[SPARK-26953][CORE][TEST] Test TimSort for ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

In the PR, I propose to test the input showed at the end of the article: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.08612.pdf . The difference of the test and paper's test is type of array. This test allocates arrays of bytes instead of array of ints.

## How was this patch tested?

New test is added to `SorterSuite`.

Closes #23856 from MaxGekk/timsort-bug-fix.

Authored-by: Maxim Gekk <maxim.gekk@databricks.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Owen <sean.owen@databricks.com>

Author: MaxGekk

core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/util/collection/SorterSuite.scala

@@ -74,6 +74,103 @@ class SorterSuite extends SparkFunSuite with Logging {
     (0 to data.length - 2).foreach(i => assert(data(i) <= data(i + 1)))
   }
 
+  test("java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in TimSort") {
+    // scalastyle:off
+    val runLengths = Array(76405736, 74830360, 1181532, 787688, 1575376, 2363064, 3938440, 6301504,
+      1181532, 393844, 15753760, 1575376, 787688, 393844, 1969220, 3150752, 1181532,787688, 5513816, 3938440,
+      1181532, 787688, 1575376, 18116824, 1181532, 787688, 1575376, 2363064, 3938440,787688, 26781392, 1181532,
+      787688, 1575376, 2363064, 393844, 4332284, 1181532, 787688, 1575376, 12209164,1181532, 787688, 1575376,
+      2363064, 787688, 393844, 4726128, 1575376, 787688, 1969220, 76405758, 53168940,1181532, 787688, 1575376,
+      2363064, 3938440, 1575376, 787688, 393844, 10633788, 1181532, 787688, 1575376,2363064, 4332284, 1181532,
+      787688, 1575376, 12996852, 1181532, 787688, 1575376, 2363064, 393844, 17329136,1575376, 787688, 393844,
+      1969220, 3150752, 1181532, 393844, 7483036, 1575376, 787688, 1969220, 2756908,1181532, 787600, 76405780,
+      38202802, 114608494, 66, 44, 88, 176, 352, 704, 1408, 2816, 5632, 11264, 22528,45056, 90112, 180224,
+      360448, 720896, 1441792, 2883584, 5767168, 11387222, 22495132, 319836, 213224,426448, 639672, 1066120,
+      1705792, 426448, 213224, 106612, 4584316, 426448, 213224, 106612, 533060,106612, 852896, 426448, 213224,
+      1599180, 1172732, 319836, 213224, 426448, 5223988, 319836, 213224, 426448,639672, 1066120, 319836, 213224,
+      7782676, 426448, 213224, 533060, 746284, 213224, 1705792, 319836, 213224,426448, 639672, 2238852, 426448,
+      213224, 106612, 2345464, 426448, 213224, 106612, 533060, 106612, 852896,426448, 213224, 106612, 22921602,
+      15245516, 319836, 213224, 426448, 639672, 1172732, 319836, 213224, 426448,3304972, 319836, 213224, 426448,
+      639672, 213224, 1279344, 426448, 213224, 533060, 3838032, 319836, 213224,426448, 639672, 213224, 106612,
+      5330600, 319836, 213224, 426448, 639672, 1066120, 213224, 2345464, 426448,213224, 106612, 533060, 106612,
+      852896, 426448, 213224, 106524, 22921624, 11460724, 34382260, 66, 44, 88, 176,352, 704, 1408, 2816, 5632,
+      11264, 22528, 45056, 90112, 180224, 360448, 720896, 1001792, 1783584, 2649020,6739370, 102630, 68420,
+      136840, 205260, 342100, 547360, 102630, 68420, 1436820, 102630, 68420, 136840,205260, 342100, 547360,
+      102630, 68420, 136840, 205260, 68420, 34210, 1607870, 102630, 68420, 136840,205260, 342100, 68420, 34210,
+      2428910, 102630, 68420, 136840, 205260, 34210, 410520, 102630, 68420, 136840,1094720, 102630, 68420,
+      136840, 205260, 68420, 34210, 444730, 136840, 68420, 34210, 171050, 34210,6876232, 4618350, 102630, 68420,
+      136840, 205260, 34210, 342100, 136840, 68420, 34210, 992090, 102630, 68420,136840, 205260, 68420, 342100,
+      205260, 102630, 68420, 1163140, 102630, 68420, 136840, 205260, 68420, 1607870,102630, 68420, 136840,
+      205260, 342100, 34210, 684200, 136840, 68420, 171050, 239470, 102630, 68332,6876254, 3438028, 10314194, 66,
+      44, 88, 176, 352, 704, 1408, 2816, 5632, 11264, 22528, 45056, 90112, 180224,360448, 500896, 840554,
+      2018720, 32736, 21824, 43648, 65472, 21824, 10912, 141856, 43648, 21824, 10912,54560, 10912, 425568, 43648,
+      21824, 54560, 76384, 21824, 10912, 185504, 32736, 21824, 43648, 65472, 21824,10912, 491040, 32736, 21824,
+      43648, 65472, 109120, 10912, 731104, 32736, 21824, 43648, 65472, 120032, 32736,21824, 43648, 327360, 32736,
+      21824, 43648, 65472, 21824, 130944, 43648, 21824, 54560, 2062390, 1396736,32736, 21824, 43648, 65472,
+      109120, 43648, 21824, 10912, 294624, 32736, 21824, 43648, 65472, 120032, 32736,21824, 43648, 360096, 32736,
+      21824, 43648, 65472, 10912, 480128, 32736, 21824, 43648, 65472, 109120, 196416,65472, 32736, 10912, 76384,
+      21824, 10824, 2062412, 1031118, 3093442, 66, 44, 88, 176, 352, 704, 1408, 2816,5632, 11264, 22528, 45056,
+      90112, 180224, 258170, 605616, 9768, 6512, 13024, 19536, 6512, 3256, 42328,13024, 6512, 3256, 16280, 3256,
+      126984, 13024, 6512, 16280, 22792, 6512, 3256, 55352, 9768, 6512, 13024, 19536,6512, 3256, 146520, 9768,
+      6512, 13024, 19536, 32560, 3256, 218152, 9768, 6512, 13024, 19536, 35816, 9768,6512, 13024, 100936, 9768,
+      6512, 13024, 19536, 6512, 3256, 39072, 13024, 6512, 16280, 618662, 416768,9768, 6512, 13024, 19536, 32560,
+      13024, 6512, 3256, 87912, 9768, 6512, 13024, 19536, 35816, 9768, 6512, 13024,107448, 9768, 6512, 13024,
+      19536, 3256, 143264, 13024, 6512, 3256, 16280, 26048, 9768, 3256, 61864, 13024,6512, 16280, 22792, 9768,
+      3168, 618684, 309254, 927850, 66, 44, 88, 176, 352, 704, 1408, 2816, 5632,11264, 22440, 23056, 45056,
+      72314, 181632, 2838, 1892, 3784, 5676, 9460, 15136, 2838, 946, 37840, 3784,1892, 946, 4730, 7568, 2838,
+      1892, 13244, 9460, 2838, 1892, 3784, 43516, 2838, 1892, 3784, 5676, 9460, 1892,65274, 2838, 1892, 3784,
+      5676, 946, 10406, 2838, 1892, 3784, 30272, 2838, 1892, 3784, 5676, 1892, 946,12298, 3784, 1892, 946, 4730,
+      185438, 127710, 2838, 1892, 3784, 5676, 9460, 3784, 1892, 946, 26488, 2838,1892, 3784, 5676, 946, 10406,
+      2838, 1892, 3784, 31218, 2838, 1892, 3784, 5676, 946, 42570, 2838, 1892, 3784,5676, 9460, 17974, 3784,
+      1892, 4730, 6622, 2838, 1804, 185460, 92642, 278014, 66, 44, 88, 176, 352, 704,1408, 2816, 5632, 9064,
+      11528, 23606, 54340, 858, 572, 1144, 1716, 2860, 4576, 858, 286, 11440, 1144,572, 286, 1430, 2288, 858,
+      572, 4004, 2860, 858, 572, 1144, 13156, 858, 572, 1144, 1716, 2860, 572, 19448,858, 572, 1144, 1716, 286,
+      3146, 858, 572, 1144, 8866, 858, 572, 1144, 1716, 572, 286, 3432, 1144, 572,1430, 55506, 38610, 858, 572,
+      1144, 1716, 2860, 1144, 572, 286, 7722, 858, 572, 1144, 1716, 3146, 858, 572,1144, 9438, 858, 572, 1144,
+      1716, 286, 12584, 1144, 572, 286, 1430, 2288, 858, 286, 5434, 1144, 572, 1430,2002, 858, 484, 55528, 27676,
+      83116, 66, 44, 88, 176, 352, 704, 1408, 1716, 3872, 8118, 16192, 264, 176, 352,528, 176, 88, 1144, 352,
+      176, 88, 440, 88, 3432, 352, 176, 440, 616, 176, 88, 1408, 264, 176, 352, 528,176, 88, 3960, 264, 176, 352,
+      528, 880, 88, 5808, 264, 176, 352, 528, 968, 264, 176, 352, 2640, 264, 176,352, 528, 176, 1056, 352, 176,
+      440, 16566, 11264, 264, 176, 352, 528, 880, 352, 176, 2376, 264, 176, 352, 528,968, 264, 176, 352, 2816,
+      264, 176, 352, 528, 88, 3872, 264, 176, 352, 528, 880, 1584, 528, 264, 88, 616,176, 16588, 8206, 24706, 66,
+      44, 88, 176, 352, 704, 1408, 2090, 4708, 66, 44, 88, 132, 220, 352, 66, 44, 88,990, 66, 44, 88, 132, 220,
+      418, 88, 44, 110, 154, 66, 44, 1122, 66, 44, 88, 132, 220, 88, 44, 22, 1716,88, 44, 110, 154, 44, 352, 66,
+      44, 88, 132, 44, 22, 462, 110, 44, 22, 528, 88, 44, 22, 110, 22, 176, 88, 44,22, 4950, 3256, 66, 44, 88,
+      132, 22, 242, 66, 44, 88, 704, 66, 44, 88, 132, 44, 22, 264, 88, 44, 110, 814,88, 44, 110, 154, 22, 1144,
+      66, 44, 88, 132, 220, 44, 22, 506, 88, 44, 22, 110, 22, 176, 88, 44, 22, 4972,2398, 7282, 66, 44, 88, 176,
+      242, 418, 660, 1496, 66, 44, 88, 132, 242, 66, 44, 88, 682, 66, 44, 88, 132,44, 22, 264, 88, 44, 110, 1716,
+      858, 88, 44, 110, 154, 44, 22, 352, 66, 44, 88, 132, 44, 22, 1738, 198, 1760,175, 156, 18, 17, 19, 36, 65,
+      21, 20, 22, 18, 452, 114, 95, 18, 17, 21, 36, 18, 17, 115, 76, 144, 44, 38, 61,20, 19, 21, 17)
+    // scalastyle:on
+    val arrayToSortSize = 1091482190
+    val arrayToSort = new Array[Byte](arrayToSortSize)
+    var sum: Int = -1
+    for (i <- runLengths) {
+      sum += i
+      arrayToSort(sum) = 1
+    }
+    val sorter = new Sorter(new ByteArraySortDataFormat())
+    sorter.sort(arrayToSort, 0, arrayToSort.length, Ordering.Byte)
+    // The sort must finish without ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
+    // The arrayToSort contains runLengths.length elements of 1, and others are 0.
+    // Those 1 must be placed at the end of arrayToSort after sorting.
+    var i: Int = 0
+    sum = 0
+    val amountOfZeros = arrayToSort.length - runLengths.length
+    do {
+      sum += arrayToSort(i)
+      i += 1
+    } while (i < amountOfZeros)
+    assert(sum === 0)
+
+    val sizeOfArrayToSort = arrayToSort.length
+    do {
+      sum += arrayToSort(i)
+      i += 1
+    } while (i < sizeOfArrayToSort)
+    assert(sum === runLengths.length)
+  }
+
   /** Runs an experiment several times. */
   def runExperiment(name: String, skip: Boolean = false)(f: => Unit, prepare: () => Unit): Unit = {
     if (skip) {
@@ -233,6 +330,31 @@ abstract class AbstractIntArraySortDataFormat[K] extends SortDataFormat[K, Array
   }
 }
 
+abstract class AbstractByteArraySortDataFormat[K] extends SortDataFormat[K, Array[Byte]] {
+
+  override def swap(data: Array[Byte], pos0: Int, pos1: Int): Unit = {
+    val tmp = data(pos0)
+    data(pos0) = data(pos1)
+    data(pos1) = tmp
+  }
+
+  override def copyElement(src: Array[Byte], srcPos: Int, dst: Array[Byte], dstPos: Int) {
+    dst(dstPos) = src(srcPos)
+  }
+
+  /** Copy a range of elements starting at src(srcPos) to dest, starting at destPos. */
+  override def copyRange(src: Array[Byte],
+                         srcPos: Int, dst: Array[Byte], dstPos: Int, length: Int) {
+    System.arraycopy(src, srcPos, dst, dstPos, length)
+  }
+
+  /** Allocates a new structure that can hold up to 'length' elements. */
+  override def allocate(length: Int): Array[Byte] = {
+    new Array[Byte](length)
+  }
+}
+
+
 /** Format to sort a simple Array[Int]. Could be easily generified and specialized. */
 class IntArraySortDataFormat extends AbstractIntArraySortDataFormat[Int] {
 
@@ -241,6 +363,13 @@ class IntArraySortDataFormat extends AbstractIntArraySortDataFormat[Int] {
   }
 }
 
+class ByteArraySortDataFormat extends AbstractByteArraySortDataFormat[Byte] {
+
+  override protected def getKey(data: Array[Byte], pos: Int): Byte = {
+    data(pos)
+  }
+}
+
 /** Wrapper of Int for key reuse. */
 class IntWrapper(var key: Int = 0) extends Ordered[IntWrapper] {