images references in the document
so they point to the extracted files. Media are downloaded,
read from the file system, or extracted from a binary
container (e.g. docx), as needed. The original file paths
are used if they are relative paths not containing `..`.
Otherwise filenames are constructed from the SHA1 hash of
the contents.
`--abbreviations=`*FILE*
: Specifies a custom abbreviations file, with abbreviations
one to a line. If this option is not specified, pandoc will
read the data file `abbreviations` from the user data
directory or fall back on a system default. To see the
system default, use
`pandoc --print-default-data-file=abbreviations`. The only
use pandoc makes of this list is in the Markdown reader.
Strings found in this list will be followed by a nonbreaking
space, and the period will not produce sentence-ending space
in formats like LaTeX. The strings may not contain spaces.
`--trace[=true|false]`
: Print diagnostic output tracing parser progress to stderr.
This option is intended for use by developers in diagnosing
performance issues.
[`pandocfilters`]: https://github.com/jgm/pandocfilters
[PHP]: https://github.com/vinai/pandocfilters-php
[perl]: https://metacpan.org/pod/Pandoc::Filter
[JavaScript/node.js]: https://github.com/mvhenderson/pandoc-filter-node
[Lua filters documentation]: https://pandoc.org/lua-filters.html
## General writer options {.options}
`-s`, `--standalone`
: Produce output with an appropriate header and footer (e.g. a
standalone HTML, LaTeX, TEI, or RTF file, not a fragment). This option
is set automatically for `pdf`, `epub`, `epub3`, `fb2`, `docx`, and `odt`
output. For `native` output, this option causes metadata to
be included; otherwise, metadata is suppressed.
`--template=`*FILE*|*URL*
: Use the specified file as a custom template for the generated document.
Implies `--standalone`. See [Templates], below, for a description
of template syntax. If no extension is specified, an extension
corresponding to the writer will be added, so that `--template=special`
looks for `special.html` for HTML output. If the template is not
found, pandoc will search for it in the `templates` subdirectory of
the user data directory (see `--data-dir`). If this option is not used,
a default template appropriate for the output format will be used (see
`-D/--print-default-template`).
`-V` *KEY*[`=`*VAL*], `--variable=`*KEY*[`:`*VAL*]
: Set the template variable *KEY* to the string value *VAL* when rendering
the document in standalone mode. If no *VAL* is specified, the
key will be given the value `true`. Structured values (lists, maps)
cannot be assigned using this option, but they can be assigned in
the `variables` section of a [defaults file][Defaults files].
`--sandbox[=true|false]`
: Run pandoc in a sandbox, limiting IO operations in readers
and writers to reading the files specified on the command line.
Note that this option does not limit IO operations by
filters or in the production of PDF documents. But it does
offer security against, for example, disclosure of files
through the use of `include` directives. Anyone using
pandoc on untrusted user input should use this option.
Note: some readers and writers (e.g., `docx`) need access to data
files. If these are stored on the file system, then pandoc
will not be able to find them when run in `--sandbox` mode
and will raise an error. For these applications, we
recommend using a pandoc binary compiled with the `embed_data_files`
option, which causes the data files to be baked into the binary
instead of being stored on the file system.
`-D` *FORMAT*, `--print-default-template=`*FORMAT*
: Print the system default template for an output *FORMAT*. (See `-t`
for a list of possible *FORMAT*s.) Templates in the user data
directory are ignored. This option may be used with
`-o`/`--output` to redirect output to a file, but
`-o`/`--output` must come before `--print-default-template`
on the command line.
Note that some of the default templates use partials, for
example `styles.html`. To print the partials, use
`--print-default-data-file`: for example,
`--print-default-data-file=templates/styles.html`.
`--print-default-data-file=`*FILE*
: Print a system default data file. Files in the user data directory
are ignored. This option may be used with `-o`/`--output` to
redirect output to a file, but `-o`/`--output` must come before
`--print-default-data-file` on the command line.
`--eol=crlf`|`lf`|`native`
: Manually specify line endings: `crlf` (Windows), `lf`
(macOS/Linux/UNIX), or `native` (line endings appropriate
to the OS on which pandoc is being run). The default is
`native`.
`--dpi`=*NUMBER*
: Specify the default dpi (dots per inch) value for conversion
from pixels to inch/centimeters and vice versa. (Technically,
the correct term would be ppi: pixels per inch.) The default
is 96dpi. When images contain information about dpi
internally, the encoded value is used instead of the default
specified by this option.
`--wrap=auto`|`none`|`preserve`
: Determine how text is wrapped in the output (the source
code, not the rendered version). With `auto` (the default),
pandoc will attempt to wrap lines to the column width specified by
`--columns` (default 72). With `none`, pandoc will not wrap
lines at all. With `preserve`, pandoc will attempt to
preserve the wrapping from the source document (that is,
where there are nonsemantic newlines in the source, there
will be nonsemantic newlines in the output as well).
In `ipynb` output, this option affects wrapping of the
contents of Markdown cells.
`--columns=`*NUMBER*
: Specify length of lines in characters. This affects text wrapping
in the generated source code (see `--wrap`). It also affects
calculation of column widths for plain text tables (see [Tables] below).
`--toc[=true|false]`, `--table-of-contents[=true|false]`
: Include an automatically generated table of contents (or, in
the case of `latex`, `context`, `docx`, `odt`,
`opendocument`, `rst`, or `ms`, an instruction to create
one) in the output document. This option has no effect
unless `-s/--standalone` is used, and it has no effect
on `man`, `docbook4`, `docbook5`, or `jats` output.
Note that if you are producing a PDF via `ms`, the table
of contents will appear at the beginning of the
document, before the title. If you would prefer it to
be at the end of the document, use the option
`--pdf-engine-opt=--no-toc-relocation`.
`--toc-depth=`*NUMBER*
: Specify the number of section levels to include in the table
of contents. The default is 3 (which means that level-1, 2, and 3
headings will be listed in the contents).
`--lof[=true|false]`, `--list-of-figures[=true|false]`
: Include an automatically generated list of figures (or, in
some formats, an instruction to create one) in the output
document. This option has no effect unless `-s/--standalone`
is used, and it only has an effect on `latex`, `context`, and
`docx` output.
`--lot[=true|false]`, `--list-of-tables[=true|false]`
: Include an automatically generated list of tables (or, in
some formats, an instruction to create one) in the output
document. This option has no effect unless `-s/--standalone`
is used, and it only has an effect on `latex`, `context`, and
`docx` output.
`--strip-comments[=true|false]`
: Strip out HTML comments in the Markdown or Textile source,
rather than passing them on to Markdown, Textile or HTML
output as raw HTML. This does not apply to HTML comments
inside raw HTML blocks when the `markdown_in_html_blocks`
extension is not set.
`--no-highlight`
: Disables syntax highlighting for code blocks and inlines, even when
a language attribute is given.
`--highlight-style=`*STYLE*|*FILE*
: Specifies the coloring style to be used in highlighted source code.
Options are `pygments` (the default), `kate`, `monochrome`,
`breezeDark`, `espresso`, `zenburn`, `haddock`, and `tango`.
For more information on syntax highlighting in pandoc, see
[Syntax highlighting], below. See also
`--list-highlight-styles`.
Instead of a *STYLE* name, a JSON file with extension
`.theme` may be supplied. This will be parsed as a KDE
syntax highlighting theme and (if valid) used as the
highlighting style.
To generate the JSON version of an existing style,
use `--print-highlight-style`.
`--print-highlight-style=`*STYLE*|*FILE*
: Prints a JSON version of a highlighting style, which can
be modified, saved with a `.theme` extension, and used
with `--highlight-style`. This option may be used with
`-o`/`--output` to redirect output to a file, but
`-o`/`--output` must come before `--print-highlight-style`
on the command line.
`--syntax-definition=`*FILE*
: Instructs pandoc to load a KDE XML syntax definition file,
which will be used for syntax highlighting of appropriately
marked code blocks. This can be used to add support for
new languages or to use altered syntax definitions for
existing languages. This option may be repeated to add
multiple syntax definitions.
`-H` *FILE*, `--include-in-header=`*FILE*|*URL*
: Include contents of *FILE*, verbatim, at the end of the header.
This can be used, for example, to include special
CSS or JavaScript in HTML documents. This option can be used
repeatedly to include multiple files in the header. They will be
included in the order specified. Implies `--standalone`.
`-B` *FILE*, `--include-before-body=`*FILE*|*URL*
: Include contents of *FILE*, verbatim, at the beginning of the
document body (e.g. after the `<body>` tag in HTML, or the
`\begin{document}` command in LaTeX). This can be used to include
navigation bars or banners in HTML documents. This option can be
used repeatedly to include multiple files. They will be included in
the order specified. Implies `--standalone`. Note that if the
output format is `odt`, this file must be in OpenDocument XML format
suitable for insertion into the body of the document, and if
the output is `docx`, this file must be in appropriate
OpenXML format.
`-A` *FILE*, `--include-after-body=`*FILE*|*URL*
: Include contents of *FILE*, verbatim, at the end of the document
body (before the `</body>` tag in HTML, or the
`\end{document}` command in LaTeX). This option can be used
repeatedly to include multiple files. They will be included in the
order specified. Implies `--standalone`. Note that if the
output format is `odt`, this file must be in OpenDocument XML format
suitable for insertion into the body of the document, and if
the output is `docx`, this file must be in appropriate
OpenXML format.
`--resource-path=`*SEARCHPATH*
: List of paths to search for images and other resources.
The paths should be separated by `:` on Linux, UNIX, and
macOS systems, and by `;` on Windows. If `--resource-path`
is not specified, the default resource path is the working
directory. Note that, if `--resource-path` is specified,
the working directory must be explicitly listed or it
will not be searched. For example:
`--resource-path=.:test` will search the working directory
and the `test` subdirectory, in that order.
This option can be used repeatedly. Search path components
that come later on the command line will be searched before
those that come earlier, so
`--resource-path foo:bar --resource-path baz:bim` is
equivalent to `--resource-path baz:bim:foo:bar`.
Note that this option only has an effect when pandoc
itself needs to find an image (e.g., in producing a
PDF or docx, or when `--embed-resources` is used.)
It will not cause image paths to be rewritten in other
cases (e.g., when pandoc is generating LaTeX or HTML).
`--request-header=`*NAME*`:`*VAL*
: Set the request header *NAME* to the value *VAL* when making
HTTP requests (for example, when a URL is given on the
command line, or when resources used in a document must be
downloaded). If you're behind a proxy, you also need to set
the environment variable `http_proxy` to `http://...`.