diff --git a/v-next/hardhat-utils/test/bytecode.ts b/v-next/hardhat-utils/test/bytecode.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ccaefbc6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v-next/hardhat-utils/test/bytecode.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+import type { PrefixedHexString } from "../src/hex.js";
+
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { describe, it } from "node:test";
+
+import { resolveLinkedBytecode, linkBytecode } from "../src/bytecode.js";
+import { getUnprefixedHexString } from "../src/hex.js";
+
+interface LibraryAddresses {
+  [contractName: string]: PrefixedHexString;
+}
+
+describe("bytecode", () => {
+  describe("resolveLinkedBytecode", () => {
+    describe("validation", () => {
+      it("should throw InvalidLibraryAddressError if a library address is invalid", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode:
+            "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode",
+          linkReferences: {
+            "contracts/Library.sol": {
+              Library: [{ start: 12, length: 20 }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+
+        const libraries: LibraryAddresses = {
+          Library: "0xnotanaddress",
+        };
+
+        assert.throws(() => resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, libraries), {
+          name: "InvalidLibraryAddressError",
+          message: `The following libraries have invalid addresses:
+\t* "Library": "0xnotanaddress"
+
+Please provide valid Ethereum addresses for these libraries.`,
+        });
+      });
+
+      it("should throw AmbiguousLibraryNameError if a library name matches multiple needed libraries", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode:
+            "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__",
+          linkReferences: {
+            "contracts/Foo.sol": {
+              Library: [{ start: 12, length: 20 }],
+            },
+            "contracts/Bar.sol": {
+              Library: [{ start: 36, length: 20 }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+
+        const libraries: LibraryAddresses = {
+          Library: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+        };
+
+        assert.throws(() => resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, libraries), {
+          name: "AmbiguousLibraryNameError",
+          message: `The following libraries may resolve to multiple libraries:
+\t* "Library":
+\t\t* "contracts/Foo.sol:Library"
+\t\t* "contracts/Bar.sol:Library"
+
+Please provide the fully qualified name for these libraries.`,
+        });
+      });
+
+      it("should throw UnnecessaryLibraryError if an unnecessary library is provided", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode: "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode",
+          linkReferences: {},
+        };
+
+        const libraries: LibraryAddresses = {
+          Library: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+        };
+
+        assert.throws(() => resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, libraries), {
+          name: "UnnecessaryLibraryError",
+          message: `The following libraries are not referenced by the contract:
+\t* "Library"
+
+Please provide only the libraries that are actually needed.`,
+        });
+      });
+
+      it("should throw OverlappingLibrariesError if a library is provided more than once", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode:
+            "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode",
+          linkReferences: {
+            "contracts/Library.sol": {
+              Library: [{ start: 12, length: 20 }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+
+        const libraries: LibraryAddresses = {
+          "contracts/Library.sol:Library":
+            "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+          Library: "0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+        };
+
+        assert.throws(() => resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, libraries), {
+          name: "OverlappingLibrariesError",
+          message: `The following libraries are provided more than once:
+\t* "contracts/Library.sol:Library"
+
+Please ensure that each library is provided only once, either by its name or its fully qualified name.`,
+        });
+      });
+
+      it("should throw MissingLibrariesError if a needed library is missing", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode:
+            "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode",
+          linkReferences: {
+            "contracts/Library.sol": {
+              Library: [{ start: 12, length: 20 }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+
+        assert.throws(() => resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, {}), {
+          name: "MissingLibrariesError",
+          message: `The following libraries are missing:
+\t* "contracts/Library.sol:Library"
+
+Please provide all the required libraries.`,
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe("linking", () => {
+      it("should link a contract with a library", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode:
+            "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode",
+          linkReferences: {
+            "contracts/Library.sol": {
+              // The start position of the reference doesn't take into account
+              // the "0x" prefix of the bytecode.
+              Library: [{ start: 12, length: 20 }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+        const library1Fqn = "contracts/Library.sol:Library";
+        const libraries: LibraryAddresses = {
+          [library1Fqn]: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+        };
+        const expectedBytecode = `0xbytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries[library1Fqn])}bytecode`;
+
+        assert.equal(
+          resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, libraries),
+          expectedBytecode,
+        );
+      });
+
+      it("should link a contract with multiple libraries", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode:
+            "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$____$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__",
+          linkReferences: {
+            "contracts/Foo.sol": {
+              Library1: [
+                { start: 12, length: 20 },
+                { start: 36, length: 20 },
+              ],
+              Library2: [{ start: 88, length: 20 }],
+            },
+            "contracts/Bar.sol": {
+              Library3: [{ start: 68, length: 20 }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+        const library1Fqn = "contracts/Foo.sol:Library1";
+        const library2Fqn = "contracts/Foo.sol:Library2";
+        const library3Fqn = "contracts/Bar.sol:Library3";
+        const libraries: LibraryAddresses = {
+          [library1Fqn]: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+          [library2Fqn]: "0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+          [library3Fqn]: "0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb",
+        };
+
+        const expectedBytecode = `0xbytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries[library1Fqn])}bytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries[library1Fqn])}bytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries[library3Fqn])}${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries[library2Fqn])}`;
+
+        assert.equal(
+          resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, libraries),
+          expectedBytecode,
+        );
+      });
+
+      it("should allow library names without source names if they are unique", () => {
+        const artifact = {
+          bytecode:
+            "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$____$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__",
+          linkReferences: {
+            "contracts/Foo.sol": {
+              Library1: [
+                { start: 12, length: 20 },
+                { start: 36, length: 20 },
+              ],
+              Library2: [{ start: 88, length: 20 }],
+            },
+            "contracts/Bar.sol": {
+              Library3: [{ start: 68, length: 20 }],
+            },
+          },
+        };
+        const libraries: LibraryAddresses = {
+          Library1: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+          Library2: "0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+          Library3: "0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb",
+        };
+
+        const expectedBytecode = `0xbytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries.Library1)}bytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries.Library1)}bytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries.Library3)}${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries.Library2)}`;
+
+        assert.equal(
+          resolveLinkedBytecode(artifact, libraries),
+          expectedBytecode,
+        );
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("linkBytecode", () => {
+    it("should link a contract with a library", () => {
+      const artifact = {
+        bytecode:
+          "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode",
+        linkReferences: {
+          "contracts/Library.sol": {
+            // The start position of the reference doesn't take into account
+            // the "0x" prefix of the bytecode.
+            Library: [{ start: 12, length: 20 }],
+          },
+        },
+      };
+      const libraries = [
+        {
+          sourceName: "contracts/Library.sol",
+          libraryName: "Library",
+          libraryFqn: "contracts/Library.sol:Library",
+          address: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+        },
+      ];
+      const expectedBytecode = `0xbytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(libraries[0].address)}bytecode`;
+
+      assert.equal(linkBytecode(artifact, libraries), expectedBytecode);
+    });
+
+    it("should link a contract with multiple libraries", () => {
+      const artifact = {
+        bytecode:
+          "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$____$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__",
+        linkReferences: {
+          "contracts/Foo.sol": {
+            Library1: [
+              { start: 12, length: 20 },
+              { start: 36, length: 20 },
+            ],
+            Library2: [{ start: 88, length: 20 }],
+          },
+          "contracts/Bar.sol": {
+            Library3: [{ start: 68, length: 20 }],
+          },
+        },
+      };
+      const libraries = [
+        {
+          sourceName: "contracts/Foo.sol",
+          libraryName: "Library1",
+          libraryFqn: "contracts/Foo.sol:Library1",
+          address: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+        },
+        {
+          sourceName: "contracts/Foo.sol",
+          libraryName: "Library2",
+          libraryFqn: "contracts/Foo.sol:Library2",
+          address: "0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+        },
+        {
+          sourceName: "contracts/Bar.sol",
+          libraryName: "Library3",
+          libraryFqn: "contracts/Bar.sol:Library3",
+          address: "0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb",
+        },
+      ];
+      const [library1, library2, library3] = libraries;
+
+      const expectedBytecode = `0xbytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(library1.address)}bytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(library1.address)}bytecodebytecodebytecode${getUnprefixedHexString(library3.address)}${getUnprefixedHexString(library2.address)}`;
+
+      assert.equal(linkBytecode(artifact, libraries), expectedBytecode);
+    });
+
+    it("should return the same bytecode if no libraries are provided", () => {
+      const artifact = {
+        bytecode:
+          "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode__$placeholderplaceholderplaceholderp$__bytecode",
+        linkReferences: {
+          "contracts/Library.sol": {
+            Library: [{ start: 12, length: 20 }],
+          },
+        },
+      };
+
+      assert.equal(linkBytecode(artifact, []), artifact.bytecode);
+    });
+
+    it("should return the same bytecode if there are no libraries to link", () => {
+      const artifact = {
+        bytecode: "0xbytecodebytecodebytecode",
+        linkReferences: {},
+      };
+      const libraries = [
+        {
+          sourceName: "contracts/Library.sol",
+          libraryName: "Library",
+          libraryFqn: "contracts/Library.sol:Library",
+          address: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
+        },
+      ];
+      assert.equal(linkBytecode(artifact, libraries), artifact.bytecode);
+    });
+  });
+});