Lectures 1-2.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#define a function\n",
    "def greet(person):\n",
    "    print(\"Hello\",person)\n",
    "    print(\"How are you?\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Tom\n",
      "How are you?\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "greet(\"Tom\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "26 7 3.14\n",
      "34\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#use print to display values, make calculations\n",
    "print(26, 3+4, 3.14)\n",
    "my_val = 34\n",
    "print(my_val)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "23\n",
      "34\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#semicolon is not required at the end of a statement, only if two statements are on the same line\n",
    "#to print values on two separate lines, use a separator\n",
    "print(23, 34, sep='\\n')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter your first name: Anna\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#use input fields to get values from a user for a function\n",
    "first_name = input(\"Please enter your first name: \")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter your employee ID: 39428\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "empid = input(\"Please enter your employee ID: \")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'39428'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "empid"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(empid)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter your employee ID: 39325\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#to turn a string to an integer, use the eval expression\n",
    "empid = eval(input(\"Please enter your employee ID: \"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(empid)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "24"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#eval takes an expression and evaluates it\n",
    "eval(\"23\") + 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "7\n",
      "8\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#easy way to perform a swap; before python assigns values to the variables on the left, it evaluates the potential values on the right side (simultaneous assignment)\n",
    "a, b = 3+4, 3+5\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "8\n",
      "7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = b, a\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3.3333333333333335\n",
      "3\n",
      "1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#single-slash division always returns a single number\n",
    "#integer division\n",
    "#remainder\n",
    "print(10/3)\n",
    "print(10//3)\n",
    "print(10%3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "round(3.6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int(3.6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['__doc__',\n",
       " '__file__',\n",
       " '__loader__',\n",
       " '__name__',\n",
       " '__package__',\n",
       " '__spec__',\n",
       " 'acos',\n",
       " 'acosh',\n",
       " 'asin',\n",
       " 'asinh',\n",
       " 'atan',\n",
       " 'atan2',\n",
       " 'atanh',\n",
       " 'ceil',\n",
       " 'copysign',\n",
       " 'cos',\n",
       " 'cosh',\n",
       " 'degrees',\n",
       " 'e',\n",
       " 'erf',\n",
       " 'erfc',\n",
       " 'exp',\n",
       " 'expm1',\n",
       " 'fabs',\n",
       " 'factorial',\n",
       " 'floor',\n",
       " 'fmod',\n",
       " 'frexp',\n",
       " 'fsum',\n",
       " 'gamma',\n",
       " 'gcd',\n",
       " 'hypot',\n",
       " 'inf',\n",
       " 'isclose',\n",
       " 'isfinite',\n",
       " 'isinf',\n",
       " 'isnan',\n",
       " 'ldexp',\n",
       " 'lgamma',\n",
       " 'log',\n",
       " 'log10',\n",
       " 'log1p',\n",
       " 'log2',\n",
       " 'modf',\n",
       " 'nan',\n",
       " 'pi',\n",
       " 'pow',\n",
       " 'radians',\n",
       " 'sin',\n",
       " 'sinh',\n",
       " 'sqrt',\n",
       " 'tan',\n",
       " 'tanh',\n",
       " 'trunc']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(math)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.ceil(3.2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "float(10.0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Number: 1\n",
      "Number: 2\n",
      "Number: 3\n",
      "Number: 4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for l_index in [1,2,3,4]:\n",
    "    print(\"Number:\", l_index)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#convert to list to make visible the contents of a range\n",
    "list(range(10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello Bob'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_str = \"Hello Bob\"\n",
    "my_str"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'H'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_str[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_str[0:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_str[:6]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'o'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_str[-2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'llo B'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_str[2:-2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'el o'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_str[1:8:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HelloWorld'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Hello\" + \"World\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HelloHelloHello'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Hello\" * 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(my_str)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Letter: H\n",
      "Letter: e\n",
      "Letter: l\n",
      "Letter: l\n",
      "Letter: o\n",
      "Letter:  \n",
      "Letter: B\n",
      "Letter: o\n",
      "Letter: b\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for char in my_str:\n",
    "    print(\"Letter:\", char)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#cannot change the value of a character in a string, but you can do so in a list\n",
    "your_str = [\"H\",\"e\",\"l\",\"l\",\"o\"]\n",
    "your_str"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for letter in your_str:\n",
    "    print(letter, end='')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "your_str[2] = \"k\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['H', 'e', 'k', 'l', 'o']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "your_str"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "97\n",
      "b\n",
      "你\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#ord and chr provide the codes for values\n",
    "print(ord(\"a\")) #ord() Takes a string representing one Unicode character, return an integer representing the Unicode code point of that character.\n",
    "print(chr(98)) #chr() Takes an integer representing a Unicode code point and return a string representing the character with the corresponding Unicode code point.\n",
    "print(chr(20320))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'This is my test string'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1 = \"this is my test string\"\n",
    "str1.capitalize()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'THIS IS MY TEST STRING'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.upper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'This Is My Test String'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.title()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['this', 'is', 'my', 'test', 'string']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.split()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is my new string'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.replace(\"test\",\"new\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.find(\"my\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'aaaathis is my test stringaaaa'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.center(30,\"a\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'---------this is my test string---------'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.center(40,\"-\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'this is my test string------------------'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.ljust(40,'-')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'------------------this is my test string'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str1.rjust(40,'-')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str2 = \"    hello\"\n",
    "str2.lstrip()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.14"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "float(\"3.14\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "$ 5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_num = float(input(\"$ \"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "15\n",
      "10\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid token (<string>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<string>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    010\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m      ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid token\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#eval is more powerful than int and float\n",
    "print(eval(\"3+3*4\"))\n",
    "print(int(\"010\"))\n",
    "print(eval(\"010\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello12'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Format strings <template-string>.format(<values>)\n",
    "#Calls method called format on string object, looks for variables to replace with arguments of format, based on order\n",
    "\"Hello{0}{1}\".format(1,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Amount: 23'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Amount: {0}\" .format(23)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Amount: 5000004'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Amount: {0}\" .format(5000004)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Amount:    5000004\n",
      "Amount:          5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#To align, define a default width, numeric values are right-aligned, strings left-aligned\n",
    "#If your value exceeds the width, it ignores the defined the width.\n",
    "print(\"Amount: {0:10}\".format(5000004))\n",
    "print(\"Amount: {0:10}\".format(5))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Amount: 5         '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Left align\n",
    "\"Amount: {0:<10}\".format(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Amount:     5     '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Center align\n",
    "\"Amount: {0:^10}\".format(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Amount: $100'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "amount = 100\n",
    "\"Amount: ${0}\".format(amount)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['In',\n",
       " 'Out',\n",
       " '_',\n",
       " '_10',\n",
       " '_11',\n",
       " '_12',\n",
       " '_13',\n",
       " '_14',\n",
       " '_2',\n",
       " '_4',\n",
       " '_5',\n",
       " '_6',\n",
       " '_7',\n",
       " '__',\n",
       " '___',\n",
       " '__builtin__',\n",
       " '__builtins__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__loader__',\n",
       " '__name__',\n",
       " '__package__',\n",
       " '__spec__',\n",
       " '_dh',\n",
       " '_i',\n",
       " '_i1',\n",
       " '_i10',\n",
       " '_i11',\n",
       " '_i12',\n",
       " '_i13',\n",
       " '_i14',\n",
       " '_i15',\n",
       " '_i2',\n",
       " '_i3',\n",
       " '_i4',\n",
       " '_i5',\n",
       " '_i6',\n",
       " '_i7',\n",
       " '_i8',\n",
       " '_i9',\n",
       " '_ih',\n",
       " '_ii',\n",
       " '_iii',\n",
       " '_oh',\n",
       " '_sh',\n",
       " 'amount',\n",
       " 'exit',\n",
       " 'get_ipython',\n",
       " 'quit']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['ArithmeticError',\n",
       " 'AssertionError',\n",
       " 'AttributeError',\n",
       " 'BaseException',\n",
       " 'BlockingIOError',\n",
       " 'BrokenPipeError',\n",
       " 'BufferError',\n",
       " 'BytesWarning',\n",
       " 'ChildProcessError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionAbortedError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionRefusedError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionResetError',\n",
       " 'DeprecationWarning',\n",
       " 'EOFError',\n",
       " 'Ellipsis',\n",
       " 'EnvironmentError',\n",
       " 'Exception',\n",
       " 'False',\n",
       " 'FileExistsError',\n",
       " 'FileNotFoundError',\n",
       " 'FloatingPointError',\n",
       " 'FutureWarning',\n",
       " 'GeneratorExit',\n",
       " 'IOError',\n",
       " 'ImportError',\n",
       " 'ImportWarning',\n",
       " 'IndentationError',\n",
       " 'IndexError',\n",
       " 'InterruptedError',\n",
       " 'IsADirectoryError',\n",
       " 'KeyError',\n",
       " 'KeyboardInterrupt',\n",
       " 'LookupError',\n",
       " 'MemoryError',\n",
       " 'NameError',\n",
       " 'None',\n",
       " 'NotADirectoryError',\n",
       " 'NotImplemented',\n",
       " 'NotImplementedError',\n",
       " 'OSError',\n",
       " 'OverflowError',\n",
       " 'PendingDeprecationWarning',\n",
       " 'PermissionError',\n",
       " 'ProcessLookupError',\n",
       " 'RecursionError',\n",
       " 'ReferenceError',\n",
       " 'ResourceWarning',\n",
       " 'RuntimeError',\n",
       " 'RuntimeWarning',\n",
       " 'StopAsyncIteration',\n",
       " 'StopIteration',\n",
       " 'SyntaxError',\n",
       " 'SyntaxWarning',\n",
       " 'SystemError',\n",
       " 'SystemExit',\n",
       " 'TabError',\n",
       " 'TimeoutError',\n",
       " 'True',\n",
       " 'TypeError',\n",
       " 'UnboundLocalError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeDecodeError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeEncodeError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeTranslateError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeWarning',\n",
       " 'UserWarning',\n",
       " 'ValueError',\n",
       " 'Warning',\n",
       " 'ZeroDivisionError',\n",
       " '__IPYTHON__',\n",
       " '__IPYTHON__active',\n",
       " '__build_class__',\n",
       " '__debug__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__import__',\n",
       " '__loader__',\n",
       " '__name__',\n",
       " '__package__',\n",
       " '__spec__',\n",
       " 'abs',\n",
       " 'all',\n",
       " 'any',\n",
       " 'ascii',\n",
       " 'bin',\n",
       " 'bool',\n",
       " 'bytearray',\n",
       " 'bytes',\n",
       " 'callable',\n",
       " 'chr',\n",
       " 'classmethod',\n",
       " 'compile',\n",
       " 'complex',\n",
       " 'copyright',\n",
       " 'credits',\n",
       " 'delattr',\n",
       " 'dict',\n",
       " 'dir',\n",
       " 'divmod',\n",
       " 'dreload',\n",
       " 'enumerate',\n",
       " 'eval',\n",
       " 'exec',\n",
       " 'filter',\n",
       " 'float',\n",
       " 'format',\n",
       " 'frozenset',\n",
       " 'get_ipython',\n",
       " 'getattr',\n",
       " 'globals',\n",
       " 'hasattr',\n",
       " 'hash',\n",
       " 'help',\n",
       " 'hex',\n",
       " 'id',\n",
       " 'input',\n",
       " 'int',\n",
       " 'isinstance',\n",
       " 'issubclass',\n",
       " 'iter',\n",
       " 'len',\n",
       " 'license',\n",
       " 'list',\n",
       " 'locals',\n",
       " 'map',\n",
       " 'max',\n",
       " 'memoryview',\n",
       " 'min',\n",
       " 'next',\n",
       " 'object',\n",
       " 'oct',\n",
       " 'open',\n",
       " 'ord',\n",
       " 'pow',\n",
       " 'print',\n",
       " 'property',\n",
       " 'range',\n",
       " 'repr',\n",
       " 'reversed',\n",
       " 'round',\n",
       " 'set',\n",
       " 'setattr',\n",
       " 'slice',\n",
       " 'sorted',\n",
       " 'staticmethod',\n",
       " 'str',\n",
       " 'sum',\n",
       " 'super',\n",
       " 'tuple',\n",
       " 'type',\n",
       " 'vars',\n",
       " 'zip']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(__builtins__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Pi = 3.14159265358'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Pi = {0}\".format(3.14159265358)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Pi =      3.142'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#align to the right, specify the number of digits to print\n",
    "\"Pi = {0:10.4}\".format(3.14159265358)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Pi =       3.14'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#f indicates fixed point number, prints two digits after the decimal point\n",
    "\"Pi = {0:10.2f}\".format(3.14159265358)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**File Processing**\n",
    "\n",
    "To open a file: variable = open(filepath,mode)\n",
    "\n",
    "\\n line break, r read, w write, a append\n",
    "\n",
    "If you call open, with mode write, creates a new file, or overwrites an existing file. If you call open, with mode append, you will add content to an existing file.\n",
    "\n",
    "file.read() returns the file's contents as a single string.\n",
    "\n",
    "file.readline() returns the file's contents up to and including the \\n character.\n",
    "\n",
    "file.readlines() returns a list of the remaining lines in the file, with each list item including a single line with \\n at the end.\n",
    "\n",
    "To write to a file: open a file with \"w\" mode\n",
    "\n",
    "file.write()\n",
    "\n",
    "file.writelines()\n",
    "\n",
    "print(something,file=outputFile)\n",
    "\n",
    "To close a file: file.close() (The modification may not be written to the disk unless the file object is closed.)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myfile = open('/Users/anna/Desktop/testfile','w')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "21"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "myfile.write(\"This is a test line 1\")\n",
    "#prints the number of bytes written"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myfile.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myfile = open('/Users/anna/Desktop/testfile','a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "23"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "myfile.write(\"This is a test line 2 \\n\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myfile.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myfile = open('/Users/anna/Desktop/testfile','r')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'This is a test line 1This is a test line 1This is a test line 2 \\n'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "myfile.read()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "''"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Once the file is read, it cannot be read again.\n",
    "myfile.read()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Use loop to read lines outside of list: for lt in myfile.readlines(): print(lt)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "anaconda-cloud": {},
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python [Root]",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "Python [Root]"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.5.2"
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 },
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