general.py

# YOLOv5 🚀 by Ultralytics, GPL-3.0 license
"""
General utils
"""

import contextlib
import glob
import logging
import math
import os
import platform
import random
import re
import signal
import time
import urllib
from itertools import repeat
from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
from pathlib import Path
from subprocess import check_output
from zipfile import ZipFile

import cv2
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pkg_resources as pkg
import torch
import torchvision
import yaml

from utils.downloads import gsutil_getsize
from utils.metrics import box_iou, fitness

# Settings
torch.set_printoptions(linewidth=320, precision=5, profile='long')
np.set_printoptions(linewidth=320, formatter={'float_kind': '{:11.5g}'.format})  # format short g, %precision=5
pd.options.display.max_columns = 10
cv2.setNumThreads(0)  # prevent OpenCV from multithreading (incompatible with PyTorch DataLoader)
os.environ['NUMEXPR_MAX_THREADS'] = str(min(os.cpu_count(), 8))  # NumExpr max threads

FILE = Path(__file__).resolve()
ROOT = FILE.parents[1]  # YOLOv5 root directory


class Profile(contextlib.ContextDecorator):
    # Usage: @Profile() decorator or 'with Profile():' context manager
    def __enter__(self):
        self.start = time.time()

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        print(f'Profile results: {time.time() - self.start:.5f}s')


class Timeout(contextlib.ContextDecorator):
    # Usage: @Timeout(seconds) decorator or 'with Timeout(seconds):' context manager
    def __init__(self, seconds, *, timeout_msg='', suppress_timeout_errors=True):
        self.seconds = int(seconds)
        self.timeout_message = timeout_msg
        self.suppress = bool(suppress_timeout_errors)

    def _timeout_handler(self, signum, frame):
        raise TimeoutError(self.timeout_message)

    def __enter__(self):
        signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, self._timeout_handler)  # Set handler for SIGALRM
        signal.alarm(self.seconds)  # start countdown for SIGALRM to be raised

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        signal.alarm(0)  # Cancel SIGALRM if it's scheduled
        if self.suppress and exc_type is TimeoutError:  # Suppress TimeoutError
            return True


def try_except(func):
    # try-except function. Usage: @try_except decorator
    def handler(*args, **kwargs):
        try:
            func(*args, **kwargs)
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)

    return handler


def methods(instance):
    # Get class/instance methods
    return [f for f in dir(instance) if callable(getattr(instance, f)) and not f.startswith("__")]


def set_logging(rank=-1, verbose=True):
    logging.basicConfig(
        format="%(message)s",
        level=logging.INFO if (verbose and rank in [-1, 0]) else logging.WARN)


def print_args(name, opt):
    # Print argparser arguments
    print(colorstr(f'{name}: ') + ', '.join(f'{k}={v}' for k, v in vars(opt).items()))


def init_seeds(seed=0):
    # Initialize random number generator (RNG) seeds https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/randomness.html
    # cudnn seed 0 settings are slower and more reproducible, else faster and less reproducible
    import torch.backends.cudnn as cudnn
    random.seed(seed)
    np.random.seed(seed)
    torch.manual_seed(seed)
    cudnn.benchmark, cudnn.deterministic = (False, True) if seed == 0 else (True, False)


def get_latest_run(search_dir='.'):
    # Return path to most recent 'last.pt' in /runs (i.e. to --resume from)
    last_list = glob.glob(f'{search_dir}/**/last*.pt', recursive=True)
    return max(last_list, key=os.path.getctime) if last_list else ''


def user_config_dir(dir='Ultralytics', env_var='YOLOV5_CONFIG_DIR'):
    # Return path of user configuration directory. Prefer environment variable if exists. Make dir if required.
    env = os.getenv(env_var)
    if env:
        path = Path(env)  # use environment variable
    else:
        cfg = {'Windows': 'AppData/Roaming', 'Linux': '.config', 'Darwin': 'Library/Application Support'}  # 3 OS dirs
        path = Path.home() / cfg.get(platform.system(), '')  # OS-specific config dir
        path = (path if is_writeable(path) else Path('/tmp')) / dir  # GCP and AWS lambda fix, only /tmp is writeable
    path.mkdir(exist_ok=True)  # make if required
    return path


def is_writeable(dir, test=False):
    # Return True if directory has write permissions, test opening a file with write permissions if test=True
    if test:  # method 1
        file = Path(dir) / 'tmp.txt'
        try:
            with open(file, 'w'):  # open file with write permissions
                pass
            file.unlink()  # remove file
            return True
        except IOError:
            return False
    else:  # method 2
        return os.access(dir, os.R_OK)  # possible issues on Windows


def is_docker():
    # Is environment a Docker container?
    return Path('/workspace').exists()  # or Path('/.dockerenv').exists()


def is_colab():
    # Is environment a Google Colab instance?
    try:
        import google.colab
        return True
    except ImportError:
        return False


def is_pip():
    # Is file in a pip package?
    return 'site-packages' in Path(__file__).resolve().parts


def is_ascii(s=''):
    # Is string composed of all ASCII (no UTF) characters? (note str().isascii() introduced in python 3.7)
    s = str(s)  # convert list, tuple, None, etc. to str
    return len(s.encode().decode('ascii', 'ignore')) == len(s)


def is_chinese(s='人工智能'):
    # Is string composed of any Chinese characters?
    return re.search('[\u4e00-\u9fff]', s)


def emojis(str=''):
    # Return platform-dependent emoji-safe version of string
    return str.encode().decode('ascii', 'ignore') if platform.system() == 'Windows' else str


def file_size(path):
    # Return file/dir size (MB)
    path = Path(path)
    if path.is_file():
        return path.stat().st_size / 1E6
    elif path.is_dir():
        return sum(f.stat().st_size for f in path.glob('**/*') if f.is_file()) / 1E6
    else:
        return 0.0


def check_online():
    # Check internet connectivity
    import socket
    try:
        socket.create_connection(("1.1.1.1", 443), 5)  # check host accessibility
        return True
    except OSError:
        return False


@try_except
def check_git_status():
    # Recommend 'git pull' if code is out of date
    msg = ', for updates see https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5'
    print(colorstr('github: '), end='')
    assert Path('.git').exists(), 'skipping check (not a git repository)' + msg
    assert not is_docker(), 'skipping check (Docker image)' + msg
    assert check_online(), 'skipping check (offline)' + msg

    cmd = 'git fetch && git config --get remote.origin.url'
    url = check_output(cmd, shell=True, timeout=5).decode().strip().rstrip('.git')  # git fetch
    branch = check_output('git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD', shell=True).decode().strip()  # checked out
    n = int(check_output(f'git rev-list {branch}..origin/master --count', shell=True))  # commits behind
    if n > 0:
        s = f"⚠️ YOLOv5 is out of date by {n} commit{'s' * (n > 1)}. Use `git pull` or `git clone {url}` to update."
    else:
        s = f'up to date with {url} ✅'
    print(emojis(s))  # emoji-safe


def check_python(minimum='3.6.2'):
    # Check current python version vs. required python version
    check_version(platform.python_version(), minimum, name='Python ')


def check_version(current='0.0.0', minimum='0.0.0', name='version ', pinned=False):
    # Check version vs. required version
    current, minimum = (pkg.parse_version(x) for x in (current, minimum))
    result = (current == minimum) if pinned else (current >= minimum)
    assert result, f'{name}{minimum} required by YOLOv5, but {name}{current} is currently installed'


@try_except
def check_requirements(requirements=ROOT / 'requirements.txt', exclude=(), install=True):
    # Check installed dependencies meet requirements (pass *.txt file or list of packages)
    prefix = colorstr('red', 'bold', 'requirements:')
    check_python()  # check python version
    if isinstance(requirements, (str, Path)):  # requirements.txt file
        file = Path(requirements)
        assert file.exists(), f"{prefix} {file.resolve()} not found, check failed."
        requirements = [f'{x.name}{x.specifier}' for x in pkg.parse_requirements(file.open()) if x.name not in exclude]
    else:  # list or tuple of packages
        requirements = [x for x in requirements if x not in exclude]

    n = 0  # number of packages updates
    for r in requirements:
        try:
            pkg.require(r)
        except Exception as e:  # DistributionNotFound or VersionConflict if requirements not met
            s = f"{prefix} {r} not found and is required by YOLOv5"
            if install:
                print(f"{s}, attempting auto-update...")
                try:
                    assert check_online(), f"'pip install {r}' skipped (offline)"
                    print(check_output(f"pip install '{r}'", shell=True).decode())
                    n += 1
                except Exception as e:
                    print(f'{prefix} {e}')
            else:
                print(f'{s}. Please install and rerun your command.')

    if n:  # if packages updated
        source = file.resolve() if 'file' in locals() else requirements
        s = f"{prefix} {n} package{'s' * (n > 1)} updated per {source}\n" \
            f"{prefix} ⚠️ {colorstr('bold', 'Restart runtime or rerun command for updates to take effect')}\n"
        print(emojis(s))


def check_img_size(imgsz, s=32, floor=0):
    # Verify image size is a multiple of stride s in each dimension
    if isinstance(imgsz, int):  # integer i.e. img_size=640
        new_size = max(make_divisible(imgsz, int(s)), floor)
    else:  # list i.e. img_size=[640, 480]
        new_size = [max(make_divisible(x, int(s)), floor) for x in imgsz]
    if new_size != imgsz:
        print(f'WARNING: --img-size {imgsz} must be multiple of max stride {s}, updating to {new_size}')
    return new_size


def check_imshow():
    # Check if environment supports image displays
    try:
        assert not is_docker(), 'cv2.imshow() is disabled in Docker environments'
        assert not is_colab(), 'cv2.imshow() is disabled in Google Colab environments'
        cv2.imshow('test', np.zeros((1, 1, 3)))
        cv2.waitKey(1)
        cv2.destroyAllWindows()
        cv2.waitKey(1)
        return True
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'WARNING: Environment does not support cv2.imshow() or PIL Image.show() image displays\n{e}')
        return False


def check_suffix(file='yolov5s.pt', suffix=('.pt',), msg=''):
    # Check file(s) for acceptable suffixes
    if file and suffix:
        if isinstance(suffix, str):
            suffix = [suffix]
        for f in file if isinstance(file, (list, tuple)) else [file]:
            assert Path(f).suffix.lower() in suffix, f"{msg}{f} acceptable suffix is {suffix}"


def check_yaml(file, suffix=('.yaml', '.yml')):
    # Search/download YAML file (if necessary) and return path, checking suffix
    return check_file(file, suffix)


def check_file(file, suffix=''):
    # Search/download file (if necessary) and return path
    check_suffix(file, suffix)  # optional
    file = str(file)  # convert to str()
    if Path(file).is_file() or file == '':  # exists
        return file
    elif file.startswith(('http:/', 'https:/')):  # download
        url = str(Path(file)).replace(':/', '://')  # Pathlib turns :// -> :/
        file = Path(urllib.parse.unquote(file).split('?')[0]).name  # '%2F' to '/', split https://url.com/file.txt?auth
        print(f'Downloading {url} to {file}...')
        torch.hub.download_url_to_file(url, file)
        assert Path(file).exists() and Path(file).stat().st_size > 0, f'File download failed: {url}'  # check
        return file
    else:  # search
        files = []
        for d in 'data', 'models', 'utils':  # search directories
            files.extend(glob.glob(str(ROOT / d / '**' / file), recursive=True))  # find file
        assert len(files), f'File not found: {file}'  # assert file was found
        assert len(files) == 1, f"Multiple files match '{file}', specify exact path: {files}"  # assert unique
        return files[0]  # return file


def check_dataset(data, autodownload=True):
    # Download and/or unzip dataset if not found locally
    # Usage: https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/releases/download/v1.0/coco128_with_yaml.zip

    # Download (optional)
    extract_dir = ''
    if isinstance(data, (str, Path)) and str(data).endswith('.zip'):  # i.e. gs://bucket/dir/coco128.zip
        download(data, dir='../datasets', unzip=True, delete=False, curl=False, threads=1)
        data = next((Path('../datasets') / Path(data).stem).rglob('*.yaml'))
        extract_dir, autodownload = data.parent, False

    # Read yaml (optional)
    if isinstance(data, (str, Path)):
        with open(data, errors='ignore') as f:
            data = yaml.safe_load(f)  # dictionary

    # Parse yaml
    path = extract_dir or Path(data.get('path') or '')  # optional 'path' default to '.'
    for k in 'train', 'val', 'test':
        if data.get(k):  # prepend path
            data[k] = str(path / data[k]) if isinstance(data[k], str) else [str(path / x) for x in data[k]]

    assert 'nc' in data, "Dataset 'nc' key missing."
    if 'names' not in data:
        data['names'] = [f'class{i}' for i in range(data['nc'])]  # assign class names if missing
    train, val, test, s = [data.get(x) for x in ('train', 'val', 'test', 'download')]
    if val:
        val = [Path(x).resolve() for x in (val if isinstance(val, list) else [val])]  # val path
        if not all(x.exists() for x in val):
            print('\nWARNING: Dataset not found, nonexistent paths: %s' % [str(x) for x in val if not x.exists()])
            if s and autodownload:  # download script
                root = path.parent if 'path' in data else '..'  # unzip directory i.e. '../'
                if s.startswith('http') and s.endswith('.zip'):  # URL
                    f = Path(s).name  # filename
                    print(f'Downloading {s} to {f}...')
                    torch.hub.download_url_to_file(s, f)
                    Path(root).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)  # create root
                    ZipFile(f).extractall(path=root)  # unzip
                    Path(f).unlink()  # remove zip
                    r = None  # success
                elif s.startswith('bash '):  # bash script
                    print(f'Running {s} ...')
                    r = os.system(s)
                else:  # python script
                    r = exec(s, {'yaml': data})  # return None
                print(f"Dataset autodownload {f'success, saved to {root}' if r in (0, None) else 'failure'}\n")
            else:
                raise Exception('Dataset not found.')

    return data  # dictionary


def url2file(url):
    # Convert URL to filename, i.e. https://url.com/file.txt?auth -> file.txt
    url = str(Path(url)).replace(':/', '://')  # Pathlib turns :// -> :/
    file = Path(urllib.parse.unquote(url)).name.split('?')[0]  # '%2F' to '/', split https://url.com/file.txt?auth
    return file


def download(url, dir='.', unzip=True, delete=True, curl=False, threads=1):
    # Multi-threaded file download and unzip function, used in data.yaml for autodownload
    def download_one(url, dir):
        # Download 1 file
        f = dir / Path(url).name  # filename
        if Path(url).is_file():  # exists in current path
            Path(url).rename(f)  # move to dir
        elif not f.exists():
            print(f'Downloading {url} to {f}...')
            if curl:
                os.system(f"curl -L '{url}' -o '{f}' --retry 9 -C -")  # curl download, retry and resume on fail
            else:
                torch.hub.download_url_to_file(url, f, progress=True)  # torch download
        if unzip and f.suffix in ('.zip', '.gz'):
            print(f'Unzipping {f}...')
            if f.suffix == '.zip':
                ZipFile(f).extractall(path=dir)  # unzip
            elif f.suffix == '.gz':
                os.system(f'tar xfz {f} --directory {f.parent}')  # unzip
            if delete:
                f.unlink()  # remove zip

    dir = Path(dir)
    dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)  # make directory
    if threads > 1:
        pool = ThreadPool(threads)
        pool.imap(lambda x: download_one(*x), zip(url, repeat(dir)))  # multi-threaded
        pool.close()
        pool.join()
    else:
        for u in [url] if isinstance(url, (str, Path)) else url:
            download_one(u, dir)


def make_divisible(x, divisor):
    # Returns x evenly divisible by divisor
    return math.ceil(x / divisor) * divisor


def clean_str(s):
    # Cleans a string by replacing special characters with underscore _
    return re.sub(pattern="[|@#!¡·$€%&()=?¿^*;:,¨´><+]", repl="_", string=s)


def one_cycle(y1=0.0, y2=1.0, steps=100):
    # lambda function for sinusoidal ramp from y1 to y2 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.01187.pdf
    return lambda x: ((1 - math.cos(x * math.pi / steps)) / 2) * (y2 - y1) + y1


def colorstr(*input):
    # Colors a string https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code, i.e.  colorstr('blue', 'hello world')
    *args, string = input if len(input) > 1 else ('blue', 'bold', input[0])  # color arguments, string
    colors = {'black': '\033[30m',  # basic colors
              'red': '\033[31m',
              'green': '\033[32m',
              'yellow': '\033[33m',
              'blue': '\033[34m',
              'magenta': '\033[35m',
              'cyan': '\033[36m',
              'white': '\033[37m',
              'bright_black': '\033[90m',  # bright colors
              'bright_red': '\033[91m',
              'bright_green': '\033[92m',
              'bright_yellow': '\033[93m',
              'bright_blue': '\033[94m',
              'bright_magenta': '\033[95m',
              'bright_cyan': '\033[96m',
              'bright_white': '\033[97m',
              'end': '\033[0m',  # misc
              'bold': '\033[1m',
              'underline': '\033[4m'}
    return ''.join(colors[x] for x in args) + f'{string}' + colors['end']


def labels_to_class_weights(labels, nc=80):
    # Get class weights (inverse frequency) from training labels
    if labels[0] is None:  # no labels loaded
        return torch.Tensor()

    labels = np.concatenate(labels, 0)  # labels.shape = (866643, 5) for COCO
    classes = labels[:, 0].astype(np.int)  # labels = [class xywh]
    weights = np.bincount(classes, minlength=nc)  # occurrences per class

    # Prepend gridpoint count (for uCE training)
    # gpi = ((320 / 32 * np.array([1, 2, 4])) ** 2 * 3).sum()  # gridpoints per image
    # weights = np.hstack([gpi * len(labels)  - weights.sum() * 9, weights * 9]) ** 0.5  # prepend gridpoints to start

    weights[weights == 0] = 1  # replace empty bins with 1
    weights = 1 / weights  # number of targets per class
    weights /= weights.sum()  # normalize
    return torch.from_numpy(weights)


def labels_to_image_weights(labels, nc=80, class_weights=np.ones(80)):
    # Produces image weights based on class_weights and image contents
    class_counts = np.array([np.bincount(x[:, 0].astype(np.int), minlength=nc) for x in labels])
    image_weights = (class_weights.reshape(1, nc) * class_counts).sum(1)
    # index = random.choices(range(n), weights=image_weights, k=1)  # weight image sample
    return image_weights


def coco80_to_coco91_class():  # converts 80-index (val2014) to 91-index (paper)
    # https://tech.amikelive.com/node-718/what-object-categories-labels-are-in-coco-dataset/
    # a = np.loadtxt('data/coco.names', dtype='str', delimiter='\n')
    # b = np.loadtxt('data/coco_paper.names', dtype='str', delimiter='\n')
    # x1 = [list(a[i] == b).index(True) + 1 for i in range(80)]  # darknet to coco
    # x2 = [list(b[i] == a).index(True) if any(b[i] == a) else None for i in range(91)]  # coco to darknet
    x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34,
         35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,
         64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90]
    return x


def xyxy2xywh(x):
    # Convert nx4 boxes from [x1, y1, x2, y2] to [x, y, w, h] where xy1=top-left, xy2=bottom-right
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[:, 0] = (x[:, 0] + x[:, 2]) / 2  # x center
    y[:, 1] = (x[:, 1] + x[:, 3]) / 2  # y center
    y[:, 2] = x[:, 2] - x[:, 0]  # width
    y[:, 3] = x[:, 3] - x[:, 1]  # height
    return y


def xywh2xyxy(x):
    # Convert nx4 boxes from [x, y, w, h] to [x1, y1, x2, y2] where xy1=top-left, xy2=bottom-right
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[:, 0] = x[:, 0] - x[:, 2] / 2  # top left x
    y[:, 1] = x[:, 1] - x[:, 3] / 2  # top left y
    y[:, 2] = x[:, 0] + x[:, 2] / 2  # bottom right x
    y[:, 3] = x[:, 1] + x[:, 3] / 2  # bottom right y
    return y


def xywhn2xyxy(x, w=640, h=640, padw=0, padh=0):
    # Convert nx4 boxes from [x, y, w, h] normalized to [x1, y1, x2, y2] where xy1=top-left, xy2=bottom-right
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[:, 0] = w * (x[:, 0] - x[:, 2] / 2) + padw  # top left x
    y[:, 1] = h * (x[:, 1] - x[:, 3] / 2) + padh  # top left y
    y[:, 2] = w * (x[:, 0] + x[:, 2] / 2) + padw  # bottom right x
    y[:, 3] = h * (x[:, 1] + x[:, 3] / 2) + padh  # bottom right y
    return y


def xyxy2xywhn(x, w=640, h=640, clip=False, eps=0.0):
    # Convert nx4 boxes from [x1, y1, x2, y2] to [x, y, w, h] normalized where xy1=top-left, xy2=bottom-right
    if clip:
        clip_coords(x, (h - eps, w - eps))  # warning: inplace clip
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[:, 0] = ((x[:, 0] + x[:, 2]) / 2) / w  # x center
    y[:, 1] = ((x[:, 1] + x[:, 3]) / 2) / h  # y center
    y[:, 2] = (x[:, 2] - x[:, 0]) / w  # width
    y[:, 3] = (x[:, 3] - x[:, 1]) / h  # height
    return y


def xyn2xy(x, w=640, h=640, padw=0, padh=0):
    # Convert normalized segments into pixel segments, shape (n,2)
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[:, 0] = w * x[:, 0] + padw  # top left x
    y[:, 1] = h * x[:, 1] + padh  # top left y
    return y


def segment2box(segment, width=640, height=640):
    # Convert 1 segment label to 1 box label, applying inside-image constraint, i.e. (xy1, xy2, ...) to (xyxy)
    x, y = segment.T  # segment xy
    inside = (x >= 0) & (y >= 0) & (x <= width) & (y <= height)
    x, y, = x[inside], y[inside]
    return np.array([x.min(), y.min(), x.max(), y.max()]) if any(x) else np.zeros((1, 4))  # xyxy


def segments2boxes(segments):
    # Convert segment labels to box labels, i.e. (cls, xy1, xy2, ...) to (cls, xywh)
    boxes = []
    for s in segments:
        x, y = s.T  # segment xy
        boxes.append([x.min(), y.min(), x.max(), y.max()])  # cls, xyxy
    return xyxy2xywh(np.array(boxes))  # cls, xywh


def resample_segments(segments, n=1000):
    # Up-sample an (n,2) segment
    for i, s in enumerate(segments):
        x = np.linspace(0, len(s) - 1, n)
        xp = np.arange(len(s))
        segments[i] = np.concatenate([np.interp(x, xp, s[:, i]) for i in range(2)]).reshape(2, -1).T  # segment xy
    return segments


def scale_coords(img1_shape, coords, img0_shape, ratio_pad=None):
    # Rescale coords (xyxy) from img1_shape to img0_shape
    if ratio_pad is None:  # calculate from img0_shape
        gain = min(img1_shape[0] / img0_shape[0], img1_shape[1] / img0_shape[1])  # gain  = old / new
        pad = (img1_shape[1] - img0_shape[1] * gain) / 2, (img1_shape[0] - img0_shape[0] * gain) / 2  # wh padding
    else:
        gain = ratio_pad[0][0]
        pad = ratio_pad[1]

    coords[:, [0, 2]] -= pad[0]  # x padding
    coords[:, [1, 3]] -= pad[1]  # y padding
    coords[:, :4] /= gain
    clip_coords(coords, img0_shape)
    return coords


def clip_coords(boxes, shape):
    # Clip bounding xyxy bounding boxes to image shape (height, width)
    if isinstance(boxes, torch.Tensor):  # faster individually
        boxes[:, 0].clamp_(0, shape[1])  # x1
        boxes[:, 1].clamp_(0, shape[0])  # y1
        boxes[:, 2].clamp_(0, shape[1])  # x2
        boxes[:, 3].clamp_(0, shape[0])  # y2
    else:  # np.array (faster grouped)
        boxes[:, [0, 2]] = boxes[:, [0, 2]].clip(0, shape[1])  # x1, x2
        boxes[:, [1, 3]] = boxes[:, [1, 3]].clip(0, shape[0])  # y1, y2


def non_max_suppression(prediction, conf_thres=0.25, iou_thres=0.45, classes=None, agnostic=False, multi_label=False,
                        labels=(), max_det=300):
    """Runs Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) on inference results

    Returns:
         list of detections, on (n,6) tensor per image [xyxy, conf, cls]
    """

    nc = prediction.shape[2] - 5  # number of classes
    xc = prediction[..., 4] > conf_thres  # candidates

    # Checks
    assert 0 <= conf_thres <= 1, f'Invalid Confidence threshold {conf_thres}, valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0'
    assert 0 <= iou_thres <= 1, f'Invalid IoU {iou_thres}, valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0'

    # Settings
    min_wh, max_wh = 2, 4096  # (pixels) minimum and maximum box width and height
    max_nms = 30000  # maximum number of boxes into torchvision.ops.nms()
    time_limit = 10.0  # seconds to quit after
    redundant = True  # require redundant detections
    multi_label &= nc > 1  # multiple labels per box (adds 0.5ms/img)
    merge = False  # use merge-NMS

    t = time.time()
    output = [torch.zeros((0, 6), device=prediction.device)] * prediction.shape[0]
    for xi, x in enumerate(prediction):  # image index, image inference
        # Apply constraints
        # x[((x[..., 2:4] < min_wh) | (x[..., 2:4] > max_wh)).any(1), 4] = 0  # width-height
        x = x[xc[xi]]  # confidence

        # Cat apriori labels if autolabelling
        if labels and len(labels[xi]):
            l = labels[xi]
            v = torch.zeros((len(l), nc + 5), device=x.device)
            v[:, :4] = l[:, 1:5]  # box
            v[:, 4] = 1.0  # conf
            v[range(len(l)), l[:, 0].long() + 5] = 1.0  # cls
            x = torch.cat((x, v), 0)

        # If none remain process next image
        if not x.shape[0]:
            continue

        # Compute conf
        x[:, 5:] *= x[:, 4:5]  # conf = obj_conf * cls_conf

        # Box (center x, center y, width, height) to (x1, y1, x2, y2)
        box = xywh2xyxy(x[:, :4])

        # Detections matrix nx6 (xyxy, conf, cls)
        if multi_label:
            i, j = (x[:, 5:] > conf_thres).nonzero(as_tuple=False).T
            x = torch.cat((box[i], x[i, j + 5, None], j[:, None].float()), 1)
        else:  # best class only
            conf, j = x[:, 5:].max(1, keepdim=True)
            x = torch.cat((box, conf, j.float()), 1)[conf.view(-1) > conf_thres]

        # Filter by class
        if classes is not None:
            x = x[(x[:, 5:6] == torch.tensor(classes, device=x.device)).any(1)]

        # Apply finite constraint
        # if not torch.isfinite(x).all():
        #     x = x[torch.isfinite(x).all(1)]

        # Check shape
        n = x.shape[0]  # number of boxes
        if not n:  # no boxes
            continue
        elif n > max_nms:  # excess boxes
            x = x[x[:, 4].argsort(descending=True)[:max_nms]]  # sort by confidence

        # Batched NMS
        c = x[:, 5:6] * (0 if agnostic else max_wh)  # classes
        boxes, scores = x[:, :4] + c, x[:, 4]  # boxes (offset by class), scores
        i = torchvision.ops.nms(boxes, scores, iou_thres)  # NMS
        if i.shape[0] > max_det:  # limit detections
            i = i[:max_det]
        if merge and (1 < n < 3E3):  # Merge NMS (boxes merged using weighted mean)
            # update boxes as boxes(i,4) = weights(i,n) * boxes(n,4)
            iou = box_iou(boxes[i], boxes) > iou_thres  # iou matrix
            weights = iou * scores[None]  # box weights
            x[i, :4] = torch.mm(weights, x[:, :4]).float() / weights.sum(1, keepdim=True)  # merged boxes
            if redundant:
                i = i[iou.sum(1) > 1]  # require redundancy

        output[xi] = x[i]
        if (time.time() - t) > time_limit:
            print(f'WARNING: NMS time limit {time_limit}s exceeded')
            break  # time limit exceeded

    return output


def strip_optimizer(f='best.pt', s=''):  # from utils.general import *; strip_optimizer()
    # Strip optimizer from 'f' to finalize training, optionally save as 's'
    x = torch.load(f, map_location=torch.device('cpu'))
    if x.get('ema'):
        x['model'] = x['ema']  # replace model with ema
    for k in 'optimizer', 'training_results', 'wandb_id', 'ema', 'updates':  # keys
        x[k] = None
    x['epoch'] = -1
    x['model'].half()  # to FP16
    for p in x['model'].parameters():
        p.requires_grad = False
    torch.save(x, s or f)
    mb = os.path.getsize(s or f) / 1E6  # filesize
    print(f"Optimizer stripped from {f},{(' saved as %s,' % s) if s else ''} {mb:.1f}MB")


def print_mutation(results, hyp, save_dir, bucket):
    evolve_csv, results_csv, evolve_yaml = save_dir / 'evolve.csv', save_dir / 'results.csv', save_dir / 'hyp_evolve.yaml'
    keys = ('metrics/precision', 'metrics/recall', 'metrics/mAP_0.5', 'metrics/mAP_0.5:0.95',
            'val/box_loss', 'val/obj_loss', 'val/cls_loss') + tuple(hyp.keys())  # [results + hyps]
    keys = tuple(x.strip() for x in keys)
    vals = results + tuple(hyp.values())
    n = len(keys)

    # Download (optional)
    if bucket:
        url = f'gs://{bucket}/evolve.csv'
        if gsutil_getsize(url) > (os.path.getsize(evolve_csv) if os.path.exists(evolve_csv) else 0):
            os.system(f'gsutil cp {url} {save_dir}')  # download evolve.csv if larger than local

    # Log to evolve.csv
    s = '' if evolve_csv.exists() else (('%20s,' * n % keys).rstrip(',') + '\n')  # add header
    with open(evolve_csv, 'a') as f:
        f.write(s + ('%20.5g,' * n % vals).rstrip(',') + '\n')

    # Print to screen
    print(colorstr('evolve: ') + ', '.join(f'{x.strip():>20s}' for x in keys))
    print(colorstr('evolve: ') + ', '.join(f'{x:20.5g}' for x in vals), end='\n\n\n')

    # Save yaml
    with open(evolve_yaml, 'w') as f:
        data = pd.read_csv(evolve_csv)
        data = data.rename(columns=lambda x: x.strip())  # strip keys
        i = np.argmax(fitness(data.values[:, :7]))  #
        f.write('# YOLOv5 Hyperparameter Evolution Results\n' +
                f'# Best generation: {i}\n' +
                f'# Last generation: {len(data)}\n' +
                '# ' + ', '.join(f'{x.strip():>20s}' for x in keys[:7]) + '\n' +
                '# ' + ', '.join(f'{x:>20.5g}' for x in data.values[i, :7]) + '\n\n')
        yaml.safe_dump(hyp, f, sort_keys=False)

    if bucket:
        os.system(f'gsutil cp {evolve_csv} {evolve_yaml} gs://{bucket}')  # upload


def apply_classifier(x, model, img, im0):
    # Apply a second stage classifier to yolo outputs
    im0 = [im0] if isinstance(im0, np.ndarray) else im0
    for i, d in enumerate(x):  # per image
        if d is not None and len(d):
            d = d.clone()

            # Reshape and pad cutouts
            b = xyxy2xywh(d[:, :4])  # boxes
            b[:, 2:] = b[:, 2:].max(1)[0].unsqueeze(1)  # rectangle to square
            b[:, 2:] = b[:, 2:] * 1.3 + 30  # pad
            d[:, :4] = xywh2xyxy(b).long()

            # Rescale boxes from img_size to im0 size
            scale_coords(img.shape[2:], d[:, :4], im0[i].shape)

            # Classes
            pred_cls1 = d[:, 5].long()
            ims = []
            for j, a in enumerate(d):  # per item
                cutout = im0[i][int(a[1]):int(a[3]), int(a[0]):int(a[2])]
                im = cv2.resize(cutout, (224, 224))  # BGR
                # cv2.imwrite('example%i.jpg' % j, cutout)

                im = im[:, :, ::-1].transpose(2, 0, 1)  # BGR to RGB, to 3x416x416
                im = np.ascontiguousarray(im, dtype=np.float32)  # uint8 to float32
                im /= 255.0  # 0 - 255 to 0.0 - 1.0
                ims.append(im)

            pred_cls2 = model(torch.Tensor(ims).to(d.device)).argmax(1)  # classifier prediction
            x[i] = x[i][pred_cls1 == pred_cls2]  # retain matching class detections

    return x


def save_one_box(xyxy, im, file='image.jpg', gain=1.02, pad=10, square=False, BGR=False, save=True):
    # Save image crop as {file} with crop size multiple {gain} and {pad} pixels. Save and/or return crop
    xyxy = torch.tensor(xyxy).view(-1, 4)
    b = xyxy2xywh(xyxy)  # boxes
    if square:
        b[:, 2:] = b[:, 2:].max(1)[0].unsqueeze(1)  # attempt rectangle to square
    b[:, 2:] = b[:, 2:] * gain + pad  # box wh * gain + pad
    xyxy = xywh2xyxy(b).long()
    clip_coords(xyxy, im.shape)
    crop = im[int(xyxy[0, 1]):int(xyxy[0, 3]), int(xyxy[0, 0]):int(xyxy[0, 2]), ::(1 if BGR else -1)]
    if save:
        cv2.imwrite(str(increment_path(file, mkdir=True).with_suffix('.jpg')), crop)
    return crop


def increment_path(path, exist_ok=False, sep='', mkdir=False):
    # Increment file or directory path, i.e. runs/exp --> runs/exp{sep}2, runs/exp{sep}3, ... etc.
    path = Path(path)  # os-agnostic
    if path.exists() and not exist_ok:
        suffix = path.suffix
        path = path.with_suffix('')
        dirs = glob.glob(f"{path}{sep}*")  # similar paths
        matches = [re.search(rf"%s{sep}(\d+)" % path.stem, d) for d in dirs]
        i = [int(m.groups()[0]) for m in matches if m]  # indices
        n = max(i) + 1 if i else 2  # increment number
        path = Path(f"{path}{sep}{n}{suffix}")  # update path
    dir = path if path.suffix == '' else path.parent  # directory
    if not dir.exists() and mkdir:
        dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)  # make directory
    return path