Fix async_udf batch size behaviour (#18819)

## Which issue does this PR close?

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- Closes #18822.

## Rationale for this change

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in the issue then this section is not needed.
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your changes and offer better suggestions for fixes.
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This PR fixes the bug outlined in the issue, we shouldn't use
`ColumnarValue::values_to_arrays` on the batches collected in
`async_scalar_function.rs`.

## What changes are included in this PR?

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is sometimes worth providing a summary of the individual changes in this
PR.
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Added a test to cover this behaviour and fixed the issue in the async
scalar function physical expression.

## Are these changes tested?

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2. Serve as another way to document the expected behavior of the code

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Yes, I added a new `user_defined_async_scalar_functions.rs` test file
similar to `user_defined_scalar_functions.rs` which contains a test that
covers this behaviour.

## Are there any user-facing changes?

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Yes

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---------

Co-authored-by: Shiv Bhatia <sbhatia@palantir.com>

Author: shivbhatia10

datafusion/core/tests/user_defined/mod.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations
 // under the License.
 
+/// Tests for user defined Async Scalar functions
+mod user_defined_async_scalar_functions;
+
 /// Tests for user defined Scalar functions
 mod user_defined_scalar_functions;
 

datafusion/core/tests/user_defined/user_defined_async_scalar_functions.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow::array::{Int32Array, RecordBatch, StringArray};
+use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use datafusion::prelude::*;
+use datafusion_common::{assert_batches_eq, Result};
+use datafusion_expr::async_udf::{AsyncScalarUDF, AsyncScalarUDFImpl};
+use datafusion_expr::{
+    ColumnarValue, ScalarFunctionArgs, ScalarUDFImpl, Signature, Volatility,
+};
+
+// This test checks the case where batch_size doesn't evenly divide
+// the number of rows.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_udf_with_non_modular_batch_size() -> Result<()> {
+    let num_rows = 3;
+    let batch_size = 2;
+
+    let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
+        Field::new("id", DataType::Int32, false),
+        Field::new("prompt", DataType::Utf8, false),
+    ]));
+
+    let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(
+        schema.clone(),
+        vec![
+            Arc::new(Int32Array::from((0..num_rows).collect::<Vec<i32>>())),
+            Arc::new(StringArray::from(
+                (0..num_rows)
+                    .map(|i| format!("prompt{i}"))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            )),
+        ],
+    )?;
+
+    let ctx = SessionContext::new();
+    ctx.register_batch("test_table", batch)?;
+
+    ctx.register_udf(
+        AsyncScalarUDF::new(Arc::new(TestAsyncUDFImpl::new(batch_size)))
+            .into_scalar_udf(),
+    );
+
+    let df = ctx
+        .sql("SELECT id, test_async_udf(prompt) as result FROM test_table")
+        .await?;
+
+    let result = df.collect().await?;
+
+    assert_batches_eq!(
+        &[
+            "+----+---------+",
+            "| id | result  |",
+            "+----+---------+",
+            "| 0  | prompt0 |",
+            "| 1  | prompt1 |",
+            "| 2  | prompt2 |",
+            "+----+---------+"
+        ],
+        &result
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
+struct TestAsyncUDFImpl {
+    batch_size: usize,
+    signature: Signature,
+}
+
+impl TestAsyncUDFImpl {
+    fn new(batch_size: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            batch_size,
+            signature: Signature::exact(vec![DataType::Utf8], Volatility::Volatile),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ScalarUDFImpl for TestAsyncUDFImpl {
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "test_async_udf"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> &Signature {
+        &self.signature
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, _arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<DataType> {
+        Ok(DataType::Utf8)
+    }
+
+    fn invoke_with_args(&self, _args: ScalarFunctionArgs) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
+        panic!("Call invoke_async_with_args instead")
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AsyncScalarUDFImpl for TestAsyncUDFImpl {
+    fn ideal_batch_size(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        Some(self.batch_size)
+    }
+    async fn invoke_async_with_args(
+        &self,
+        args: ScalarFunctionArgs,
+    ) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
+        let arg1 = &args.args[0];
+        let results = call_external_service(arg1.clone()).await?;
+        Ok(results)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Simulates calling an async external service
+async fn call_external_service(arg1: ColumnarValue) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    Ok(arg1)
+}

datafusion/physical-expr/src/async_scalar_function.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 // under the License.
 
 use crate::ScalarFunctionExpr;
-use arrow::array::{make_array, MutableArrayData, RecordBatch};
+use arrow::array::RecordBatch;
+use arrow::compute::concat;
 use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, FieldRef, Schema};
 use datafusion_common::config::ConfigOptions;
 use datafusion_common::Result;
@@ -192,17 +193,21 @@ impl AsyncFuncExpr {
             );
         }
 
-        let datas = ColumnarValue::values_to_arrays(&result_batches)?
+        let datas = result_batches
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|cv| match cv {
+                ColumnarValue::Array(arr) => Ok(arr),
+                ColumnarValue::Scalar(scalar) => Ok(scalar.to_array_of_size(1)?),
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+        // Get references to the arrays as dyn Array to call concat
+        let dyn_arrays = datas
             .iter()
-            .map(|b| b.to_data())
+            .map(|arr| arr as &dyn arrow::array::Array)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let total_len = datas.iter().map(|d| d.len()).sum();
-        let mut mutable = MutableArrayData::new(datas.iter().collect(), false, total_len);
-        datas.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, data)| {
-            mutable.extend(i, 0, data.len());
-        });
-        let array_ref = make_array(mutable.freeze());
-        Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(array_ref))
+        let result_array = concat(&dyn_arrays)?;
+        Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(result_array))
     }
 }