gemv_4bit silently produces wrong results when weight is quantized in (in_features, out_features) layout

[TimDettmers]

Summary

The gemv_4bit CUDA kernel (the fast path for 1D inputs in matmul_4bit) implicitly assumes that quant_state.shape follows the nn.Linear convention of (out_features, in_features). If a weight matrix is quantized in the transposed layout (in_features, out_features), the gemv path silently produces wrong output shape and wrong values — no error is raised.

This does not affect production usage. All real-world code paths (Linear4bit, HuggingFace transformers, etc.) store weights as (out_features, in_features), so the gemv path works correctly. This is a documentation/validation issue for users of the low-level matmul_4bit API.

Root cause

In bitsandbytes/backends/cuda/ops.py, the gemv kernel uses:

# Line 431
shape = (*A.shape[:-1], shapeB[0])  # output shape

# Lines 482-484
m = ct.c_int32(shapeB[0])   # treated as output dimension
k = ct.c_int32(shapeB[1])   # treated as input dimension

This hardcodes shapeB[0] as the output dimension. When quant_state.shape = (out_features, in_features) (the nn.Linear convention), this is correct. When quant_state.shape = (in_features, out_features), the kernel reads the wrong number of input elements and produces the wrong number of output elements.

Meanwhile, MatMul4Bit.forward() (the 2D matrix path) handles both conventions transparently:

output = torch.nn.functional.linear(A, F.dequantize_4bit(B, quant_state).to(A.dtype).t(), bias)

It dequantizes, transposes, and lets F.linear handle the shapes. So the matrix path works with any weight layout, but the gemv fast path does not.

Reproduction

import torch
import bitsandbytes as bnb

K, N = 128, 64  # in_features=128, out_features=64
W = torch.randn(K, N, device='cuda', dtype=torch.float16)
B, qs = bnb.functional.quantize_4bit(W, quant_type='nf4')

x = torch.randn(K, device='cuda', dtype=torch.float16)

# gemv path (1D input, no grad) — WRONG results, no error
result_gemv = bnb.matmul_4bit(x, B, qs)

# matrix path (force via requires_grad) — correct results
x2 = x.clone().requires_grad_(True)
result_correct = bnb.matmul_4bit(x2, B, qs)

print(f'gemv shape: {result_gemv.shape}')       # torch.Size([128]) — WRONG, should be 64
print(f'correct shape: {result_correct.shape}')  # torch.Size([64])  — correct

Why it doesn't affect production

• Linear4bit stores weights as (out_features, in_features), matching the gemv convention
• HuggingFace and other frameworks go through Linear4bit
• The existing test_matmul_4bit uses 2D inputs, so it never exercises the gemv path with non-square weights

Possible fix

Add a shape check at the gemv entry point in matmul_4bit() (_functions.py ~line 394):

if A.shape[-1] != quant_state.shape[1]:
    # Weight convention mismatch — fall back to matrix path
    return MatMul4Bit.apply(A, B, out, bias, quant_state)

Or add an assertion that raises an informative error instead of producing silent corruption.

Found during investigation of #1235.