Merge pull request #358 from presnick/textbook_updates_May_2023

Textbook updates may 2023

Author: bnmnetp

_sources/AdvancedFunctions/ChapterAssessment.rst

@@ -136,27 +136,17 @@ Chapter Assessment
    :autograde: unittest
    :practice: T
 
-   We have provided the function ``checkingIfIn`` such that if the first input parameter is in the third, dictionary, input parameter, then the function returns that value, and otherwise, it returns ``False``. Follow the instructions in the active code window for specific variable assignmemts.
+   We have provided a function below and the skeleton of three invocations of the function. Fill in the parameters of the invocations to produce the specified outputs
    ~~~~
-   def checkingIfIn(a, direction = True, d = {'apple': 2, 'pear': 1, 'fruit': 19, 'orange': 5, 'banana': 3, 'grapes': 2, 'watermelon': 7}):
-       if direction == True:
-           if a in d:
-               return d[a]
-           else:
-               return False
-       else:
-           if a not in d:
-               return True
-           else:
-               return d[a]
+   def f(x, y = 3, z = 7):
+      return ("{} {} {}".format(x, y, z))
 
-   # Call the function so that it returns False and assign that function call to the variable c_false
-
-   # Call the fucntion so that it returns True and assign it to the variable c_true
-
-   # Call the function so that the value of fruit is assigned to the variable fruit_ans
-
-   # Call the function using the first and third parameter so that the value 8 is assigned to the variable param_check
+   # fill in just one parameter value to make val1 have the value "Hi 3 7"
+   val1 = f()
+   # fill in two parameter values to make val2 have the value "Hi Hi 7"
+   val2 = f()
+   # fill in two parameters to make vale have the value "Hi 3 Hi"
+   val3 = f()
 
    =====
 
@@ -165,13 +155,12 @@ Chapter Assessment
    class myTests(TestCaseGui):
 
       def testOne(self):
-         self.assertEqual(c_false, False, "Testing that c_false has the correct value")
+         self.assertEqual(val1, "Hi 3 7", "Testing that val1 has the correct value")
       def testTwo(self):
-         self.assertEqual(c_true, True, "Testing that c_true has the correct value")
+         self.assertEqual(val2, "Hi Hi 7", "Testing that val2 has the correct value")
       def testThree(self):
-         self.assertEqual(fruit_ans, 19, "Testing that fruit_ans has the correct value")
-      def testFour(self):
-         self.assertEqual(param_check, 8, "Testing that param_check has the correct value")
-         
+         self.assertEqual(val3, "Hi 3 Hi", "Testing that val3 has the correct value")
+      ### would be good to define additional tests that check to make sure student is only suppplying minimum number of parameter values
+
 
    myTests().main()

_sources/AdvancedFunctions/KeywordParameters.rst

@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ For example,
    :autograde: unittest
    :practice: T
 
-   **6.** Currently the function is supposed to take 1 required parameter, and 2 optional parameters, however the code doesn't work. Fix the code so that it passes the test. This should only require changing one line of code.
+   **6.** Currently the function is supposed to take 1 required parameter, and 2 optional parameters, however the code doesn't work because a parameter name without a default value follows a parameter name with a default value. Fix the code so that it passes the test. This should only require changing one line of code.
    ~~~~
    def waste(var = "Water", mar, marble = "type"):
        final_string = var + " " + marble + " " + mar

_sources/AdvancedFunctions/OptionalParameters.rst

@@ -29,7 +29,15 @@ call in on a string, ``int("100")``, the return value will be the integer 100.
 
 That's the most common way programmers want to convert strings to integers. Sometimes, however, they 
 are working with numbers in some other "base" rather than base 10. For example, in base 8, the rightmost 
-digit is ones, the next digit to the left is 8s, and the one to the left of that is the 64s place (8**2).
+digit says how many ones, the next digit to the left says how many 8s, and the one to the left of that says how many 64s (64 is 8 squared).
+
+.. note:: New Math
+
+    Some math educators believe that elementary school students will get a much deeper understanding
+    of the place-value system, and set a foundation for learning algebra later, if they learn to do
+    arithmetic not only in base-10 but also in base-8 and other bases. This was part of a movement
+    called `New Math <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Math>`_, though it's not so new now. It was popular in the 1960s and 1970s in the USA. One of the authors of this textbook (Resnick) had some version of it in elementary school and credits it with ruining his mind, in a good way. Tom
+    Lehrer wrote a really funny song about it in 1965, and it's now set with visuals in several YouTube renditions. Try this very nice `lip-synched version <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfCJgC2zezw>`_.
 
 The int function provides an optional parameter for the base. When it is not specified, the number is 
 converted to an integer assuming the original number was in base 10. We say that 10 is the default value. 
@@ -42,15 +50,7 @@ supplying a different value.
     print(int("100", 10))   # same thing, 10 is the default value for the base
     print(int("100", 8))     # now the base is 8, so the result is 1*64 = 64
 
-.. note:: Tom Lehrer's New Math
 
-    Some math educators believe that elementary school students will get a much deeper understanding 
-    of the place-value system, and set a foundation for learning algebra later, if they learn to do 
-    arithmetic not only in base-10 but also in base-8 and other bases. This was part of a movement 
-    called "The New Math", though it's not so new now (I had it when I was in elementary school!) Tom
-    Lehrer made a really funny song about it, and it's set with visuals in several YouTube renditions 
-    now. Try this very nice `lip-synched version <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfCJgC2zezw>`_. 
-    
 When defining a function, you can specify a default value for a parameter. That parameter then becomes an 
 optional parameter when the function is called. The way to specify a default value is with an assignment 
 statement inside the parameter list. Consider the following code, for example.
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ specify a value for z without specifying a value for y.
 
 .. note::
 
-   This is a second, related but slightly different use of = than we have seen previously. In a stand-alone assignment statement, not part of a function definition, ``x=3`` assigns 3 to the variable x. As part of specifying the parameters in a function definition, ``x=3`` says that 3 is the *default* value for x, used *only when* no value is provided during the function invocation.
+   This is a second, related but slightly different use of = than we have seen previously. In a stand-alone assignment statement, not part of a function definition, ``y=3`` assigns 3 to the variable y. As part of specifying the parameters in a function definition, ``y=3`` says that 3 is the *default* value for y, used *only when* no value is provided during the function invocation.
 
 There are two tricky things that can confuse you with default values. The first is that the default
 value is determined at the time that the function is defined, not at the time that it is invoked. So 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ value 7 when f is invoked without specifying a value for z.
 
 The second tricky thing is that if the default value is set to a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary, 
 that object will be shared in all invocations of the function. This can get very confusing, so I suggest that you 
-never set a default value that is a mutable object. For example, follow the exceution of this one carefully.
+never set a default value that is a mutable object. For example, follow the execution of this one carefully.
 
 .. codelens:: opt_params_4
     :python: py3

_sources/Dictionaries/AccumulatingtheBestKey.rst

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ but you'll learn more if you try to write it yourself first.
    :autograde: unittest
    :practice: T
 
-   **1.** Create a dictionary called ``d`` that keeps track of all the characters in the string ``placement`` and notes how many times each character was seen. Then, find the key with the lowest value in this dictionary and assign that key to ``min_value``.
+   **1.** Create a dictionary called ``d`` that keeps track of all the characters in the string ``placement`` and notes how many times each character was seen. Then, find the key with the lowest value in this dictionary and assign that key to ``key_with_min_value``.
    ~~~~
    placement = "Beaches are cool places to visit in spring however the Mackinaw Bridge is near. Most people visit Mackinaw later since the island is a cool place to explore."
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ but you'll learn more if you try to write it yourself first.
          self.assertEqual(sorted(d.keys()), sorted(['B', 'e', 'a', 'c', 'h', 's', ' ', 'r', 'o', 'l', 'p', 't', 'v', 'i', 'n', 'g', 'w', 'M', 'k', 'd', '.', 'x']), "Testing the keys were created correctly")
          self.assertEqual(sorted(d.values()), sorted([2, 17, 12, 8, 4, 10, 27, 7, 10, 8, 6, 8, 3, 13, 7, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1]), "Testing the values were created correctly")
       def testTwo(self):
-         self.assertEqual(min_value, "x", "Testing that min_value has been correctly assigned")
+         self.assertEqual(key_with_min_value, "x", "Testing that key_with_min_value has been correctly assigned")
 
    myTests().main()
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ but you'll learn more if you try to write it yourself first.
    :autograde: unittest
    :practice: T
 
-   **5.** Create a dictionary called ``lett_d`` that keeps track of all of the characters in the string ``product`` and notes how many times each character was seen. Then, find the key with the highest value in this dictionary and assign that key to ``max_value``.
+   **5.** Create a dictionary called ``lett_d`` that keeps track of all of the characters in the string ``product`` and notes how many times each character was seen. Then, find the key with the highest value in this dictionary and assign that key to ``key_with_max_value``.
    ~~~~
    product = "iphone and android phones"
 
@@ -108,6 +108,6 @@ but you'll learn more if you try to write it yourself first.
       def testOne(self):
          self.assertEqual(sorted(lett_d.items()), sorted([('h', 2), ('a', 2), (' ', 3), ('n', 4), ('d', 3), ('o', 3), ('i', 2), ('p', 2), ('e', 2), ('r', 1), ('s', 1)]), "Testing that lett_d has been created correctly.")
       def testTwo(self):
-         self.assertEqual(max_value, "n", "Testing that max_value has been correctly assigned")
+         self.assertEqual(key_with_max_value, "n", "Testing that key_with_max_value has been correctly assigned")
 
    myTests().main()

_sources/Dictionaries/ChapterAssessment.rst

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Assessment - Dictionaries
    :practice: T
    :topics: Dictionaries/intro-Dictionaries
 
-   Provided is a dictionary called ``US_medals`` which has the first 70 metals that the United States has won in 2016, and in which category they have won it in. Using dictionary mechanics, assign the value of the key ``"Fencing"`` to a variable ``fencing_value``. Remember, do not hard code this.
+   Provided is a dictionary called ``US_medals`` which has the first 70 medals that the United States has won in 2016, and in which category they have won it in. Using dictionary mechanics, assign the value of the key ``"Fencing"`` to a variable ``fencing_value``. Remember, do not hard code this.
    ~~~~
    US_medals = {"Swimming": 33, "Gymnastics": 6, "Track & Field": 6, "Tennis": 3, "Judo": 2, "Rowing": 2, "Shooting": 3, "Cycling - Road": 1, "Fencing": 4, "Diving": 2, "Archery": 2, "Cycling - Track": 1, "Equestrian": 2, "Golf": 1, "Weightlifting": 1}
 

_sources/Dictionaries/Dictionarymethods.rst

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ a key, ``get`` returns 0 (instead of None).
             :autograde: unittest
             :practice: T
 
-            **5.** We have a dictionary of the specific events that Italy has won medals in and the number of medals they have won for each event. Assign to the variable ``events`` a list of the keys from the dictionary ``medal_events``. Do not hard code this.
+            **5.** We have a dictionary of the specific events that Italy has won medals in and the number of medals they have won for each event. Assign to the variable ``events`` a list of the keys from the dictionary ``medal_events``. Use a dictionary method and cast to a list; do not hard code or accumulate a list via iteration.
 
             ~~~~
             medal_events = {'Shooting': 7, 'Fencing': 4, 'Judo': 2, 'Swimming': 3, 'Diving': 2}
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ a key, ``get`` returns 0 (instead of None).
                 def testOne(self):
                     self.assertEqual(type(events), list, "Testing that events is a list")   
                     self.assertEqual(sorted(events), sorted(medal_events), "Testing that events was created correctly")
-                    self.assertNotIn('[', self.getEditorText(), "No hard coding")
+                    self.assertNotIn('[', self.getEditorText(), "Hard coding or accumulation detected; use a dictionary method instead")
 
             myTests().main()
 

_sources/Dictionaries/intro-Dictionaries.rst

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ The key ``'two'`` yields the value ``'dos'``. The key ``one`` yields the value `
    :autograde: unittest
    :practice: T
 
-   **4.** You are keeping track of olympic medals for Italy in the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics! At the moment, Italy has 7 gold medals, 8 silver metals, and 6 bronze medals. Create a dictionary called ``olympics`` where the keys are the types of medals, and the values are the number of that type of medals that Italy has won so far.
+   **4.** You are keeping track of olympic medals for Italy in the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics! At the moment, Italy has 7 gold medals, 8 silver medals, and 6 bronze medals. Create a dictionary called ``olympics`` where the keys are the types of medals, and the values are the number of that type of medals that Italy has won so far.
    ~~~~
 
    =====

_sources/Files/Iteratingoverlinesinafile.rst

@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ file as a string of characters. The general pattern for processing each line of
             statement2
             ...
 
-To process all of our olypmics data, we will use a *for* loop to iterate over the lines of the file. Using
+To process all of our olympics data, we will use a *for* loop to iterate over the lines of the file. Using
 the ``split`` method, we can break each line into a list containing all the fields of interest about the
 athlete. We can then take the values corresponding to name, team and event to
 construct a simple sentence.
 
 .. activecode:: ac9_5_1
     :nocodelens:
 
-    olypmicsfile = open("olypmics.txt", "r")
+    olympicsfile = open("olympics.txt", "r")
 
-    for aline in olypmicsfile.readlines():
+    for aline in olympicsfile.readlines():
         values = aline.split(",")
         print(values[0], "is from", values[3], "and is on the roster for", values[4])
 
-    olypmicsfile.close()
+    olympicsfile.close()
 
 To make the code a little simpler, and to allow for more efficient processing, Python provides a built-in way to
 iterate through the contents of a file one line at a time, without first reading them all into a list. Some students find this confusing initially, so we don't recommend doing it this way, until you get a
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ to read it. And when you start dealing with big files, you may notice the effici
 .. activecode:: ac9_5_2
     :nocodelens:
 
-    olypmicsfile = open("olypmics.txt", "r")
+    olympicsfile = open("olympics.txt", "r")
 
-    for aline in olypmicsfile:
+    for aline in olympicsfile:
         values = aline.split(",")
         print(values[0], "is from", values[3], "and is on the roster for", values[4])
 
-    olypmicsfile.close()
+    olympicsfile.close()
 
 .. raw:: html
 
-    <pre hidden id="olypmics.txt">
+    <pre hidden id="olympics.txt">
     Name,Sex,Age,Team,Event,Medal
     A Dijiang,M,24,China,Basketball,NA
     A Lamusi,M,23,China,Judo,NA
@@ -127,6 +127,6 @@ to read it. And when you start dealing with big files, you may notice the effici
 
       def testOne(self):
          self.assertEqual(num_lines, 7, "Testing that num_lines was assigned to the correct value.")
-         self.assertNotIn('len', self.getEditorText(), "Testing your code (Don't worry about actual and expected values).")
+         self.assertNotIn('len', self.getEditorText(), "Checking that you didn't use the len function.")
 
    myTests().main()

_sources/Files/ReadingCSVFiles.rst

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Once we have parsed the lines into their separate values, we can use those value
 
 Note that the trick of splitting the text for each row based on the presence of commas only works because commas are not used in any of the field values. Suppose that some of our events were more specific, and used commas. For example, "Swimming, 100M Freestyle". How will a program processing a .csv file know when a comma is separating columns, and when it is just part of the text string giving a value within a column?
 
-The CSV format is actually a little more general than we have described and has a couple of solutions for that problem. One alternative format uses a different column separator, such as | or a tab (\t).  Sometimes, when a tab is used, the format is called tsv, for tab-separated values). If you get a file using a different separator, you can just call the ``.split('|')`` or ``.split('\\t')``.
+The CSV format is actually a little more general than we have described and has a couple of solutions for that problem. One alternative format uses a different column separator, such as | or a tab (\\t).  Sometimes, when a tab is used, the format is called tsv, for tab-separated values). If you get a file using a different separator, you can just call the ``.split('|')`` or ``.split('\t')``.
 
 The other advanced CSV format uses commas to separate but encloses all values in double quotes.
 

_sources/Functions/Functionscancallotherfunctions.rst

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Also notice that when ``square`` is called (at Step 8, for example), there are t
 ``square`` and one for ``sum_of_squares``.  Each group of local variables is called a **stack frame**. The variables 
 ``x``, and ``y`` are local variables in both functions. These are completely different variables, even though they
 have the same name. Each function invocation creates a new frame, and variables are looked up in that frame. Notice 
-that at step 9, y has the value 25 is one frame and 2 in the other.  
+that at step 11 of the execution, y has the value 25 in one frame and 2 in the other.
 
 What happens when you to refer to variable y on line 3? Python looks up the value of y in the stack frame for the 
 ``square`` function. If it didn't find it there, it would go look in the global frame.