From 528c080d085f97767c66fe20b9bc68e4721c99df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Zhaoyang Chen Date: Fri, 4 Nov 2022 22:11:29 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] continue working on phonology --- doc/hispania.aux | 469 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- doc/hispania.bcf | 41 +++-- doc/hispania.blg | 26 +-- doc/hispania.log | 94 +++++----- doc/hispania.tex | 163 +++++++++++----- doc/hispania.toc | 206 +++++++++++---------- 6 files changed, 565 insertions(+), 434 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/hispania.aux b/doc/hispania.aux index 726be12..4fe21d5 100644 --- a/doc/hispania.aux +++ b/doc/hispania.aux @@ -28,16 +28,17 @@ \abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{penny_spanish} \abx@aux@cite{lloyd_spanish} \abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{lloyd_spanish} -\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}\emph {España en el corazón}: \\ Introduction}{6}{chapter.1}\protected@file@percent } +\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline 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Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string (Unicode): -(hyperref) removing `\\' on input line 264. +(hyperref) removing `\\' on input line 266. [13 @@ -2007,7 +2007,7 @@ Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string (Unicode): Chapter 4. Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string (Unicode): -(hyperref) removing `\\' on input line 441. +(hyperref) removing `\\' on input line 443. [18 @@ -2025,94 +2025,94 @@ Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string (Unicode): \myCenter3=\dimen360 \myScoreEnd3=\dimen361 -Overfull \hbox (65.6109pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 594--600 +Overfull \hbox (65.6109pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 614--620 [] [] -[22] [23 +[22] [23] [24] [25 ] Chapter 5. -[24 +[26 ] File: ../pics//augustine.jpg Graphic file (type bmp) <../pics//augustine.jpg> - [25] + [27] Chapter 6. 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Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string (Unicode): -(hyperref) removing `\\' on input line 1772. +(hyperref) removing `\\' on input line 1849. -[52 +[55 -] [53] +] [56] Chapter 10. -[54 +[57 ] Chapter 11. -[55 +[58 ] -Overfull \hbox (3.91498pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1978--1978 +Overfull \hbox (3.91498pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 2057--2057 [][]\TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 Kondrak, Grzegorz (2002). \TU/LibertinusSerif (0)/m/it/10 Algorithms for Language Reconstruction\TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 . \TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/sc/10 url\TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 : [][]$[][][ @@ -2120,7 +2120,7 @@ Overfull \hbox (3.91498pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1978--1978 [] -Overfull \hbox (94.97496pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1978--1978 +Overfull \hbox (94.97496pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 2057--2057 [][]\TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 Hartman, Steven Lee (2003a). \TU/LibertinusSe rif(0)/m/it/10 Modeling Phonological Change\TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 . \TU/ LibertinusSerif(0)/m/sc/10 url\TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 : [][]$[][][][][] [ @@ -2129,16 +2129,16 @@ LibertinusSerif(0)/m/sc/10 url\TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 : [][]$[][][][][] [ [] -Overfull \hbox (21.64708pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 1980--1980 +Overfull \hbox (21.64708pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 2059--2059 \TU/LibertinusSerif(0)/m/n/10 quences in Romance”. 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[] -[56 +[59 -] [57] [58] (./hispania.aux) +] [60] [61] (./hispania.aux) LaTeX Font Warning: Some font shapes were not available, defaults substituted. @@ -2147,12 +2147,12 @@ Package logreq Info: Writing requests to 'hispania.run.xml'. ) Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: - 52584 strings out of 477220 - 1131147 string characters out of 5832721 - 2043300 words of memory out of 5000000 - 71533 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 - 412596 words of font info for 131 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 52601 strings out of 477220 + 1131488 string characters out of 5832721 + 2043803 words of memory out of 5000000 + 71549 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 412604 words of font info for 132 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 1348 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 125i,33n,120p,1604b,5362s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s -Output written on hispania.pdf (59 pages). +Output written on hispania.pdf (62 pages). diff --git a/doc/hispania.tex b/doc/hispania.tex index 392aa10..9dd5e4c 100644 --- a/doc/hispania.tex +++ b/doc/hispania.tex @@ -112,10 +112,12 @@ \pagebreak -\chapter{\emph{España en el corazón}: \\ Introduction} +\chapter{\emph{España en nuestros corazones}: \\ Introduction} \epigraph{Eternal vigilance is the price of knowledge.}{George Santayana} +\section{\emph{La lengua española}} + \section{Seasoned Techniques} \epigraph{枯れた技術の水平思考\footnotemark}{横井軍平} @@ -506,9 +508,7 @@ \subsection{Metrical Level} \section{Representation of Sound Changes} -\subsection{Contexts of Sound Change} - -\subsection{Common Sound Change Patterns} +\subsection{Sound Change Patterns} \subsubsection{Elision}\label{sec:elision_lam} @@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ \subsubsection{Elision}\label{sec:elision_lam} & \textbf{in}\ [\text{ρ} \rightarrow \text{ρ}']\ \text{σ} \end{aligned} \\ \end{align*} -One may observe that these two sound changes differ only by the what kind of consonant they elide. +One may observe that these two sound changes differ only by the what kind of consonant they elide. As we can see from the following template that elides an arbitrary consonant \textbf{C} (although this is not a grammatical function): \begin{align*} \text{elision}_\text{\textbf{C}} &\ :\ \text{Syllable} \rightarrow \text{Syllable} \\ \text{σ} \quad \vdash \Tree [.\text{ρ} [.\text{ν} ] [.K [.\text{κ} [.\textbf{C} ] ] ] ] & \Rightarrow @@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ \subsubsection{Elision}\label{sec:elision_lam} & \textbf{in}\ [\text{ρ} \rightarrow \text{ρ}']\ \text{σ} \end{aligned} \\ \end{align*} - +A grammatical function would have to take another argument, which is the segment that is to be elided: \begin{align*} \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$}} &\ : \ \text{Consonant} \rightarrow \text{Syllable} \rightarrow \text{Syllable} \\ \begin{aligned}\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} @@ -551,9 +551,22 @@ \subsubsection{Elision}\label{sec:elision_lam} \begin{aligned} & \textbf{let}\ \text{ρ}' = [\text{\textcolor{violet}{cons}} \rightarrow \varnothing]\ \text{ρ} \\ & \textbf{in}\ [\text{ρ} \rightarrow \text{ρ}']\ \text{σ} - \end{aligned} \\ -\\ - & \\ + \end{aligned} \\ +\end{align*} +One can see that \textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$} is able to construct arbitrary elision sound changes that elides any consonant at the end of a syllable: +\begin{align*} + \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$}}\ \text{m} & \equiv \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{m}$}}\ :\ \text{Syllable} \rightarrow \text{Syllable} \\ + \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$}}\ \text{s} & \equiv \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{s}$}}\ :\ \text{Syllable} \rightarrow \text{Syllable} +\end{align*} +\addtocounter{footnote}{-1} +\stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{ + This tree would look like this in full expansion: \\ + \begin{forest} + [ρ [ν] [Κ [κ[\textcolor{violet}{cons}]]]] + \end{forest} +} +But it still has one last problem: \textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$} only constructs sound changes that rewrites a \textbf{syllable}, not a phonological word. Thus it is not really useful since not all words in the lexicon are monosyllabic words; we need to construct sound changes that elide some \textbf{word-final} consonant instead of only syllable final consonant. It turns out that we are actually not too far away from this goal, only two functions away: +\begin{align*} \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_σ$}} &\ :\ (\text{Syllable} \rightarrow \text{Syllable}) \rightarrow \text{Lexeme} \rightarrow \text{Lexeme} \\ \begin{tabular}{|c|c|} \hline @@ -567,30 +580,37 @@ \subsubsection{Elision}\label{sec:elision_lam} & \textbf{in}\ \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_{σ}$}}\ \textcolor{magenta}{f} \\ \end{aligned} \end{align*} -\addtocounter{footnote}{-2} -\stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{ - This tree would look like this in full expansion: \\ - \begin{forest} - [ρ [ν] [Κ [κ[\textcolor{violet}{cons}]]]] - \end{forest}} +\addtocounter{footnote}{-1} \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{\textcolor{magenta}{$f$} : Syallble $\rightarrow$ Syllable.} - +Let us break it down bit by bit. First, recall that the \textbf{let}-expression is equivalent to substitution: \begin{equation*} \llbracket\ \textbf{let}\ \text{exp} = \text{exp}'\ \textbf{in}\ \text{exp}\ \rrbracket \coloneq [\text{exp} \rightarrow \text{exp}']\ \text{exp} \Rightarrow \text{exp}' \end{equation*} - -\begin{align*} - \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$}} & \coloneq [\text{\textcolor{magenta}{f}} \rightarrow \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_{\text{cons}}$}}\ \text{cons}]\ \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_{σ}$}}\ \textcolor{magenta}{f} \\ - & \\ - \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$}}\ \text{cons} & \Rightarrow \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_σ$}} (\text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$}} \text{cons}) -\end{align*} - +Thus, the function \textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$}, whose meaning may seem to be obscured at first glance, is a shorthand for this expression, using the [exp $\rightarrow$ exp$'$] notation: +\begin{equation*} + \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$}} \coloneq [\text{\textcolor{magenta}{f}} \rightarrow \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_{\text{cons}}$}}\ \text{cons}]\ \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_{σ}$}}\ \textcolor{magenta}{f} \\ +\end{equation*} +or, it can also look like this: +\begin{equation*} + \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$}}\ \text{cons} \Rightarrow \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_σ$}} (\text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$}}\ \text{cons}) +\end{equation*} +A concrete example of (a) constructing a sound change that elides word-final [t] and (b) applying the sound change to a word in one expression: \begin{align*} \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_{λ}$}}\ \text{t}\ \textsc{bibit}\footnotemark & \Rightarrow \textsc{bibi} \\ \end{align*} \addtocounter{footnote}{-1} -\stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{Internally looks like $[\textsc{bi}\ \dblcolon\ \textsc{bit}]$.} - +\stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{Internally looks like $[\textsc{b\'{i}}\ \dblcolon\ \textsc{bit}]$.} +To see a more rigorous picture, I have provided the following proof tree for this expression: +\begin{prooftree} + \AxiomC{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$} : Consonant $\rightarrow$ Lexeme $\rightarrow$ Lexeme} + \AxiomC{t : Consonant} + \BinaryInfC{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$} t : Lexeme $\rightarrow$ Lexeme} + \AxiomC{\textsc{bibit} : Lexeme} + \BinaryInfC{(\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$} t) \textsc{bibit} : Lexeme} +\end{prooftree} +The proof tree above is not the whole picture, here I provide a complete proof tree for the expression +\[ \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$}}\ \text{cons} \Rightarrow \text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_σ$}} (\text{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$}}\ \text{cons}) \] +after expansion: \begin{prooftree} \AxiomC{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_σ$} : (Syllable $\rightarrow$ Syllable) $\rightarrow$ Lexeme $\rightarrow$ Lexeme} \AxiomC{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$} : Consonant $\rightarrow$ Syllable $\rightarrow$ Syllable} @@ -599,13 +619,35 @@ \subsubsection{Elision}\label{sec:elision_lam} \BinaryInfC{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_σ$} (\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_\text{cons}$} \text{t}) : Lexeme $\rightarrow$ Lexeme} \end{prooftree} -\begin{prooftree} - \AxiomC{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$} : Consonant $\rightarrow$ Lexeme $\rightarrow$ Lexeme} - \AxiomC{t : Consonant} - \BinaryInfC{\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$} t : Lexeme $\rightarrow$ Lexeme} - \AxiomC{\textsc{bibit} : Lexeme} - \BinaryInfC{(\textcolor{magenta}{elide$_λ$} t) \textsc{bibit} : Lexeme} -\end{prooftree} +\subsubsection{Vowel Shifts}\label{sec:vowel_shift_lam} + +\subsubsection{Intervocalic Lenition}\label{sec:lenition_lam} + +\subsubsection{Apocope}\label{sec:apocope_lam} + +\subsubsection{Syncope}\label{sec:syncope_lam} + +\subsection{Context of Sound Changes} + +\subsection{Application of Sound Changes} + +\subsubsection{Composing Sound Changes} + +\begin{align*} + \emph{luz} & :\ \text{Lexme} \\ + \emph{luz} & \coloneq \textsc{l\={u}cem} & \\ + & \gg \textsc{lucem} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:loss_of_quantity}} \\ + & \gg \textsc{luce} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:m_elision}} \\ + & \gg \text{luʧe} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:velar_palatalization}} \\ + & \gg \text{lu\textipa{\texttslig}e} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:palatal_affric_fronting}} \\ + & \gg \text{lu\textipa{\textdzlig}e} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:lenition_1}} \\ + & \gg \text{lu\textipa{\textdzlig}} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:apocope}} \\ + & \gg \text{lu\textipa{\textsubbridge{z}}} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:deaffric_dental_affric}}\\ + & \gg \text{lu\textipa{\textsubbridge{s}}} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:devoice_fric}} \\ + & \gg \text{luθ} \lhd \text{\nameref{sec:desibil_dental_fric}} \\ +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Admissibility of Sound Changes} \section{Representation of Phonotactics} @@ -615,6 +657,18 @@ \section{Rule Ordering} Recall that the natural numbers look like this: $\mathbb{N} \coloneq 0 \sqsubset 1 \sqsubset 2 \sqsubset 3 \sqsubset \dots \sqsubset \omega$. +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{c|c} + no. & \\ + \hline + 0 & \nameref{sec:deaffric_dental_affric} \\ + \hline + 1 & \nameref{sec:devoice_fric} \\ + \hline + 2 & \nameref{sec:desibil_dental_fric} \\ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + \part{\emph{Los elementos de Fonología histórica española}} \chapter{Misc. Remarks and Comments} @@ -1033,6 +1087,33 @@ \subsubsection{Betacism I} (PrBsq. *euscala $\rightarrow$) \textsc{lat.} \textsc{vasconem} $\rightarrow$ Es. Gasc\'{o}n +\paragraph{Delabialization of Postconsonantal [w]} + +Other than yods, dehiaticization also results in postconsonantal [w] that was subject to deletion\footcite[p.~134-135]{lloyd_spanish}: +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{c c} + \textsc{lat.} & Es. \\ + \hline + \textsc{battu\={o}} & bato \\ + \textsc{mortuu} & muerto \\ + \textsc{quattuor} & cuatro \\ + \textsc{febru\={a}riu} & febrero \\ + \textsc{consuere} & coser \\ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} +This [w] deletes after velars as well, even though labiovelars [kʷ] [ɡʷ] were part of the Latin-Romance inventory: \textsc{ant\={i}quu} $\rightarrow$ Es. \emph{antigo}, \textsc{qu\={o}mod\={o}} $\rightarrow$ Es. \emph{como} \parencite[p.~135]{lloyd_spanish}. When the labiovelar is followed by an [a], the [w] can be preserved\footcite[p.~135]{lloyd_spanish}: +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{c c} + \textsc{lat.} & Es. \\ + \hline + \textsc{quand\={o}} & cuando \\ + \textsc{quantu} & cuanto \\ + \textsc{qu\={a}le} & cual \\ + \textsc{aqua} & agua \\ + \textsc{aequ\={a}le} & igual \\ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + \subsubsection{Yod Fortition} \begin{tcolorbox} @@ -1238,12 +1319,6 @@ \subsubsection{Syncope} \end{enumerate} Occationally the syncopated and unsyncopated forms coexist in Spanish, usually the unsyncopated form being a \emph{cultismo} e.g. parab\textcolor{red}{o}la v. parabla. \\ -\subsubsection{Apocope} - -\begin{tcolorbox} - -\end{tcolorbox} - \subsubsection{Metaphony} \begin{tcolorbox} @@ -1288,7 +1363,7 @@ \subsubsection{Elision of Intervocalic [g]} \textsc{c\={o}\textcolor{red}{g}it\={a}re} & cuidar \\ \end{tabular} -\subsubsection{Elision of Coda [m]} +\subsubsection{Elision of [m]}\label{sec:m_elision} \begin{tcolorbox} \[ \text{m}\ \# \Rightarrow \varnothing\ \# \] @@ -1673,6 +1748,8 @@ \subsubsection{Debuccalization of [f]} \end{center} Sometimes this sound change is attributed to the Romance-Basque bilingualism in the areas where Old Castilian was developed; recent discovery in Basque historical phonology has challenged this view \parencite{manterola_hualde}. +\subsubsection{Fronting of Palatal Affricates}\label{sec:palatal_affric_fronting} + \subsection{Structural Changes} \subsubsection{Metaphony} @@ -1700,7 +1777,7 @@ \subsubsection{Metaphony} \textsc{m\textcolor{red}{u}liere} & m\textcolor{magenta}ujer \\ \end{tabular} -\subsubsection{Reduction of Final Vowels} +\subsubsection{Apocope}\label{sec:apocope} \begin{tcolorbox} @@ -1797,7 +1874,7 @@ \subsubsection{Deaffrication of Palatal Affricates} \end{tcolorbox} -\subsubsection{Devoicing of Fricatives} +\subsubsection{Devoicing of Fricatives}\label{sec:devoice_fric} \begin{tcolorbox} \begin{align*} @@ -1807,7 +1884,7 @@ \subsubsection{Devoicing of Fricatives} \end{align*} \end{tcolorbox} -\subsubsection{The Fate of Dental Affricates} +\subsubsection{Deaffrication of Dental Affricates}\label{sec:deaffric_dental_affric} \begin{tcolorbox} \begin{align*} @@ -1816,6 +1893,8 @@ \subsubsection{The Fate of Dental Affricates} \end{align*} \end{tcolorbox} +\subsubsection{Desibilation of Dental Fricatives}\label{sec:desibil_dental_fric} + \begin{tcolorbox} \[ \text{\textipa{\textsubbridge{s}}} \Rightarrow \text{\textipa{T}} \] \end{tcolorbox} diff --git a/doc/hispania.toc b/doc/hispania.toc index 04dbc42..ac5d1f6 100644 --- a/doc/hispania.toc +++ b/doc/hispania.toc @@ -1,16 +1,18 @@ \boolfalse {citerequest}\boolfalse {citetracker}\boolfalse {pagetracker}\boolfalse {backtracker}\relax \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax -\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}\emph {España en el corazón}: \\ Introduction}{6}{chapter.1}% +\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}\emph {España en nuestros corazones}: \\ Introduction}{6}{chapter.1}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Seasoned Techniques}{6}{section.1.1}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}\emph {La lengua española}}{6}{section.1.1}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.1}Rule-based Phonology}{6}{subsection.1.1.1}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Seasoned Techniques}{6}{section.1.2}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.2}Romance Historical Linguistics}{6}{subsection.1.1.2}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}Rule-based Phonology}{6}{subsection.1.2.1}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1.3}Typed Programming Languages}{7}{subsection.1.1.3}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}Romance Historical Linguistics}{7}{subsection.1.2.2}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}The Implementation of a Phonology}{7}{section.1.2}% +\contentsline 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