Background Context

OOP is a totally new concept for all of you (especially those who think they know about it :)). It’s VERY important that you read at least all the material that is listed bellow (and skip what we recommend you to skip, you will see them later in the curriculum).

As usual, make sure you type (never copy and paste), test, understand all examples shown in the following links (including those in the video), test again etc. The biggest and most important takeaway of this project is: experiment by yourself OOP, play with it!

Read or watch the below resources in the order presented.

Resources

Read or watch:

Object Oriented Programming (Read everything until the paragraph “Inheritance” excluded. You do NOT have to learn about class attributes, classmethod and staticmethod yet)
Object-Oriented Programming (Please be careful: in most of the following paragraphs, the author shows things the way you should not use or write a class in order to help you better understand some concepts and how everything works in Python 3. Make sure you read everything in the following paragraphs: General Introduction, First-class Everything, A Minimal Class in Python, Attributes (You DON’T have to learn about class attributes), Methods, The __init__ Method, “Data Abstraction, Data Encapsulation, and Information Hiding,” “Public, Protected, and Private Attributes”)
Properties vs. Getters and Setters
Learn to Program 9 : Object Oriented Programming
Python Classes and Objects
Object Oriented Programming

Learning Objectives

At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of Google:

General

Why Python programming is awesome
What is OOP
“first-class everything”
What is a class
What is an object and an instance
What is the difference between a class and an object or instance
What is an attribute
What are and how to use public, protected and private attributes
What is self
What is a method
What is the special __init__ method and how to use it
What is Data Abstraction, Data Encapsulation, and Information Hiding
What is a property
What is the difference between an attribute and a property in Python
What is the Pythonic way to write getters and setters in Python
How to dynamically create arbitrary new attributes for existing instances of a class
How to bind attributes to object and classes
What is the __dict__ of a class and/or instance of a class and what does it contain
How does Python find the attributes of an object or class
How to use the getattr function

More Info

Documentation is now mandatory! Each module, class, and method must contain docstring as comments. Example Google Style Python Docstrings

Quiz questions

Question #0

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>>
>>> u = User()
>>> u.name

no name
name
None
John

Question #1

In this following code, what is User?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

An instance
A class
A string
A method
An attribute

Question #2

In this following code, what is is_new?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

A private instance attribute
A private class attribute
A public class attribute
A public instance attribute
A protected instance attribute
A protected class attribute

Question #3

In this following code, what is id?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

A protected class attribute
A private class attribute
A public instance attribute
A public class attribute
A public instance method
A public class method

Question #4

In this following code, what is __password?

class User:
    id = 89
    name = "no name"
    __password = None

    def __init__(self, new_name=None):
        self.is_new = True
        if new_name is not None:
            self.name = new_name

A private instance attribute
A private class attribute
A public class attribute
A public instance attribute
A protected instance attribute
A protected class attribute

Question #5

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>>
>>> u = User()
>>> u.is_new

True
is_new
Nothing
False

Question #6

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>>
>>> u = User("John")
>>> u.name

no name
name
None
John

Question #7

What do these lines print?

>>> class User:
>>>     id = 89
>>>     name = "no name"
>>>     __password = None
>>>
>>>     def __init__(self, new_name=None):
>>>         self.is_new = True
>>>         if new_name is not None:
>>>             self.name = new_name
>>>
>>> u = User()
>>> u.id

Nothing
89
id
User.id

Tasks

0. My first square

Write an empty class Square that defines a square:

You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 0-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('0-square').Square

my_square = Square()
print(type(my_square))
print(my_square.__dict__)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./0-main.py
<class '0-square.Square'>
{}
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 0-square.py

1. Square with size

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 0-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size
Instantiation with size (no type/value verification)
You are not allowed to import any module

Why?

Why size is private attribute?

The size of a square is crucial for a square, many things depend of it (area computation, etc.), so you, as class builder, must control the type and value of this attribute. One way to have the control is to keep it privately. You will see in next tasks how to get, update and validate the size value.

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 1-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('1-square').Square

my_square = Square(3)
print(type(my_square))
print(my_square.__dict__)

try:
    print(my_square.size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    print(my_square.__size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./1-main.py
<class '1-square.Square'>
{'_Square__size': 3}
'Square' object has no attribute 'size'
'Square' object has no attribute '__size'
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 1-square.py

2. Size validation

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 1-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size
Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
- size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
- if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 2-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('2-square').Square

my_square_1 = Square(3)
print(type(my_square_1))
print(my_square_1.__dict__)

my_square_2 = Square()
print(type(my_square_2))
print(my_square_2.__dict__)

try:
    print(my_square_1.size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    print(my_square_1.__size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    my_square_3 = Square("3")
    print(type(my_square_3))
    print(my_square_3.__dict__)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    my_square_4 = Square(-89)
    print(type(my_square_4))
    print(my_square_4.__dict__)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./2-main.py
<class '2-square.Square'>
{'_Square__size': 3}
<class '2-square.Square'>
{'_Square__size': 0}
'Square' object has no attribute 'size'
'Square' object has no attribute '__size'
size must be an integer
size must be >= 0
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 2-square.py

3. Area of a square

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 2-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size
Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
- size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
- if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 3-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('3-square').Square

my_square_1 = Square(3)
print("Area: {}".format(my_square_1.area()))

try:
    print(my_square_1.size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

try:
    print(my_square_1.__size)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

my_square_2 = Square(5)
print("Area: {}".format(my_square_2.area()))

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./3-main.py
Area: 9
'Square' object has no attribute 'size'
'Square' object has no attribute '__size'
Area: 25
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 3-square.py

4. Access and update private attribute

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 3-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size:
- property def size(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
  - size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
  - if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
You are not allowed to import any module

Why?

Why a getter and setter?

Reminder: size is a private attribute. We did that to make sure we control the type and value. Getter and setter methods are not 100% Python, but more OOP. With them, you will be able to validate the assignment of a private attribute and also define how getting the attribute value will be available from outside - by copy? by assignment? etc. Also, adding type/value validation in the setter will centralize the logic, since you will do it in only one place.

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 4-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('4-square').Square

my_square = Square(89)
print("Area: {} for size: {}".format(my_square.area(), my_square.size))

my_square.size = 3
print("Area: {} for size: {}".format(my_square.area(), my_square.size))

try:
    my_square.size = "5 feet"
    print("Area: {} for size: {}".format(my_square.area(), my_square.size))
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./4-main.py
Area: 7921 for size: 89
Area: 9 for size: 3
size must be an integer
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 4-square.py

5. Printing a square

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 4-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size:
- property def size(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
  - size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
  - if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
Instantiation with optional size: def __init__(self, size=0):
Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
Public instance method: def my_print(self): that prints in stdout the square with the character #: - if size is equal to 0, print an empty line
You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 5-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('5-square').Square

my_square = Square(3)
my_square.my_print()

print("--")

my_square.size = 10
my_square.my_print()

print("--")

my_square.size = 0
my_square.my_print()

print("--")

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./5-main.py
###
###
###
--
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
--

--
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 5-square.py

6. Coordinates of a square

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 5-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size:
- property def size(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
  - size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
  - if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
Private instance attribute: position:
- property def position(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def position(self, value): to set it:
  - position must be a tuple of 2 positive integers, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message position must be a tuple of 2 positive integers
Instantiation with optional size and optional position: def __init__(self, size=0, position=(0, 0)):
Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
Public instance method: def my_print(self): that prints in stdout the square with the character #: if size is equal to 0, print an empty line position should be use by using space - Don’t fill lines by spaces when position[1] > 0
You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 6-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('6-square').Square

my_square_1 = Square(3)
my_square_1.my_print()

print("--")

my_square_2 = Square(3, (1, 1))
my_square_2.my_print()

print("--")

my_square_3 = Square(3, (3, 0))
my_square_3.my_print()

print("--")

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./6-main.py | tr " " "_" | cat -e
###$
###$
###$
--$
$
_###$
_###$
_###$
--$
___###$
___###$
___###$
--$
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes -File: 6-square.py

7. Singly linked list

Write a class Node that defines a node of a singly linked list by:

Private instance attribute: data:
- property def data(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def data(self, value): to set it: data must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message data must be an integer
Private instance attribute: next_node:
- property def next_node(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def next_node(self, value): to set it:
  - next_node can be None or must be a Node, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message next_node must be a Node object
Instantiation with data and next_node: def __init__(self, data, next_node=None):

And, write a class SinglyLinkedList that defines a singly linked list by:

Private instance attribute: head (no setter or getter)
Simple instantiation: def __init__(self):
Should be printable:
- print the entire list in stdout
- one node number by line
Public instance method: def sorted_insert(self, value): that inserts a new Node into the correct sorted position in the list (increasing order)
You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 100-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
SinglyLinkedList = __import__('100-singly_linked_list').SinglyLinkedList

sll = SinglyLinkedList()
sll.sorted_insert(2)
sll.sorted_insert(5)
sll.sorted_insert(3)
sll.sorted_insert(10)
sll.sorted_insert(1)
sll.sorted_insert(-4)
sll.sorted_insert(-3)
sll.sorted_insert(4)
sll.sorted_insert(5)
sll.sorted_insert(12)
sll.sorted_insert(3)
print(sll)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./100-main.py
-4
-3
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
10
12
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 100-singly_linked_list.py

8. Print Square instance

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 6-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size:
- property def size(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
  - size must be an integer, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be an integer
  - if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
Private instance attribute: position:
- property def position(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def position(self, value): to set it:
  - position must be a tuple of 2 positive integers, otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message position must be a tuple of 2 positive integer
Instantiation with optional size and optional position: def __init__(self, size=0, position=(0, 0)):
Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
Public instance method: def my_print(self): that prints in stdout the square with the character #:
- if size is equal to 0, print an empty line
- position should be use by using space Printing a Square instance should have the same behavior as my_print()
You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 101-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('101-square').Square

my_square = Square(5, (0, 0))
print(my_square)

print("--")

my_square = Square(5, (4, 1))
print(my_square)

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./101-main.py | tr " " "_" | cat -e
#####$
#####$
#####$
#####$
#####$
--$
$
____#####$
____#####$
____#####$
____#####$
____#####$
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 101-square.py

9. Compare 2 squares

Write a class Square that defines a square by: (based on 4-square.py)

Private instance attribute: size:
- property def size(self): to retrieve it
- property setter def size(self, value): to set it:
  - size must be a number (float or integer), otherwise raise a TypeError exception with the message size must be a number
  - if size is less than 0, raise a ValueError exception with the message size must be >= 0
Instantiation with size: def __init__(self, size=0):
Public instance method: def area(self): that returns the current square area
Square instance can answer to comparators: ==, !=, >, >=, < and <= based on the square area
You are not allowed to import any module

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ cat 102-main.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
Square = __import__('102-square').Square

s_5 = Square(5)
s_6 = Square(6)

if s_5 < s_6:
    print("Square 5 < Square 6")
if s_5 <= s_6:
    print("Square 5 <= Square 6")
if s_5 == s_6:
    print("Square 5 == Square 6")
if s_5 != s_6:
    print("Square 5 != Square 6")
if s_5 > s_6:
    print("Square 5 > Square 6")
if s_5 >= s_6:
    print("Square 5 >= Square 6")

guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$ ./102-main.py
Square 5 < Square 6
Square 5 <= Square 6
Square 5 != Square 6
guillaume@ubuntu:~/0x06$

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 102-square.py

10. ByteCode -> Python #5

Write the Python class MagicClass that does exactly the same as the following Python bytecode:

Disassembly of __init__:
 10           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (0)
              3 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
              6 STORE_ATTR               0 (_MagicClass__radius)

 11           9 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (type)
             12 LOAD_FAST                1 (radius)
             15 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
             18 LOAD_GLOBAL              2 (int)
             21 COMPARE_OP               9 (is not)
             24 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       60
             27 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (type)
             30 LOAD_FAST                1 (radius)
             33 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
             36 LOAD_GLOBAL              3 (float)
             39 COMPARE_OP               9 (is not)
             42 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       60

 12          45 LOAD_GLOBAL              4 (TypeError)
             48 LOAD_CONST               2 ('radius must be a number')
             51 CALL_FUNCTION            1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair)
             54 RAISE_VARARGS            1
             57 JUMP_FORWARD             0 (to 60)

 13     >>   60 LOAD_FAST                1 (radius)
             63 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
             66 STORE_ATTR               0 (_MagicClass__radius)
             69 LOAD_CONST               3 (None)
             72 RETURN_VALUE

Disassembly of area:
 17           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
              3 LOAD_ATTR                0 (_MagicClass__radius)
              6 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              9 BINARY_POWER
             10 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (math)
             13 LOAD_ATTR                2 (pi)
             16 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             17 RETURN_VALUE

Disassembly of circumference:
 21           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (math)
              6 LOAD_ATTR                1 (pi)
              9 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             10 LOAD_FAST                0 (self)
             13 LOAD_ATTR                2 (_MagicClass__radius)
             16 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             17 RETURN_VALUE

Tip: Python bytecode

Repo:

GitHub repository: alx-higher_level_programming
Directory: 0x06-python-classes
File: 103-magic_class.py

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README.md

README.md

Background Context

Resources

Learning Objectives

General

More Info

Quiz questions

Question #0

Question #1

Question #2

Question #3

Question #4

Question #5

Question #6

Question #7

Tasks

0. My first square

1. Square with size

2. Size validation

3. Area of a square

4. Access and update private attribute

5. Printing a square

6. Coordinates of a square

7. Singly linked list

8. Print Square instance

9. Compare 2 squares

10. ByteCode -> Python #5

Files

README.md

Latest commit

History

README.md

File metadata and controls

Background Context

Resources

Learning Objectives

General

More Info

Quiz questions

Question #0

Question #1

Question #2

Question #3

Question #4

Question #5

Question #6

Question #7

Tasks

0. My first square

1. Square with size

2. Size validation

3. Area of a square

4. Access and update private attribute

5. Printing a square

6. Coordinates of a square

7. Singly linked list

8. Print Square instance

9. Compare 2 squares

10. ByteCode -> Python #5