packet_sender.h

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2017, Matias Fontanini
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 * met:
 * 
 * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
 *   in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *   distribution.
 * 
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
 * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 */

#ifndef TINS_PACKET_SENDER_H
#define TINS_PACKET_SENDER_H


#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <map>
#include <tins/config.h>
#ifdef TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET
    #include <pcap.h>
#endif // TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET
#include <tins/network_interface.h>
#include <tins/macros.h>
#include <tins/cxxstd.h>

struct timeval;
struct sockaddr;

namespace Tins {

class PDU;

/**
 * \class PacketSender
 * \brief Sends packets through a network interface.
 *
 * This class allows sending packets through a network interface.
 * It can send basically two types of packets:
 *
 * - Those that contain a link layer PDU (EthernetII, SLL, etc). These
 * will be serialized and sent through an interface that has to be 
 * specified. This can be done by providing it when you call 
 * PacketSender::send, or set a default one using 
 * PacketSender::default_interface.
 * - Those that don't contain a link layer PDU. In this case, the 
 * kernel will be responsible for picking the appropriate network interface
 * based on the destination address.
 *  - Exception: <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2553#section-3.3">RFC2553</a> 
 * requires IPv6 link-scope address have a interface defined.
 *  .
 * \par Note for Windows users:
 * Sending layer 3 PDUs (without a link layer protocol) is very restricted
 * on Windows (<a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms740548(v=vs.85).aspx">link</a>).
 * Therefore it's recommended you always send packets which contain link layer PDUs.
 * This will use Winpcap's pcap_sendpacket to inject the packets.
 *
 * Sending packets can be done via PacketSender::send:
 *
 * \code
 * // Construct a packet which uses an EthernetII link layer.
 * EthernetII pkt1 = ...;
 *
 * // Construct a packet sender, which we'll use to send packets.
 * PacketSender sender;
 * 
 * // Send it through interface eth0
 * sender.send(pkt1, "eth0");
 *
 * // Set the default interface to eth0
 * sender.default_interface("eth0");
 * 
 * // This is now equivalent to the previous send.
 * sender.send(pkt1);
 *
 * // Construct a packet which has no link layer protocol.
 * IP ip = IP("192.168.0.1") / TCP(22, 928);
 *
 * // Here the kernel will figure out which interface to use and it will
 * // append the appropriate link layer protocol PDU. It will also perform
 * // the necessary ARP lookups in order to use the destination host's
 * // hardware address.
 * //
 * // libtins will find which is the appropriate source IP address to use.
 * // This will be done by the kernel as well, but it's required when 
 * // calculating checksums.
 * sender.send(ip);
 * \endcode
 *
 * PacketSender also supports sending a packet and waiting for a response.
 * This can be done by using PacketSender::send_recv.
 *
 * This class opens sockets as it needs to, and closes them when the object
 * is destructed.
 *
 * \sa PacketSender::send
 * \sa PacketSender::send_recv
 */
class TINS_API PacketSender {
public:
    /** 
     * The default timeout for receive actions.
     */
    static const uint32_t DEFAULT_TIMEOUT;

    /** 
     * Flags to indicate the socket type.
     */
    enum SocketType {
        ETHER_SOCKET,
        IP_TCP_SOCKET,
        IP_UDP_SOCKET,
        IP_RAW_SOCKET,
        ARP_SOCKET,
        ICMP_SOCKET,
        IPV6_SOCKET,
        ICMPV6_SOCKET,
        SOCKETS_END
    };

    /**
     * \brief Constructor for PacketSender objects.
     * 
     * \param iface The default interface in which to send the packets.
     * \param recv_timeout The timeout which will be used when receiving responses.
     */
    PacketSender(const NetworkInterface& iface = NetworkInterface(),
                 uint32_t recv_timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
                 uint32_t usec = 0);
    
    #if TINS_IS_CXX11
        /**
         * \brief Move constructor.
         * \param rhs The sender to be moved.
         */
        PacketSender(PacketSender &&rhs) TINS_NOEXCEPT {
            *this = std::move(rhs);
        }
        
        /**
         * \brief Move assignment operator.
         * \param rhs The sender to be moved.
         */
        PacketSender& operator=(PacketSender &&rhs) TINS_NOEXCEPT {
            sockets_ = std::move(rhs.sockets_);
            rhs.sockets_ = std::vector<int>(SOCKETS_END, INVALID_RAW_SOCKET);
            #ifndef _WIN32
                #if defined(BSD) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
                ether_socket_ = std::move(rhs.ether_socket_);
                #else
                ether_socket_ = rhs.ether_socket_;
                rhs.ether_socket_ = INVALID_RAW_SOCKET;
                #endif
            #endif
            types_ = rhs.types_; // no move
            _timeout = rhs._timeout;
            timeout_usec_ = rhs.timeout_usec_;
            default_iface_ = rhs.default_iface_;
            return* this;
        }
    #endif
    
    /** 
     * \brief PacketSender destructor.
     * 
     * This gracefully closes all open sockets.
     */
    ~PacketSender();

    #if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET)
    /** 
     * \brief Opens a layer 2 socket.
     * 
     * If this operation fails, then a socket_open_error will be thrown.
     */
    void open_l2_socket(const NetworkInterface& iface = NetworkInterface());
    #endif // !_WIN32 || defined(TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET)

    /** 
     * \brief Opens a layer 3 socket, using the corresponding protocol
     * for the given flag.
     * 
     * If this operation fails, then a socket_open_error will be thrown.
     * If the provided socket type is not valid, an invalid_socket_type
     * exception will be throw.
     * 
     * \param type The type of socket which will be used to pick the protocol flag
     * for this socket.
     */
    void open_l3_socket(SocketType type);

    /** 
     * \brief Closes the socket associated with the given flag.
     * 
     * If the provided type is invalid, meaning no such open socket
     * exists, an invalid_socket_type exception is thrown.
     * 
     * If any socket close errors are encountered, a socket_close_error
     * is thrown.
     * 
     * \param type The type of the socket to be closed.
     */
    void close_socket(SocketType type, const NetworkInterface& iface = NetworkInterface());

    /**
     * \brief Sets the default interface.
     * 
     * The interface will be used whenever PacketSender::send(PDU&) 
     * is called.
     */
    void default_interface(const NetworkInterface& iface);
    
    /**
     * \brief Gets the default interface.
     * 
     * \sa PacketSender::default_interface
     */
    const NetworkInterface& default_interface() const;

    /** 
     * \brief Sends a PDU. 
     * 
     * This method opens the appropriate socket, if it's not open yet, 
     * and sends the PDU on the open socket.
     * 
     * If any send error occurs, then a socket_write_error is thrown.
     * 
     * If the PDU contains a link layer protocol, then default_interface
     * is used.
     * 
     * \sa PacketSender::default_interface
     * 
     * \param pdu The PDU to be sent.
     */
    void send(PDU& pdu);
    
    /** 
     * \brief Sends a PDU. 
     * 
     * \sa PacketSender::send
     * 
     * This overload takes a NetworkInterface. The packet is sent
     * through that interface if a link-layer PDU is present, 
     * otherwise this call is equivalent to send(PDU&).
     * 
     * The interface stored in the link layer PDU(if any), is restored
     * after this method ends.
     * 
     * \param pdu The PDU to be sent.
     * \param iface The network interface to use.
     */
    void send(PDU& pdu, const NetworkInterface& iface);

    /** 
     * \brief Sends a PDU and waits for its response. 
     * 
     * This method is used to send PDUs and receive their response. 
     * The packet is sent, and then a response is awaited. 
     * PDU::matches_pdu is called on the packet sent in order to
     * check whether a packet received is a response. 
     *
     * This will match every response to a packet. For example,
     * if you send a TCP packet, any response matching the same
     * IP addresses and ports will be taken as a response to it.
     * This also happens for other protocols, such as ARP, ICMP, 
     * DHCP, DNS, IP, etc.
     *
     * If you send a packet and get an ICMP response indicating
     * an error (such as host unreachable, ttl exceeded, etc),
     * that packet will be considered a response.
     * 
     * \param pdu The PDU to send.
     * \return Returns the response PDU, 0 if not response was received.
     */
    PDU* send_recv(PDU& pdu);
    
    /** 
     * \brief Sends a PDU and waits for its response. 
     *
     * Sends a packet and receives a response. This overload takes 
     * a NetworkInterface. 
     * 
     * \sa PacketSender::send_recv(PDU&);
     * \param pdu The PDU to send.
     * \param iface The network interface in which to send and receive.
     * \return Returns the response PDU, 0 if not response was received.
     */
    PDU* send_recv(PDU& pdu, const NetworkInterface& iface);

    #ifndef _WIN32
    /** 
     * \brief Receives a layer 2 PDU response to a previously sent PDU.
     *
     * This method is used internally. You should just use PacketSender::send_recv.
     * 
     * This PacketSender will receive data from a raw socket, open using 
     * the corresponding flag, according to the given type of protocol, until 
     * a match for the given PDU is received. 
     * 
     * \param pdu The PDU which will try to match the responses.
     * \param link_addr The sockaddr struct which will be used to receive the PDU.
     * \param len_addr The sockaddr struct length.
     * \return Returns the response PDU. If no response is received, then 0 is returned.
     */
    PDU* recv_l2(PDU& pdu, struct sockaddr* link_addr, uint32_t len_addr,
      const NetworkInterface& iface = NetworkInterface());

    #endif // _WIN32

    #if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET)
    /** 
     * \brief Sends a level 2 PDU.
     *
     * This method is used internally. You should just use PacketSender::send.
     * 
     * This method sends a layer 2 PDU, using a raw socket, open 
     * using the corresponding flag, according to the given type of 
     * protocol. 
     * 
     * If any socket write error occurs, a socket_write_error is thrown.
     * 
     * \param pdu The PDU to send.
     * \param link_addr The sockaddr struct which will be used to send the PDU.
     * \param len_addr The sockaddr struct length.
     */
    void send_l2(PDU& pdu, struct sockaddr* link_addr, uint32_t len_addr, 
      const NetworkInterface& iface = NetworkInterface());
    #endif // !_WIN32 || TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET

    /** 
     * \brief Receives a layer 3 PDU response to a previously sent PDU.
     *
     * This method is used internally. You should just use PacketSender::send_recv.
     * 
     * This PacketSender will receive data from a raw socket, open using the corresponding flag,
     * according to the given type of protocol, until a match for the given PDU is received. 
     * 
     * \param pdu The PDU which will try to match the responses.
     * \param link_addr The sockaddr struct which will be used to receive the PDU.
     * \param len_addr The sockaddr struct length.
     * \param type The socket protocol type.
     * \return Returns the response PDU. If no response is received, then 0 is returned.
     */
    PDU* recv_l3(PDU& pdu, struct sockaddr* link_addr, uint32_t len_addr, SocketType type);

    /** 
     * \brief Sends a level 3 PDU.
     *
     * This method is used internally. You should just use PacketSender::send.
     * 
     * This method sends a layer 3 PDU, using a raw socket, open using the corresponding flag,
     * according to the given type of protocol.
     * 
     * If any socket write error occurs, a socket_write_error is thrown.
     * 
     * \param pdu The PDU to send.
     * \param link_addr The sockaddr struct which will be used to send the PDU.
     * \param len_addr The sockaddr struct length.
     * \param type The socket protocol type.
     */
    void send_l3(PDU& pdu, struct sockaddr* link_addr, uint32_t len_addr, SocketType type);
private:
    static const int INVALID_RAW_SOCKET;

    typedef std::map<SocketType, int> SocketTypeMap;

    PacketSender(const PacketSender&);
    PacketSender& operator=(const PacketSender&);
    int find_type(SocketType type);
    #ifndef _WIN32
        bool ether_socket_initialized(const NetworkInterface& iface = NetworkInterface()) const;
        int get_ether_socket(const NetworkInterface& iface = NetworkInterface());
    #endif
    template<typename T>
    void send(PDU& pdu, const NetworkInterface& iface) {
        static_cast<T&>(pdu).send(*this, iface);
    }
    #ifdef TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET
        pcap_t* make_pcap_handle(const NetworkInterface& iface) const;
    #endif // TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET
    
    PDU* recv_match_loop(const std::vector<int>& sockets, 
                         PDU& pdu,
                         struct sockaddr* link_addr, 
                         uint32_t addrlen,
                         bool is_layer_3);

    std::vector<int> sockets_;
    #ifndef _WIN32
        #if defined(BSD) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
        typedef std::map<uint32_t, int> BSDEtherSockets;
        BSDEtherSockets ether_socket_;
        #else
        int ether_socket_;
        #endif
    #endif
    SocketTypeMap types_;
    uint32_t _timeout, timeout_usec_;
    NetworkInterface default_iface_;
    // In BSD we need to store the buffer size, retrieved using BIOCGBLEN
    #if defined(BSD) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
    int buffer_size_;
    #endif // BSD
    #ifdef TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET
        typedef std::map<NetworkInterface, pcap_t*> PcapHandleMap; 
        PcapHandleMap pcap_handles_;
    #endif // TINS_HAVE_PACKET_SENDER_PCAP_SENDPACKET
};

} // Tins

#endif // TINS_PACKET_SENDER_H