paste in relevent folder

Author: PTHARRISH

file_path renamed to Notes/Basic/file_path

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # First class functions
 
-# First class objects in a language are handled uniformly throughout. 
-# They may be stored in data structures, passed as arguments, or used in control structures. 
-# A programming language is said to support first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class objects. 
+# First class objects in a language are handled uniformly throughout.
+# They may be stored in data structures, passed as arguments, or used in control structures.
+# A programming language is said to support first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class objects.
 # Python supports the concept of First Class functions.
 
 # Properties of first class functions:
@@ -15,113 +15,150 @@
 
 # Examples illustrating First Class functions in Python
 
-# 1. Functions are objects: 
-# Python functions are first class objects. 
+# 1. Functions are objects:
+# Python functions are first class objects.
 
-# Python program to illustrate functions 
-# can be treated as objects 
-def shout(text): 
-    return text.upper() # Print Uppercase
+# Python program to illustrate functions
+# can be treated as objects
+def shout(text):
+    return text.upper()  # Print Uppercase
 
-  
-print (shout('Hello')) # HELLO
-print(shout) # Print the object of the function
-yell = shout # assign a function to a variable and can be treated as objects 
-print(yell) # print the object of the function shot and yell are same address yell -->shot
-print (yell('Hello')) # HELLO
+
+print(shout("Hello"))  # HELLO
+print(shout)  # Print the object of the function
+yell = shout  # assign a function to a variable and can be treated as objects
+print(
+    yell
+)  # print the object of the function shot and yell are same address yell -->shot
+print(yell("Hello"))  # HELLO
 
 # In the above program we are assigning function to a variable
 # This assignment doesn’t call the function. (yell=shot)
 # It takes the function object referenced by shout and creates a second name pointing to it, yell.(yell -->shot)
 
+
 # Example 2:
 def square(x):
-    return x*x
-f=square(5)
-print(square) # print square functions object <function square at 0x7efca930fd90>
-print(f) # 25
-f=square # print the object of the function square and f are same address f -->square
-print(f) # print square functions object <function square at 0x7efca930fd90>
-print(f(5)) # 25
-
-
-# 2. Functions can be passed as arguments to other functions: 
-# Because functions are objects we can pass them as arguments to other functions. 
-# Functions that can accept other functions as arguments are also called higher-order functions. 
-
-# Python program to illustrate functions 
-# can be passed as arguments to other functions 
-def shout(text): # the function was called from greet and it contains values on it
-    return text.upper() 
-  
-def whisper(text): # the function was called from greet and it contains values on it
-    return text.lower() 
-  
-def greet(func):# func - shout it will call the shout function 
-    # storing the function in a variable 
-    greeting = func("""Hi, I am created by a function 
-                    passed as an argument.""") # It will pass the argument to the func=shout,whisper
-    print (greeting)  # print the returned functions value
-  
-greet(shout) # HI, I AM CREATED BY A FUNCTION PASSED AS AN ARGUMENT.
-greet(whisper) # hi, i am created by a function passed as an argument.
+    return x * x
+
+
+f = square(5)
+print(square)  # print square functions object <function square at 0x7efca930fd90>
+print(f)  # 25
+f = square  # print the object of the function square and f are same address f -->square
+print(f)  # print square functions object <function square at 0x7efca930fd90>
+print(f(5))  # 25
+
+
+# 2. Functions can be passed as arguments to other functions:
+# Because functions are objects we can pass them as arguments to other functions.
+# Functions that can accept other functions as arguments are also called higher-order functions.
+
+
+# Python program to illustrate functions
+# can be passed as arguments to other functions
+def shout(text):  # the function was called from greet and it contains values on it
+    return text.upper()
+
+
+def whisper(text):  # the function was called from greet and it contains values on it
+    return text.lower()
+
+
+def greet(func):  # func - shout it will call the shout function
+    # storing the function in a variable
+    greeting = (
+        func("""Hi, I am created by a function 
+                    passed as an argument.""")
+    )  # It will pass the argument to the func=shout,whisper
+    print(greeting)  # print the returned functions value
+
+
+greet(shout)  # HI, I AM CREATED BY A FUNCTION PASSED AS AN ARGUMENT.
+greet(whisper)  # hi, i am created by a function passed as an argument.
 
 # In the example above, we have created a function greet which takes a function as an argument.
 
+
 # Example 2:
 def square(x):
-    return x*x
+    return x * x
+
 
 def cube(x):
-    return x*x*x
+    return x * x * x
 
-def myfunc(func,args):
-    result=[]
+
+def myfunc(func, args):
+    result = []
     for i in args:
         result.append(func(i))
     return result
 
-cubes=myfunc(cube,[1,2,3,4,5]) # cube name and list is passed to myfunc and it calls the cube function
-print(cubes) # print cube functions value in list format [1, 8, 27, 64, 125]
-squares=myfunc(square,[1,2,3,4,5]) # square name and list is passed to myfunc and it calls the square function
-print(squares) # print square functions value in list format [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
 
-# 3. Functions can return another function: 
+cubes = myfunc(
+    cube, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+)  # cube name and list is passed to myfunc and it calls the cube function
+print(cubes)  # print cube functions value in list format [1, 8, 27, 64, 125]
+squares = myfunc(
+    square, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+)  # square name and list is passed to myfunc and it calls the square function
+print(squares)  # print square functions value in list format [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+
+# 3. Functions can return another function:
 # Because functions are objects we can return a function from another function.
 
-# Python program to illustrate functions 
-# Functions can return another function 
-  
-def create_adder(x): # x=15 
-    def adder(y): 
-        print(x) # x=15 value will be passed inside adder function  
-        return x+y 
-  
-    return adder # return the another function (adder)
-  
-add_15 = create_adder(15) 
-print(add_15) # <function create_adder.<locals>.adder at 0x7f8aceb8a950> It return the function and locals object
-print (add_15(10)) # It will pass the y=10 value it call the create_adder(15)and call the locals pass the value 10
+# Python program to illustrate functions
+# Functions can return another function
+
+
+def create_adder(x):  # x=15
+    def adder(y):
+        print(x)  # x=15 value will be passed inside adder function
+        return x + y
+
+    return adder  # return the another function (adder)
+
+
+add_15 = create_adder(15)
+print(
+    add_15
+)  # <function create_adder.<locals>.adder at 0x7f8aceb8a950> It return the function and locals object
+print(
+    add_15(10)
+)  # It will pass the y=10 value it call the create_adder(15)and call the locals pass the value 10
 
 #  In the above example, the create_adder function returns adder function.
 
 # Example 2:
 
+
 def logger(msg):
     def logmsg():
-        print('log:',msg) # print global msg
-    return logmsg # return local function on it
-loghi=logger('Hi!') # pass the msg='Hi!' in logger function it will print inside a logmsg now logger function called and to print logmsg you need to call again
-print(loghi) # <function logger.<locals>.logmsg at 0x7fb9fc8869e0>
+        print("log:", msg)  # print global msg
+
+    return logmsg  # return local function on it
+
+
+loghi = logger(
+    "Hi!"
+)  # pass the msg='Hi!' in logger function it will print inside a logmsg now logger function called and to print logmsg you need to call again
+print(loghi)  # <function logger.<locals>.logmsg at 0x7fb9fc8869e0>
 loghi()
 
 # Example 3:
 
+
 def tags(tag):
     def wraptext(msg):
-        print('<{0}>{1}</{0}>'.format(tag,msg))
+        print("<{0}>{1}</{0}>".format(tag, msg))
+
     return wraptext
-printh1=tags('h1') # It call the function pass the tag and it return local function you need to pass a value for locals
-printh1('Hello') # you can pass various msg on it 
 
-# ------> Nested Function
+
+printh1 = tags(
+    "h1"
+)  # It call the function pass the tag and it return local function you need to pass a value for locals
+printh1("Hello")  # you can pass various msg on it
+
+# ------> Nested Function