fs: handle result of access binding directly in fs.existsSync

Instead of throwing errors in fs.accessSync and then catching it,
handle the result from the binding directly in fs.existsSync.

Note that the argument validation errors still needs to be caught
until we properly deprecate the don't-thrown-on-invalid-arguments
behavior.

PR-URL: nodejs#24015
Fixes: nodejs#24008
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Refael Ackermann <refack@gmail.com>

Author: joyeecheung

lib/fs.js

@@ -228,11 +228,14 @@ Object.defineProperty(exists, internalUtil.promisify.custom, {
 // TODO(joyeecheung): deprecate the never-throw-on-invalid-arguments behavior
 function existsSync(path) {
   try {
-    fs.accessSync(path, F_OK);
-    return true;
+    path = toPathIfFileURL(path);
+    validatePath(path);
   } catch (e) {
     return false;
   }
+  const ctx = { path };
+  binding.access(pathModule.toNamespacedPath(path), F_OK, undefined, ctx);
+  return ctx.errno === undefined;
 }
 
 function readFileAfterOpen(err, fd) {