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<title>4. Heat engines — Thermal machines 1.0 documentation</title>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="chap1_balanceEquations_Chap.html">1. Balance equations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="chap2_thermMachinesBasics_Chap.html">2. Thermal machines: Basics</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">4. Heat engines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="chap4_1RICE.html">4.1. Reciprocating internal combustion engine</a></li>
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<h1><span class="section-number">4. </span>Heat engines<a class="headerlink" href="#heat-engines" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Heat engine</strong> are <em>thermal energy converters</em>: they are producing a mechanical energy from thermal energy.
The <em>Carnot heat engine</em> (seen in <a class="reference internal" href="chap2_2Cycles.html#sec-chap2-carnot"><span class="std std-numref">Section 2.2.2.1: </span></a>) presents the maximum thermal efficiency but <em>Real heat engines</em> are generally not exchanging thermal energy using isothermal transformations.</p>
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<li><p>Thermal energy is generally obtained thanks to the combustion of a fuel with an oxidizer:</p></li>
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<blockquote>
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<li><p>if the comustion occurs in the <em>working fluid</em>, we talk about <strong>internal combustion heat engines</strong>: this is the case for <em>car engines</em> or for <em>gas turbines</em> and <em>turbojets</em>.</p></li>
<li><p>if the combuston occurs outside, it is then tansmitted to the <em>working fluid</em> thanks to a <em>heat exchanger</em>. We talk about <strong>external combustion heat engines</strong>: this is the case for <em>Stirling engine</em> for example.</p></li>
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<li><p>As they are following a cycle, the fluid flow can be:</p></li>
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<li><p>Discontinuous: We talk about <strong>reciprocating internal combustion engines</strong> as for the <em>spark-ignition engine</em> (gasoline engines) or for the <em>compression-ignition engine</em> (diesel engines).</p></li>
<li><p>Continuous: We talk about <strong>continuous combustion engines</strong>. This is the case for <em>gas turbines</em> and <em>turbojets</em>.</p></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="chap4_1RICE.html">4.1. Reciprocating internal combustion engine</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="chap4_3GasTurbines.html">4.2. Gas Turbines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="chap4_4SteamTurbines.html">4.3. Steam turbines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="chap4_5Cogeneration.html">4.4. Combined cycles / Cogeneration</a></li>
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