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README.md

OOP

Background Context

OOP is a totally new concept for all of you (especially those who think they know about it :)). It’s VERY important that you read at least all the material that is listed bellow (and skip what we recommend you to skip, you will see them later in the curriculum).

As usual, make sure you type (never copy and paste), test, understand all examples shown in the following links (including those in the video), test again etc. The biggest and most important takeaway of this project is: experiment by yourself OOP, play with it!

Read or watch the below resources in the order presented.

Resources

Read or watch:

Learning Objectives

At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of Google:

General

  • Why Python programming is awesome
  • What is OOP
  • “first-class everything”
  • What is a class
  • What is an object and an instance
  • What is the difference between a class and an object or instance
  • What is an attribute
  • What are and how to use public, protected and private attributes
  • What is self
  • What is a method
  • What is the special __init__ method and how to use it
  • What is Data Abstraction, Data Encapsulation, and Information Hiding
  • What is a property
  • What is the difference between an attribute and a property in Python
  • What is the Pythonic way to write getters and setters in Python
  • How to dynamically create arbitrary new attributes for existing instances of a class
  • How to bind attributes to object and classes
  • What is the __dict__ of a class and/or instance of a class and what does it contain
  • How does Python find the attributes of an object or class
  • How to use the getattr function

Quiz questions

Question #0

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>     
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>> 
>>> u = User()
>>> u.name

  • no name

  • name

  • None

  • John

Question #1

In this following code, what is User?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

  • An instance

  • A class

  • A string

  • A method

  • An attribute

Question #2

In this following code, what is is_new?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

  • A private instance attribute

  • A private class attribute

  • A public class attribute

  • A public instance attribute

  • A protected instance attribute

  • A protected class attribute

Question #3

In this following code, what is id?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

  • A protected class attribute

  • A private class attribute

  • A public instance attribute

  • A public class attribute

  • A public instance method

  • A public class method

Question #4

In this following code, what is __password?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

  • A private instance attribute

  • A private class attribute

  • A public class attribute

  • A public instance attribute

  • A protected instance attribute

  • A protected class attribute

Question #5

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>     
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>> 
>>> u = User()
>>> u.is_new

  • True

  • is_new

  • Nothing

  • False

Question #6

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>     
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>> 
>>> u = User("John")
>>> u.name

  • no name

  • name

  • None

  • John

Question #7

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>     
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>> 
>>> u = User()
>>> u.id

  • Nothing

  • 89

  • id

  • User.id

Tasks

0. My first square

Write an empty class Square that defines a square:

  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 0-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('0-square').Square

my_square = Square()
print(type(my_square))
print(my_square.__dict__)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./0-main.py
<class '0-square.Square'>
{}
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 0-square.py

1. Square with size

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 0-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size
  • Instantiation with size (no type/value verification)
  • You are not allowed to import any module

Why?

Why size is private attribute?

The size of a square is crucial for a square, many things depend of it (area computation, etc.), so you, as class builder, must control the type and value of this attribute. One way to have the control is to keep it privately. You will see in next tasks how to get, update and validate the size value.

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 1-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('1-square').Square

my_square = Square(3)
print(type(my_square))
print(my_square.__dict__)

try:
    print(my_square.size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    print(my_square.__size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./1-main.py
<class '1-square.Square'>
{'_Square__size': 3}
'Square' object has no attribute 'size'
'Square' object has no attribute '__size'
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 1-square.py

2. Size validation

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 1-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size
  • Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
    • size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
    • if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 2-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('2-square').Square

my_square_1 = Square(3)
print(type(my_square_1))
print(my_square_1.__dict__)

my_square_2 = Square()
print(type(my_square_2))
print(my_square_2.__dict__)

try:
    print(my_square_1.size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    print(my_square_1.__size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    my_square_3 = Square("3")
    print(type(my_square_3))
    print(my_square_3.__dict__)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    my_square_4 = Square(-89)
    print(type(my_square_4))
    print(my_square_4.__dict__)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./2-main.py
<class '2-square.Square'>
{'_Square__size': 3}
<class '2-square.Square'>
{'_Square__size': 0}
'Square' object has no attribute 'size'
'Square' object has no attribute '__size'
size must be an integer
size must be >= 0
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 2-square.py

3. Area of a square

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 2-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size
  • Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
    • size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
    • if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
  • Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 3-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('3-square').Square

my_square_1 = Square(3)
print("Area: {}".format(my_square_1.area()))

try:
    print(my_square_1.size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    print(my_square_1.__size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

my_square_2 = Square(5)
print("Area: {}".format(my_square_2.area()))

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./3-main.py
Area: 9
'Square' object has no attribute 'size'
'Square' object has no attribute '__size'
Area: 25
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 3-square.py

4. Access and update private attribute

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 3-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size:
    • property def size(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
      • size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
      • if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
  • Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
  • Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
  • You are not allowed to import any module

Why?
Why a getter and setter?

Reminder: size is a private attribute. We did that to make sure we control the type and value. Getter and setter methods are not 100% Python, but more OOP. With them, you will be able to validate the assignment of a private attribute and also define how getting the attribute value will be available from outside - by copy? by assignment? etc. Also, adding type/value validation in the setter will centralize the logic, since you will do it in only one place.

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 4-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('4-square').Square

my_square = Square(89)
print("Area: {} for size: {}".format(my_square.area(), my_square.size))

my_square.size = 3
print("Area: {} for size: {}".format(my_square.area(), my_square.size))

try:
    my_square.size = "5 feet"
    print("Area: {} for size: {}".format(my_square.area(), my_square.size))
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./4-main.py
Area: 7921 for size: 89
Area: 9 for size: 3
size must be an integer
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 4-square.py

5. Printing a square

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 4-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size:
    • property def size(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
      • size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
      • if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
  • Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
  • Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
  • Public instance method: def my_print(self): that prints in stdout the square with the character #: - if size is equal to 0, print an empty line
  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 5-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('5-square').Square

my_square = Square(3)
my_square.my_print()

print("--")

my_square.size = 10
my_square.my_print()

print("--")

my_square.size = 0
my_square.my_print()

print("--")

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./5-main.py
###
###
###
--
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
--

--
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 5-square.py

6. Coordinates of a square

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 5-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size:
    • property def size(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
      • size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
      • if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
  • Private instance attribute: position:
    • property def position(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def position(self, value): to set it:
      • position must be a tuple of 2 positive integers, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message position must be a tuple of 2 positive integers
  • Instantiation with optional size and optional position: def __init__(self, size=0, position=(0, 0)):
  • Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
  • Public instance method: def my_print(self): that prints in stdout the square with the character #: if size is equal to 0, print an empty line position should be use by using space - Don’t fill lines by spaces when position[1] > 0
  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 6-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('6-square').Square

my_square_1 = Square(3)
my_square_1.my_print()

print("--")

my_square_2 = Square(3, (1, 1))
my_square_2.my_print()

print("--")

my_square_3 = Square(3, (3, 0))
my_square_3.my_print()

print("--")

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./6-main.py | tr " " "_" | cat -e
###$
###$
###$
--$
$
_###$
_###$
_###$
--$
___###$
___###$
___###$
--$
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes -File: 6-square.py

7. Singly linked list

Write a class Node that defines a node of a singly linked list by:

  • Private instance attribute: data:
    • property def data(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def data(self, value): to set it: data must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message data must be an integer
  • Private instance attribute: next_node:
    • property def next_node(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def next_node(self, value): to set it:
      • next_node can be None or must be a Node, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message next_node must be a Node object
  • Instantiation with data and next_node: def __init__(self, data, next_node=None):

And, write a class SinglyLinkedList that defines a singly linked list by:

  • Private instance attribute: head (no setter or getter)
  • Simple instantiation: def __init__(self):
  • Should be printable:
    • print the entire list in stdout
    • one node number by line
  • Public instance method: def sorted_insert(self, value): that inserts a new Node into the correct sorted position in the list (increasing order)
  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 100-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
SinglyLinkedList = __import__('100-singly_linked_list').SinglyLinkedList

sll = SinglyLinkedList()
sll.sorted_insert(2)
sll.sorted_insert(5)
sll.sorted_insert(3)
sll.sorted_insert(10)
sll.sorted_insert(1)
sll.sorted_insert(-4)
sll.sorted_insert(-3)
sll.sorted_insert(4)
sll.sorted_insert(5)
sll.sorted_insert(12)
sll.sorted_insert(3)
print(sll)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./100-main.py
-4
-3
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
10
12
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 100-singly_linked_list.py

8. Print Square instance

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 6-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size:
    • property def size(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
      • size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
      • if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
  • Private instance attribute: position:
    • property def position(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def position(self, value): to set it:
      • position must be a tuple of 2 positive integers, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message position must be a tuple of 2 positive integer
  • Instantiation with optional size and optional position: def __init__(self, size=0, position=(0, 0)):
  • Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
  • Public instance method: def my_print(self): that prints in stdout the square with the character #:
    • if size is equal to 0, print an empty line
    • position should be use by using space Printing a Square instance should have the same behavior as my_print()
  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 101-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('101-square').Square

my_square = Square(5, (0, 0))
print(my_square)

print("--")

my_square = Square(5, (4, 1))
print(my_square)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./101-main.py | tr " " "_" | cat -e
#####$
#####$
#####$
#####$
#####$
--$
$
____#####$
____#####$
____#####$
____#####$
____#####$
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 101-square.py

9. Compare 2 squares

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 4-square.py)

  • Private instance attribute: size:
    • property def size(self): to retrieve it
    • property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
      • size must be a number (float or integer), otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be a number
      • if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
  • Instantiation with size: def __init__(self, size=0):
  • Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
  • Square instance can answer to comparators: ==, !=, >, >=, < and <= based on the square area
  • You are not allowed to import any module
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 102-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('102-square').Square

s_5 = Square(5)
s_6 = Square(6)

if s_5 < s_6:
    print("Square 5 < Square 6")
if s_5 <= s_6:
    print("Square 5 <= Square 6")
if s_5 == s_6:
    print("Square 5 == Square 6")
if s_5 != s_6:
    print("Square 5 != Square 6")
if s_5 > s_6:
    print("Square 5 > Square 6")
if s_5 >= s_6:
    print("Square 5 >= Square 6")

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./102-main.py
Square 5 < Square 6
Square 5 <= Square 6
Square 5 != Square 6
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 102-square.py

10. ByteCode -> Python #5

Write the Python class MagicClass that does exactly the same as the following Python bytecode:

Disassembly of __init__:
 10           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (0)
              3 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
              6 STORE_ATTR               0 (_MagicClass__radius)

 11           9 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (type)
             12 LOAD_FAST                1 (radius)
             15 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
             18 LOAD_GLOBAL              2 (int)
             21 COMPARE_OP               9 (is not)
             24 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       60
             27 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (type)
             30 LOAD_FAST                1 (radius)
             33 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
             36 LOAD_GLOBAL              3 (float)
             39 COMPARE_OP               9 (is not)
             42 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       60

 12          45 LOAD_GLOBAL              4 (TypeError)
             48 LOAD_CONST               2 ('radius must be a number')
             51 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
             54 RAISE_VARARGS            1
             57 JUMP_FORWARD             0 (to 60)

 13     >>   60 LOAD_FAST                1 (radius)
             63 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
             66 STORE_ATTR               0 (_MagicClass__radius)
             69 LOAD_CONST               3 (None)
             72 RETURN_VALUE

Disassembly of area:
 17           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
              3 LOAD_ATTR                0 (_MagicClass__radius)
              6 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              9 BINARY_POWER
             10 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (math)
             13 LOAD_ATTR                2 (pi)
             16 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             17 RETURN_VALUE

Disassembly of circumference:
 21           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (math)
              6 LOAD_ATTR                1 (pi)
              9 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             10 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
             13 LOAD_ATTR                2 (_MagicClass__radius)
             16 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             17 RETURN_VALUE

Repo:

  • GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
  • Directory: 0x06-python-classes
  • File: 103-magic_class.py