Fix rust-version key in workspace Cargo.toml to inherit from workspace

[Jefffrey]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

Related to #8997

We were blocked from changing the keys to inherit from workspace due to foresterre/cargo-msrv#590

This should be now fixed with foresterre/cargo-msrv#882 being merged in, but we need to wait for the next release of cargo-msrv

Describe the solution you'd like

Change all occurrences in workspace Cargo.toml files to use the workspace specified rust-version instead of re-declaring

e.g. https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/blob/2615d1bd81409b9ecc3e9a4683733c1d60992aa9/datafusion/core/Cargo.toml#L30-L33

Describe alternatives you've considered

No response

Additional context

This issue is mainly just a reminder for us (or someone) to do this in the future, whenever cargo-msrv has a new release (or we can use a 0.16 beta version)